1878:
1339:
Arch-Steward, and in 1710, the
Elector of Hanover was promoted to the post of Arch-Treasurer. Matters were complicated by the Duke of Bavaria's restoration in 1714; the Elector of Bavaria resumed the office of Arch-Steward, while the Elector Palatine returned to the post of Arch-Treasurer, and the Elector of Hanover was given the new office of Archbannerbearer. The Electors of Hanover, however, continued to be styled Arch-Treasurers, though the Elector Palatine was the one who actually exercised the office until 1777, when he inherited Bavaria and the Arch-Stewardship. After 1777, no further changes were made to the Imperial Household; new offices were planned for the Electors admitted in 1803, but the Empire was abolished before they could be created. The Duke of WĂĽrttemberg, however, started to adopt the trappings of the Arch-Bannerbearer.
2002:
3410:
1897:
1949:
1790:
1968:
3331:
3320:
2028:
3548:
3576:
2565:
2289:
89:
2096:
2066:
2722:
2612:
2192:
2043:
138:
3468:
1859:
3534:
1165:
1170:
2796:
3421:
3386:
2771:
2413:
2254:
1916:
2734:
2628:
3436:
2111:
2899:
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2808:
2592:
2431:
802:, and southern Germany). The Elector of Bavaria replaced the Elector Palatine in 1623, but when the latter was granted a new electorate in 1648, there was a dispute between the two as to which was vicar. In 1659, both purported to act as vicar, but ultimately, the other vicar recognized the Elector of Bavaria. Later, the two electors made a pact to act as joint vicars, but the Imperial Diet rejected the agreement. In 1711, while the Elector of Bavaria was under the
2922:
1319:
38:
3482:
1269:
2472:
2306:
2941:
1214:
1809:
1307:
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1930:
719:: the Council of Electors, the Council of Princes, and the Council of Cities. In addition to being members of the Council of Electors, most electors were also members of the Council of Princes by virtue of possessing territory or holding ecclesiastical position. The assent of both bodies was required for important decisions affecting the structure of the Empire, such as the creation of new electorates or States of the Empire.
3562:
1116:
1055:
2323:
2272:
2758:
2553:
2340:
3447:
828:(1653 and 1690). An elector could appear in person or could appoint another elector as his proxy. More often, an electoral suite or embassy was sent to cast the vote; the credentials of such representatives were verified by the Archbishop of Mainz, who presided over the ceremony. The deliberations were held at the city hall, but voting occurred in the cathedral. In Frankfurt, a special electoral chapel, or
2644:
3506:
1016:
2746:
2541:
2357:
2204:
1400:
2228:
2820:
2784:
2709:
2577:
2484:
2392:
2216:
2677:
1845:
1831:
778:. Each vicar, in the words of the Golden Bull, was "the administrator of the empire itself, with the power of passing judgments, of presenting to ecclesiastical benefices, of collecting returns and revenues and investing with fiefs, of receiving oaths of fealty for and in the name of the holy empire". The Elector of Saxony was vicar in areas operating under Saxon law (
2843:
3372:
3358:
2001:
3520:
3204:
1877:
845:, or electoral capitulation, which was presented to the king-elect. The capitulation may be described as a contract between the princes and the king, the latter conceding rights and powers to the electors and other princes. Once an individual swore to abide by the electoral capitulation, he assumed the office of King of the Romans.
703:, which prevented their subjects from lodging an appeal to a higher Imperial court. However, while this privilege, and some others, were automatically granted to Electors, they were not exclusive to them and many of the larger Imperial Estates were also to be individually granted some or all those rights and privileges.
1967:
1994:
As
Napoleon waged war on Europe, between 1803 and 1806, the following changes to the Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire were attempted until the Empire's collapse. The arch-chancellor of Germany and archbishop elector of Mainz continued to be an elector, but as the prince of Regensburg, which took
1636:
officially confirmed the creation in 1708). The
Elector of Saxony converted to Catholicism in 1697 so that he could become King of Poland, but no additional Protestant electors were created. Although the Elector of Saxony was personally Catholic, the Electorate itself remained officially Protestant,
1551:
Meanwhile, the King of
Bohemia, who held the ancient imperial office of Arch-Cupbearer, asserted his right to participate in elections. Sometimes he was challenged on the grounds that his kingdom was not German, though usually he was recognized, instead of Bavaria which after all was just a younger
809:
Finally, in 1745, the two agreed to alternate as vicars, with
Bavaria starting first. This arrangement was upheld by the Imperial Diet in 1752. In 1777, the question was settled when the Elector Palatine inherited Bavaria. On many occasions, however, there was no interregnum, as a new king had been
1771:
and instead listed him with the Grand Dukes as a "Royal
Highness". Believing the title of Prince-Elector to be superior in dignity to that of Grand Duke, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel chose to remain an Elector, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor to elect. Hesse-Kassel remained the
722:
Many electors ruled a number of States of the Empire or held several ecclesiastical titles, and therefore had multiple votes in the
Council of Princes. In 1792, the Elector of Brandenburg had eight votes, the Elector of Bavaria six votes, the Elector of Hanover six votes, the King of Bohemia three
1458:
Soon, the right to choose the monarch was settled on an exclusive group of princes, and the procedure of seeking the approval of the remaining nobles was abandoned. The college of electors was mentioned in 1152 and again in 1198. The composition of electors at that time is unclear, but appears to
864:
dynasty managed to get its sons formally elected in their fathers' lifetimes almost as a formality. After these lines ended in extinction, the electors began to elect kings from different families so that the throne would not once again settle within a single dynasty. All kings elected from 1438
1338:
replaced the
Elector Palatine in 1623, he assumed the latter's office of Arch-Steward. When the Count Palatine was granted a new electorate, he assumed the position of Arch-Treasurer of the Empire. When the Duke of Bavaria was banned in 1706, the Elector Palatine returned to the office of
2065:
1631:
In 1685, the religious composition of the
College of Electors was disrupted when a Catholic branch of the Wittelsbach family inherited the Palatinate. A new Protestant electorate was created in 1692 for the Duke of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg, who became known as the Elector of Hanover (the
834:, was used for elections. Under the Golden Bull, a majority of electors sufficed to elect a king, and each elector could cast only one vote. Electors were free to vote for whomsoever they pleased (including themselves), but dynastic considerations played a great part in the choice.
1627:
in 1648, a new electorate was created for the Count
Palatine of the Rhine. Since the Elector of Bavaria retained his seat, the number of electors increased to eight; the two Wittelsbach lines were now sufficiently estranged so as not to pose a combined potential threat.
1723:
After the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in August 1806, the Electors continued to reign over their territories, many of them taking higher or alternative titles. The Electors of Bavaria, WĂĽrttemberg, and Saxony styled themselves Kings, while the Electors of Baden,
1623:). The Elector Palatine's seat was conferred on the Duke of Bavaria, the head of a junior branch of his family. Originally, the Duke held the electorate personally, but it was later made hereditary along with the duchy. When the Thirty Years' War concluded with the
1896:
1995:
over Mainz's arch-episcopal status. The prince of WĂĽrttemberg received the formerly defunct office of Arch-Bannerbearer, while the other new electors were not given augments or high office in the imperial household, though new offices were planned.
1948:
3002:
3018:
The augmentation was borne borne as an inescutcheon continuously and without interruption by the Electors of Hanover from 1714-1837. There is no evidence that this inescutcheon was ever borne by the Elector Palatine (House of
2042:
3308:
1548:. The other electors refused to allow two princes from the same dynasty to have electoral rights, so a heated rivalry arose between the Count Palatine and the Duke of Bavaria over who should hold the Wittelsbach seat.
1447:, but the Holy Roman Emperors remained elective. While all free men originally exercised the right to vote in such elections, suffrage eventually came to be limited to the leading men of the realm. In the election of
694:
As rulers of Imperial Estates, the electors enjoyed all the privileges of princes, including the right to enter into alliances, to autonomy in relation to dynastic affairs, and to precedence over other subjects. The
1342:
The electors discharged the ceremonial duties associated with their offices only during coronations, where they bore the crown and regalia of the Empire. Otherwise, they were represented by holders of corresponding
500:
622:
The dignity of elector carried great prestige and was considered to be behind only the emperor, kings, and the highest dukes. The electors held exclusive privileges that were not shared with other princes of the
3286:
1594:
The college's composition remained unchanged until the 17th century, although the Electorate of Saxony was transferred from the senior to the junior branch of the Wettin family in 1547, in the aftermath of the
1483:", seven princes had the right to elect the King and future Emperor. The pope wrote that the seven electors were those who had just voted in the election of 1257, which resulted in the election of two kings.
1707:
and retained his electorate. None of the new electors, however, had an opportunity to cast votes, as the Holy Roman Empire was abolished in 1806, and the new electorates were never confirmed by the Emperor.
535:
1759:
accepted the Electors of Bavaria, WĂĽrttemberg, and Saxony as Kings, along with the newly created Grand Duke of Baden. The Elector of Hanover finally joined his fellow Electors by declaring himself the
3222:
1407:. Original colours were vivid. Germania's gown was gold, not beige, and the blue-grey was purple. Also, the browns were painted as vivid red and the muted grey in Saxony's arms was a brilliant green.
3301:
1752:, a new creation. The King of Great Britain remained at war with Napoleon and continued to style himself Elector of Hanover, while the Hanoverian government continued to operate in London.
905:
640:
600:
519:
493:
1715:
pushed to receive an electoral title. Their ambition was backed by Brandenburg-Prussia. However, the French Revolution and subsequent Coalition Wars soon rendered this a moot point.
3613:
3294:
723:
votes, the Elector-Archbishop of Trier three votes, the Elector-Archbishop of Cologne two votes, and the Elector-Archbishop of Mainz one vote. Thus, of the hundred votes in the
3633:
1559:
issued in 1338 had the effect that election by the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. The
486:
3638:
770:
The electors were originally summoned by the Archbishop of Mainz within one month of an Emperor's death, and met within three months of being summoned. During the
3648:
2027:
3194:
2095:
3618:
1789:
3623:
724:
1220:
1886:. The white lion bears in his right paw a simple crown, the device of the office of Arch Cupbearer. Restored directly from Medieval, hand-drawn
961:
to their coats of arms reflecting their positions in the Household. These augmentations were displayed in three alternative ways: firstly, as an
3608:
1544:
in Germany. Since 1214, the Palatinate and Bavaria were held by the same individual, but in 1253, they were divided between two members of the
3094:
3040:
727:, twenty-nine belonged to electors, giving them considerable influence in the Council of Princes in addition to their positions as electors.
2689:
2086:
2052:
942:
587:
3242:
2110:
1768:
1675:, led to the abolition of the archbishoprics of Trier and Cologne, and the transfer of the remaining spiritual Elector from Mainz to
2861:
1638:
1633:
712:
3237:
1958:
1813:
1327:
1311:
806:, the Elector Palatine again acted as vicar, but his cousin was restored to his position upon his restoration three years later.
670:
857:
598:(elected in 1519) was the last emperor to be crowned (1530); his successors assumed the title "Elected Emperor of the Romans" (
127:
3282:
Armin Wolf, Electors, published 9 May 2011, english version published 26 February 2020 ; in: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
3273:
1281:
874:
2436:
730:
In addition to voting by colleges or councils, the Imperial Diet also voted in religious coalitions, as provided for in the
3217:
1858:
88:
2460:
2454:
2012:
1977:
1649:
1608:
1448:
969:
impalements (as in the case of the Arch-Marshal and Arch-Bannerbearer) and thirdly: integrated into the charge within the
878:
700:
595:
1344:
3653:
3628:
3551:
2653:
2617:
2564:
2288:
2008:
1688:
1580:
1520:
1297:
93:
856:. But with the actual formation of the prince-elector class, elections became more open, starting with the election of
3643:
973:(as in the case of the Arch-Cupbearer, where the Lion of Bohemia acquired a "simple crown" held in his dexter paw).
3537:
3509:
2682:
2558:
2528:
2345:
2082:
1935:
1729:
1725:
1704:
1700:
1676:
1532:
1404:
3450:
2801:
2101:
2078:
1981:
1915:
73:
56:
3267:
2848:
2362:
2048:
870:
1363:, who adopted the title into their name as "Truchsess von Waldburg"), the Arch-Chamberlain by the Hereditary
1326:
with inescutcheon of the Arch-Treasurer, borne as an inescutcheon on the royal arms of the United Kingdom by
816:
regularly served as the site of the election from the fourteenth century on, but elections were also held at
2721:
2649:
2611:
2191:
1680:
1588:
1475:
The electoral college is known to have existed by 1152, but its composition is unknown. A letter written by
1440:
101:
64:
2795:
137:
92:
Choosing the king. Above: the three ecclesiastical princes choosing the king, pointing at him. Middle: the
3523:
2665:
2511:
2071:
1664:
1653:
1491:
1189:
2994:
1384:
1376:
3485:
3471:
3389:
2597:
2582:
2489:
2477:
2440:
2401:
2311:
1973:
1954:
1864:
1749:
1572:
1556:
1503:
1368:
1292:
1287:
1164:
970:
958:
936:
787:
104:
bringing a bowl of warm water, as a valet. Below, the new king in front of the great men of the empire (
44:
1929:
1169:
2770:
1352:
3439:
3424:
2739:
2633:
2546:
2418:
2380:
2366:
2259:
2075:
1921:
1821:
1741:
1684:
1660:
1620:
1616:
1545:
1526:
1364:
1147:
965:
on their coat of arms (as in the case of the Arch-Steward, Treasurer, and Chamberlain); secondly: as
751:
427:
1656:. In 1777, the number of electors was reduced to eight when the Elector Palatine inherited Bavaria.
3579:
3565:
3375:
3361:
2727:
2637:
2621:
2328:
2277:
2116:
2056:
2033:
1850:
1836:
1773:
1737:
1624:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1497:
966:
848:
In the 10th and 11th centuries, princes often acted merely to confirm hereditary succession in the
731:
696:
48:
3281:
3086:
2898:
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2990:
2826:
2813:
2789:
2764:
2715:
2696:
2570:
2294:
2233:
1902:
1883:
1756:
1242:
1232:
1089:
1079:
931:
896:
572:
2921:
1388:
2807:
2733:
2627:
2591:
2430:
2412:
2253:
1797:(163#+1545). Left to right: Cologne, Bohemia, Brandenburg, Saxony, the Palatinate, Trier, Mainz
37:
3036:
2871:
2856:
2751:
1692:
1436:
1360:
1139:
877:
and the short-lived rule of a Bavarian Wittelsbach emperor. In 1745, Maria Theresa's husband,
866:
813:
803:
790:, and northern Germany), while the Elector Palatine was vicar in the remainder of the Empire (
765:
735:
583:
576:
568:
474:
119:
31:
3243:
Oestreich, G. and Holzer, E. (1973). " Übersicht über die Reichsstände." In Gebhardt, Bruno.
3148:
3055:
756:. The division into religious bodies was on the basis of the official religion of the state.
3213:
2502:
2471:
2397:
2305:
2221:
1596:
1416:
1356:
1318:
1268:
1237:
1227:
1175:
1124:
1084:
1074:
1037:
953:
947:
925:
849:
840:
386:
250:
97:
52:
1984:. Later, the ceremonial office of Chief Treasurer was transferred here from the Palatinate.
1387:). After 1803, the Duke of WĂĽrttemberg as Arch-Bannerbearer assigned the count of Zeppelin-
881:, was elected emperor. All of his successors were also from the Habsburg-Lorraine family.
2777:
2659:
2522:
2209:
2197:
1808:
1760:
1576:
1514:
1480:
1455:
chose the monarch and then submitted him to the remaining magnates for their approbation.
1428:
1335:
1182:
1064:
1029:
982:
909:
666:
644:
604:
523:
443:
152:
68:
3255:
3129:
1820:
Three Electors Spiritual (Archbishops): all three were annexed by various powers through
673:. They were, until the 18th century, exclusively entitled to be addressed with the title
3188:
2940:
1213:
582:
From the 13th century onwards, a small group of prince-electors gained the privilege of
2966:
2322:
2271:
1906:
1794:
1793:
Coats of arms of prince electors surround the Holy Roman Emperor's; from flags book of
1712:
1584:
1306:
1196:
986:
917:
900:
853:
775:
612:
560:
552:
303:
238:
108:
60:
3266:
1772:
only Electorate in Germany until 1866, when the country backed the losing side in the
1115:
1054:
711:
The electors, like the other princes ruling States of the Empire, were members of the
3602:
3208:
3183:
1844:
1830:
1745:
1541:
1476:
1068:
1022:
745:
631:
469:
205:
200:
195:
2757:
3260:
2552:
2450:
2376:
2339:
1645:
1612:
1423:
coalitions and elected the leaders thereof. Elections were irregularly held by the
1251:
962:
895:) analogous to a modern cabinet office position and was a member of the ceremonial
861:
298:
262:
210:
185:
180:
27:
Members of the electoral college that elected the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
3238:
The Avalon Project. (2003). "The Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV 1356 A.D."
1905:
was an electorate until 1777, when the Elector acceded to Bavaria. The office of
2643:
1015:
3003:
Kaiser Friedrich III.: Privilegium de non appellando für Schwäbisch Gmünd, 1475
1563:
finally resolved the disputes among the electors. Under it, the Archbishops of
1399:
2838:
2745:
2540:
2356:
1733:
1464:
821:
783:
627:, and they continued to hold their original titles alongside that of elector.
217:
105:
2007:
In 1777, the number of Electors dropped from nine to eight, until 1803, when
17:
3198:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–175.
2866:
2676:
2203:
2156:
1380:
1348:
1001:
791:
679:(Serene Highness). In 1742, the electors became entitled to the superlative
464:
360:
355:
345:
329:
164:
2227:
2819:
2783:
2708:
2576:
2483:
2391:
2215:
1763:. The restored Elector of Hesse tried to be recognized as the King of the
1403:
Coats of arms representing the seven original electors with the figure of
2903:
2150:
1887:
1452:
1444:
825:
448:
391:
370:
350:
340:
293:
288:
245:
222:
3032:
Die neun Kurfürstentümer des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation
1767:. However, the European powers refused to acknowledge this title at the
1736:. The Elector of Hesse-Kassel, however, retained the meaningless title "
3030:
1696:
1412:
1372:
1179:
1132:
1098:
817:
459:
422:
417:
308:
147:
2925:
Page from an armorial showing arms of Kaiser Maximilian I ca 1508–1519
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2707:
2675:
2658:
2642:
2626:
2610:
2590:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2521:
2482:
2470:
2429:
2411:
2390:
2355:
2338:
2321:
2304:
2287:
2270:
2252:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2162:
2144:
1764:
1672:
1432:
1424:
1128:
795:
779:
624:
438:
412:
396:
365:
267:
233:
1659:
Many changes to the composition of the college were necessitated by
3207: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1961:
in 1623, removing the dignity from the Count Palatine of the Rhine.
2939:
2920:
2897:
1807:
1788:
1668:
1398:
1317:
1305:
1060:
799:
401:
381:
319:
87:
2944:
German Kurrent script, in which the armorial sources are written.
3251:, 9th ed. (Vol. 2, pp. 769–784). Stuttgart: Ernst Ketler Verlag.
1460:
1314:, with inescutcheon of the Arch-Steward of the Holy Roman Empire
1275:
1121:
591:
324:
272:
257:
175:
159:
3290:
3187:
1740:", thus distinguishing himself from other Hessian princes (the
1644:
In 1706, the Elector of Bavaria and Archbishop of Cologne were
96:
hands over a golden bowl, acting as a servant. Behind him, the
2015:, while the prince himself was elevated from Standard-Bearer (
1801:
Below are the State arms of each Imperial Elector. Emblems of
1540:
The three Archbishops oversaw the most venerable and powerful
1347:". The Arch-Butler was represented by the Hereditary Butler (
685:(Most Serene Highness), while other princes were promoted to
3223:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1748:). Napoleon soon exiled him and Kassel was annexed to the
30:"College of Electors" redirects here. For other uses, see
2906:
showing the arms of Emperor Frederick III, ca 1415–1493.
2893:
2891:
2916:
2914:
2085:. Salzburg and WĂĽrzburg were ruled by the same person,
1695:, bringing the total number of electors to ten. When
810:
elected during the lifetime of the previous Emperor.
3116:
Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.
3074:(Revised ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 252.
869:until 1740, when Austria was inherited by a woman,
837:From the sixteenth century on, electors drafted a
2187:Prior history of ecclesiastical electors unclear
2184:Prior history of ecclesiastical electors unclear
2181:Prior history of ecclesiastical electors unclear
1663:'s aggression during the early 19th century. The
889:Each elector held a "High Office of the Empire" (
1637:and the Elector even remained the leader of the
1312:Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria and Prince-Elector
744:, while the Elector of Saxony presided over the
2081:in 1805, its electoral vote was transferred to
3226:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
3614:1120s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
3302:
3261:Velde, F. R. (2004). "The Holy Roman Empire."
1324:Lesser coat of arms of the Elector of Hanover
494:
8:
3245:
3143:
3141:
2016:
1679:. In 1803, electorates were created for the
1379:), and the Arch-Treasurer by the Hereditary
890:
838:
829:
734:. The Archbishop of Mainz presided over the
686:
680:
674:
660:
634:to a secular prince-elector was known as an
546:
3634:Titles of nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
3327:of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806
3014:
3012:
3010:
2055:was added in 1803, after the annexation of
1652:, but both were restored in 1714 after the
749:
739:
3341:
3309:
3295:
3287:
2128:
501:
487:
114:
2935:
2933:
1980:in 1692 as a reward for aid given in the
1976:(Brunswick-LĂĽneburg), made an elector by
3639:Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire
1355:), the Arch-Seneschal by the Hereditary
975:
36:
2958:
2887:
1997:
1944:
1873:
1826:
126:
1371:), the Arch-Marshal by the Hereditary
899:. The three spiritual electors became
774:, imperial power was exercised by two
669:), enjoying precedence over the other
3649:Imperial election (Holy Roman Empire)
1667:(1801), which ceded territory on the
7:
3256:Velde, F. R. (2003). "Royal Styles."
2690:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
1942:Electors added in the 17th century:
1816:surrounded by shields of electorates
1703:, the Duke of Salzburg moved to the
957:. The secular electors were granted
130:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
1805:are shown on the appropriate arms.
1451:in 1125, a small number of eminent
1345:Hereditary Offices of the Household
1282:banner, or, with the Imperial Eagle
1769:Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)
1591:held the right to elect the King.
619:) upon their coronation as kings.
25:
3619:1866 disestablishments in Germany
3268:"Electors, German Imperial"
3247:Handbuch der Deutschen Geschichte
2862:Electoral Palace (disambiguation)
2053:former prince-archbishop of Mainz
1957:was granted electoral dignity by
1802:
100:with his marshal's staff and the
3624:Princes of the Holy Roman Empire
3574:
3560:
3546:
3532:
3518:
3504:
3480:
3466:
3445:
3434:
3419:
3408:
3384:
3370:
3356:
3329:
3318:
3202:
3029:Noack, Konstantin (2017-12-10).
2841:
2109:
2094:
2074:was added in 1803. After it was
2064:
2041:
2026:
2000:
1966:
1947:
1928:
1914:
1895:
1876:
1857:
1843:
1829:
1639:Protestant body in the Reichstag
1411:The German practice of electing
1267:
1212:
1168:
1163:
1114:
1053:
1014:
278:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
136:
3097:from the original on 2021-11-05
2011:was raised to an electorate by
1776:and was absorbed into Prussia.
1742:Grand Duke of Hesse(-Darmstadt)
1607:In 1623, the Elector Palatine,
1487:Three ecclesiastical Electors:
715:, which was divided into three
586:. The king would then later be
584:electing the King of the Romans
3274:New International Encyclopedia
3179:, 8th ed. New York: Macmillan.
3131:A Guide to Diplomatic Practice
2137:Second ecclesiastical elector
1711:In 1788, the ruling family of
1602:
1459:have included bishops and the
1221:Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
875:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
3609:1125 establishments in Europe
2999:Privilegium de non appellando
2461:War of the Spanish Succession
2455:War of the Spanish Succession
2140:First ecclesiastical elector
2134:Third ecclesiastical elector
1650:War of the Spanish Succession
1603:Thirty Years' War to Napoleon
701:Privilegium de non appellando
78:
3128:Satow, Ernest Mason (1932).
3091:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
2618:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
2419:County Palatine of the Rhine
2260:County Palatine of the Rhine
1391:as Hereditary Bannerbearer.
1266:
1249:
1211:
1195:
1162:
1145:
1113:
1096:
1052:
1035:
1013:
999:
865:onwards were from among the
263:Crown prince, Crown princess
41:The imperial prince-electors
2529:Archbishopric of Regensburg
2437:Duchy of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
1699:annexed Salzburg under the
1615:after participating in the
1581:Count Palatine of the Rhine
1521:Count Palatine of the Rhine
1280:flying to sinister chief a
617:electus Romanorum imperator
94:Count Palatine of the Rhine
3670:
3085:Wolf, Armin (2020-04-23).
3035:(in German). GRIN Verlag.
2967:"Precedence among Nations"
2695:
2688:
2559:Margraviate of Brandenburg
2510:
2346:Margraviate of Brandenburg
2320:
2286:
2269:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2049:Principality of Regensburg
1701:Treaty of Pressburg (1805)
1479:in 1265 suggests that by "
763:
725:Council of Princes in 1792
609:erwählter Römischer Kaiser
567:) were the members of the
29:
3500:Added in the 19th century
3462:Added in the 17th century
3339:
3118:Cambridge: 2016. p. 227.
3056:“The Holy Roman Empire”,
2654:Electorate of WĂĽrttemberg
2641:
2625:
2609:
2589:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2520:
2481:
2469:
2428:
2410:
2389:
2354:
2337:
2303:
2251:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2021:) to Arch-Standardbearer.
1982:War of the Grand Alliance
1689:Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel
1471:1257 to Thirty Years' War
218:Grand duke, Grand duchess
74:Codex Balduini Trevirorum
2849:Holy Roman Empire portal
2478:Archbishopric of Cologne
2363:Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg
2312:Archbishopric of Cologne
1278:, or, and gules bendwise
659:Electors were rulers of
3195:Encyclopædia Britannica
3149:"the Holy Roman Empire"
2072:Grand Duchy of Salzburg
1909:transferred to Hanover.
1871:Four Electors Secular:
1705:Grand Duchy of WĂĽrzburg
1589:Margrave of Brandenburg
1533:Margrave of Brandenburg
1510:Four secular Electors:
128:Imperial, royal, noble,
102:Margrave of Brandenburg
65:Margrave of Brandenburg
3246:
2945:
2926:
2907:
2823:
2811:
2802:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
2799:
2787:
2774:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2712:
2683:Electorate of WĂĽrzburg
2680:
2666:Electorate of Salzburg
2663:
2647:
2631:
2615:
2595:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2526:
2487:
2475:
2434:
2416:
2395:
2360:
2343:
2329:Archbishopric of Mainz
2326:
2309:
2292:
2278:Archbishopric of Trier
2275:
2257:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2017:
1817:
1798:
1552:line of Wittelsbachs.
1408:
1331:
1315:
1298:Elector of WĂĽrttemberg
1190:Elector of Brandenburg
959:heraldic augmentations
921:
913:
891:
839:
830:
750:
740:
687:
681:
675:
661:
648:
616:
608:
564:
556:
547:
527:
465:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
112:
85:
3177:The Holy Roman Empire
3072:The Holy Roman Empire
3070:Bryce, James (1866).
2997:had been granted the
2943:
2924:
2901:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2711:
2679:
2662:
2646:
2630:
2614:
2598:Electorate of Hanover
2594:
2583:Electorate of Bavaria
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2525:
2490:Electorate of Bavaria
2486:
2474:
2441:Electorate of Hanover
2433:
2415:
2402:Electorate of Bavaria
2394:
2359:
2342:
2325:
2308:
2291:
2274:
2256:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
1811:
1803:Imperial High Offices
1792:
1750:Kingdom of Westphalia
1744:and the Landgrave of
1557:Declaration of Rhense
1504:Archbishop of Cologne
1402:
1369:Count of Hohenzollern
1321:
1309:
1274:Azure, a lance party
937:Archbishop of Cologne
879:Francis I of Lorraine
824:(1575 and 1636), and
655:Rights and privileges
341:Viscount, Viscountess
289:Marquess, Marchioness
223:Archduke, Archduchess
165:High king, High queen
91:
45:Archbishop of Cologne
40:
2825:Fully Subsumed into
2763:Fully Subsumed into
2740:Grand Duchy of Baden
2714:Fully Subsumed into
2650:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
2634:Margraviate of Baden
2547:Electorate of Saxony
2459:Imperial ban due to
2367:Electorate of Saxony
2125:Timeline of electors
2119:was added in 1803.
2117:Margraviate of Baden
1990:Napoleonic additions
1822:German Mediatisation
1546:House of Wittelsbach
752:corpus evangelicorum
351:Burgrave, Burgravine
294:Margrave, Margravine
3654:Monarchy in Germany
3629:German noble titles
3134:. London: Longmans.
2728:Electorate of Hesse
2638:Electorate of Baden
2622:Electorate of Hesse
2512:Treaty of Lunéville
1774:Austro-Prussian War
1681:Duke of WĂĽrttemberg
1665:Treaty of Lunéville
1625:Peace of Westphalia
1561:Golden Bull of 1356
1498:Archbishop of Trier
1492:Archbishop of Mainz
1415:began when ancient
1385:Count of Sinzendorf
1377:Count of Pappenheim
948:Archbishop of Trier
926:Archbishop of Mainz
741:corpus catholicorum
732:Peace of Westphalia
418:Baronet, Baronetess
53:Archbishop of Trier
49:Archbishop of Mainz
3644:Electoral colleges
3345:
3175:Bryce, J. (1887).
2991:Free Imperial City
2946:
2927:
2908:
2827:Kingdom of Bavaria
2824:
2814:Kingdom of Hanover
2812:
2800:
2790:Kingdom of Bavaria
2788:
2776:Crown Land of the
2775:
2765:Kingdom of Prussia
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2716:Kingdom of Bavaria
2713:
2697:Congress of Vienna
2681:
2664:
2648:
2632:
2616:
2596:
2581:
2571:Kingdom of Bohemia
2569:
2557:
2545:
2527:
2488:
2476:
2435:
2417:
2396:
2361:
2344:
2335:1257 or 1268–1296
2327:
2318:1251–1257 or 1268
2310:
2295:Kingdom of Bohemia
2293:
2276:
2258:
2234:Duchy of Franconia
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2104:was added in 1805.
2036:was added in 1803.
1884:Kingdom of Bohemia
1818:
1799:
1757:Congress of Vienna
1470:
1443:eventually became
1409:
1332:
1316:
1293:Elector of Hanover
1288:Elector of Hanover
1243:Elector of Hanover
1233:Elector of Hanover
1090:Elector of Bavaria
1080:Elector of Bavaria
952:Archchancellor of
941:Archchancellor of
930:Archchancellor of
897:Imperial Household
113:
86:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3430:(until 1777)
3214:Chambers, Ephraim
3153:www.heraldica.org
3042:978-3-668-62294-4
2971:www.heraldica.org
2872:Imperial election
2857:Elective monarchy
2832:
2831:
2752:Kingdom of Saxony
2704:Successor states
2421:– The Palatinate
2381:Thirty Years' War
2262:– The Palatinate
2102:Duchy of WĂĽrzburg
2013:the Imperial diet
1685:Margrave of Baden
1621:Thirty Years' War
1611:, came under the
1575:, as well as the
1481:immemorial custom
1437:Holy Roman Empire
1361:Count of Waldburg
1304:
1303:
1207:Archithesaurarius
1140:Elector of Saxony
922:Archicancellarius
804:ban of the Empire
766:Imperial election
699:granted them the
577:Holy Roman Empire
571:that elected the
569:electoral college
511:
510:
475:Lord of the Manor
439:Knight, Chevalier
32:Electoral college
16:(Redirected from
3661:
3585:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3342:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3278:
3270:
3249:
3227:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3191:
3189:"Electors"
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3005:
2995:Schwäbisch Gmünd
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2963:
2947:
2937:
2928:
2918:
2909:
2895:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2503:Duchy of Bavaria
2398:Duchy of Bavaria
2222:Duchy of Bavaria
2129:
2113:
2098:
2068:
2045:
2030:
2020:
2004:
1970:
1951:
1932:
1918:
1899:
1880:
1861:
1847:
1833:
1738:Elector of Hesse
1719:After the Empire
1693:Duke of Salzburg
1671:'s left bank to
1597:Schmalkaldic War
1429:successor states
1353:Count of Althann
1271:
1262:Archivexillarius
1238:Elector Palatine
1228:Elector Palatine
1216:
1202:Erzschatzmeister
1172:
1167:
1131:, two swords in
1118:
1109:Archimarescallus
1085:Elector Palatine
1075:Elector Palatine
1057:
1021:A simple crown,
1018:
976:
908:
894:
867:Habsburg dynasty
844:
841:Wahlkapitulation
833:
755:
743:
690:
684:
682:Durchlauchtigste
678:
671:Imperial Princes
667:Imperial Estates
664:
643:
636:electoral prince
603:
565:Princeps Elector
550:
544:
542:
541:
540:
538:
522:
503:
496:
489:
148:Emperor, Empress
140:
115:
83:
80:
21:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3265:
3234:
3212:
3203:
3182:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3008:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2938:
2931:
2919:
2912:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2778:Austrian Empire
2210:Duchy of Swabia
2198:Duchy of Saxony
2167:Eighth elector
2161:Elector of the
2155:Elector of the
2149:Elector of the
2143:Elector of the
2127:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2069:
2060:
2051:, ruled by the
2046:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2005:
1992:
1985:
1971:
1962:
1952:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1900:
1891:
1881:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1834:
1787:
1782:
1780:Marks of office
1761:King of Hanover
1721:
1619:(a part of the
1617:Bohemian Revolt
1605:
1577:King of Bohemia
1515:King of Bohemia
1473:
1441:French monarchy
1417:Germanic tribes
1397:
1336:Duke of Bavaria
1328:King George III
1296:
1291:
1279:
1272:
1260:
1257:Erzbannerträger
1254:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1217:
1205:
1199:
1173:
1158:Archicamerarius
1156:
1150:
1119:
1107:
1101:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1058:
1046:
1040:
1030:King of Bohemia
1026:
1019:
1008:
1004:
980:
979:Imperial office
904:
901:Archchancellors
887:
873:, sparking the
776:imperial vicars
768:
762:
709:
657:
639:
599:
588:crowned Emperor
536:
534:
533:
532:
530:
518:
515:prince-electors
507:
444:Imperial Knight
382:Baron, Baroness
320:Count, Countess
129:
111:, around 1300).
81:
69:King of Bohemia
43:Left to right:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3240:
3233:
3232:External links
3230:
3229:
3228:
3216:, ed. (1728).
3200:
3186:, ed. (1911).
3184:Chisholm, Hugh
3180:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3137:
3120:
3114:Peter Wilson.
3107:
3077:
3062:
3048:
3041:
3021:
3006:
2982:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2929:
2910:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2640:
2624:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2588:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:Tenth elector
2171:
2170:Ninth elector
2168:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2059:by the French.
2047:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1907:Arch-Treasurer
1903:The Palatinate
1901:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1786:
1785:Electoral arms
1783:
1781:
1778:
1720:
1717:
1654:Peace of Baden
1604:
1601:
1585:Duke of Saxony
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1527:Duke of Saxony
1523:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1472:
1469:
1396:
1393:
1302:
1301:
1285:
1265:
1247:
1246:
1225:
1210:
1197:Arch-Treasurer
1193:
1192:
1187:
1161:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1112:
1094:
1093:
1072:
1051:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1012:
1007:Erzmundschenk,
997:
996:
993:
990:
892:Reichserzämter
886:
883:
854:Salian dynasty
764:Main article:
761:
758:
708:
705:
656:
653:
509:
508:
506:
505:
498:
491:
483:
480:
479:
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454:
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389:
384:
376:
375:
374:
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368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
335:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
314:
313:
312:
311:
306:
304:Count palatine
301:
296:
291:
283:
282:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
254:
253:
243:
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170:
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157:
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155:
142:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
109:Sachsenspiegel
98:Duke of Saxony
61:Duke of Saxony
57:Count Palatine
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3666:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
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3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3581:
3567:
3553:
3539:
3525:
3511:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3473:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3441:
3426:
3415:
3405:
3399:
3391:
3377:
3363:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3326:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3209:public domain
3201:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3154:
3150:
3144:
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3138:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3019:Wittelsbach).
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3001:in 1475. Cf.
3000:
2996:
2992:
2989:Even a small
2986:
2983:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2952:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:Page from an
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
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2828:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2809:
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2803:
2797:
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2779:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2747:
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2723:
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2670:
2667:
2661:
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2623:
2619:
2613:
2606:
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2599:
2593:
2586:
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2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:(Merged into
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2449:
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2330:
2324:
2317:
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2290:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
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2177:
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2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2158:
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2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2087:Ferdinand III
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1815:
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1804:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:Hesse-Homburg
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
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1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1634:Imperial Diet
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1524:
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1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:Pope Urban IV
1468:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1009:Archipincerna
1003:
998:
994:
991:
988:
984:
978:
977:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
949:
945:
944:
938:
934:
933:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
898:
893:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:Maria Theresa
868:
863:
860:in 1125. The
859:
855:
851:
846:
843:
842:
835:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
759:
757:
754:
753:
747:
742:
737:
733:
728:
726:
720:
718:
714:
713:Imperial Diet
707:Imperial Diet
706:
704:
702:
698:
692:
689:
683:
677:
672:
668:
663:
654:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
633:
632:heir apparent
628:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
539:
529:
525:
521:
516:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
484:
482:
481:
476:
473:
471:
470:Ministerialis
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
435:
434:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
408:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Duke, Duchess
256:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
163:
161:
160:Tsar, Tsarina
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
139:
135:
134:
131:
125:
121:
117:
116:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
76:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
33:
19:
18:KurfĂĽrstentum
3499:
3461:
3403:
3394:(until 1803)
3380:(until 1803)
3366:(until 1803)
3351:
3324:
3272:
3244:
3221:
3193:
3176:
3156:. Retrieved
3152:
3130:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3099:. Retrieved
3090:
3080:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3031:
3024:
2998:
2985:
2974:. Retrieved
2970:
2961:
2699:(1814–1815)
2500:
2451:Imperial ban
2377:Imperial ban
2034:Hesse-Cassel
1993:
1959:Ferdinand II
1941:
1870:
1819:
1812:The emperor
1800:
1754:
1722:
1710:
1658:
1643:
1630:
1613:imperial ban
1606:
1593:
1554:
1550:
1539:
1474:
1465:stem duchies
1457:
1420:
1410:
1341:
1333:
1323:
1300:(1803–1806)
1273:
1261:
1256:
1252:Bannerbearer
1245:(1777–1806)
1218:
1206:
1201:
1174:
1157:
1152:
1120:
1108:
1104:Erzmarschall
1103:
1092:(1714–1806)
1059:
1048:Archidapifer
1047:
1042:
1020:
1006:
992:Augmentation
963:inescutcheon
951:
940:
929:
888:
885:High offices
847:
836:
812:
808:
771:
769:
729:
721:
716:
710:
693:
662:reichsstände
658:
635:
629:
621:
581:
514:
512:
299:Marcher lord
277:
72:
3583:(1803–1806)
3569:(1803–1806)
3555:(1803–1806)
3552:WĂĽrttemberg
3541:(1805–1806)
3527:(1803–1805)
3514:(1803–1806)
3451:Brandenburg
2009:WĂĽrttemberg
1936:Brandenburg
1795:Jacob Köbel
1734:Grand Dukes
1648:during the
1609:Frederick V
1365:Chamberlain
1295:(1714–1777)
1290:(1692–1710)
1240:(1714–1777)
1235:(1710–1714)
1230:(1648–1706)
1153:Erzkämmerer
1148:Chamberlain
1087:(1706–1714)
1082:(1623–1706)
1077:(1356-1623)
1043:ErztruchseĂź
858:Lothair III
831:Wahlkapelle
772:interregnum
697:Golden Bull
688:Durchlaucht
676:Durchlaucht
82: 1340
3603:Categories
3510:Regensburg
3425:Palatinate
3158:2023-05-17
3101:2022-05-16
3087:"Electors"
2976:2020-04-26
2878:References
2672:1805–1806
2607:1803–1805
2518:1801–1803
2496:1777–1801
2467:1714–1777
2447:1706–1714
2426:1692–1706
2408:1648–1692
2387:1621–1648
2373:1621–1623
2352:1296–1621
2301:1238–1251
2284:1214–1238
2267:1189–1214
2249:1059–1189
2079:to Austria
2076:mediatized
2018:Bannerherr
1814:Maximilian
1726:Regensburg
1691:, and the
1677:Regensburg
1587:, and the
1449:Lothar III
1445:hereditary
1389:Aschhausen
971:escutcheon
946:, and the
914:Erzkanzler
822:Regensburg
784:Westphalia
748:body, the
746:Protestant
738:body, the
548:KurfĂĽrsten
449:Druzhinnik
106:Heidelberg
3352:Spiritual
3218:"Elector"
3058:Heraldica
2953:Citations
2883:Armorials
2867:Electress
2178:Pre-1059
2157:Bavarians
1978:Leopold I
1888:armorials
1824:of 1803.
1381:Treasurer
1349:Cupbearer
1334:When the
1002:Cupbearer
906:‹See Tfd›
814:Frankfurt
792:Franconia
760:Elections
641:‹See Tfd›
601:‹See Tfd›
596:Charles V
520:‹See Tfd›
361:Advocatus
356:Landgrave
346:Castellan
330:Ealdorman
3538:WĂĽrzburg
3524:Salzburg
3325:Electors
3095:Archived
2993:such as
2904:armorial
2835:See also
2151:Swabians
2083:WĂĽrzburg
1730:WĂĽrzburg
1661:Napoleon
1646:outlawed
1435:and the
1431:include
1427:, whose
1413:monarchs
1405:Germania
1310:Arms of
1276:per fess
1183:palewise
1122:per fess
995:Elector
954:Burgundy
850:Ottonian
826:Augsburg
820:(1531),
788:Hannover
736:Catholic
717:collegia
649:Kurprinz
528:KurfĂĽrst
392:Lendmann
371:Starosta
246:Princess
120:a series
118:Part of
3486:Hanover
3472:Bavaria
3414:Bohemia
3404:Secular
3390:Cologne
3277:. 1905.
3211::
3170:Sources
2453:due to
2379:due to
1974:Hanover
1955:Bavaria
1865:Cologne
1732:became
1697:Austria
1573:Cologne
1463:of the
1419:formed
1395:History
1373:Marshal
1357:Steward
1351:) (the
1219:Gules,
1180:scepter
1135:, gules
1133:saltire
1099:Marshal
1038:Steward
950:became
939:became
932:Germany
928:became
924:): the
862:Staufen
818:Cologne
590:by the
575:of the
557:Kurfiřt
460:Esquire
423:Fidalgo
309:Voivode
251:consort
239:consort
206:dowager
201:consort
196:regnant
186:dowager
181:consort
153:dowager
3490:(1692)
3476:(1623)
3440:Saxony
3428:
3039:
2163:Franks
2145:Saxons
1922:Saxony
1765:Chatti
1728:, and
1687:, the
1683:, the
1673:France
1583:, the
1579:, the
1571:, and
1453:nobles
1439:. The
1433:France
1425:Franks
1421:ad hoc
1129:argent
983:German
967:dexter
935:, the
910:German
798:, the
796:Swabia
780:Saxony
645:German
625:Empire
605:German
537:listen
524:German
428:Nobile
413:Ritter
397:Primor
366:Vidame
268:Herzog
234:Prince
211:mother
192:Queen
3580:Hesse
3566:Baden
3376:Trier
3362:Mainz
2602:None
2587:None
2536:None
2533:None
2499:None
2057:Mainz
1851:Trier
1837:Mainz
1713:Savoy
1669:Rhine
1569:Trier
1565:Mainz
1461:dukes
1383:(the
1375:(the
1367:(the
1359:(the
1250:Arch-
1176:azure
1146:Arch-
1125:sable
1097:Arch-
1063:, an
1061:gules
1036:Arch-
1000:Arch-
987:Latin
943:Italy
918:Latin
800:Rhine
613:Latin
573:ruler
561:Latin
553:Czech
402:Boyar
387:Thane
3037:ISBN
1755:The
1555:The
1542:sees
1531:The
1525:The
1519:The
1513:The
1502:The
1496:The
1490:The
1322:The
1223:, or
1185:, or
1178:, a
1127:and
852:and
630:The
592:pope
545:pl.
513:The
325:Earl
273:Jarl
176:King
67:and
1065:orb
651:).
3605::
3271:.
3220:.
3192:.
3151:.
3140:^
3093:.
3089:.
3009:^
2969:.
2932:^
2913:^
2890:^
2652:–
2636:–
2620:–
2505:)
2439:–
2400:–
2365:–
2244:—
2241:—
2238:—
1641:.
1599:.
1567:,
1467:.
1264:)
1209:)
1160:)
1111:)
1069:Or
1067:,
1050:)
1023:or
1011:)
985:,
920::
916:,
912::
794:,
786:,
782:,
691:.
647::
615::
611:;
607::
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