650:
527:
403:, limit the caldera in the lake. A large landslide forms Glinyany Peninsula in the southeastern shore of the lake. Post-caldera activity has formed some islands in the lake and the Diky Greben volcano. Both Glinyany Peninsula and the post-caldera lava domes (Chayachii, Serdtze Alaida, Tugumynk) were affected by slumping. Approximately 120–160 metres (390–520 ft) of sediment and volcanites bury the deposits left in the caldera by the caldera-forming eruption.
566:, of middle Pleistocene age. As of 2004, the possibility that a later caldera existed in the Pauzhetka caldera was considered. Kurile Lake is located in the eastern part of this Pauzhetka caldera, which has dimensions of 55 by 35 kilometres (34 mi × 22 mi). In the center of the Pauzhetka caldera lies a 650-metre (2,130 ft)-wide depression that covers an area of 25 by 20 kilometres (16 mi × 12 mi).
946:. The ignimbrite was highly mobile, overrunning high topographic obstacles and flowing along valleys in a complex flow pattern. The ignimbrite covered a total surface area of 1,800–1,900 square kilometres (690–730 sq mi). This ignimbrite consists of rocks ranging from basaltic andesite to rhyolite with colors ranging from white to dark. Unusually for such mixed-composition ignimbrites, the rhyolites overlie the more
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34:
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deposits. These mafic ignimbrites are not found around the entire lake, indicating that the magma chamber was asymmetric or its contents were erupted in an asymmetric fashion. The ignimbrite contains remnants of vegetation, accretionary structures formed when the ignimbrite interacted with water, and
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The eruption devastated the vegetation in southern
Kamchatka, causing an ecological catastrophe. Close to Kurile Lake, all vegetation would have been wiped out, and deposits left by the eruption would have hampered the revegetation as well. In more favorable terrain where the volcanic deposits were
712:
The Kurile Lake caldera is filled by the Kurile crater lake, covering a surface area of 76 square kilometres (29 sq mi) to 77.1 square kilometres (29.8 sq mi). A lake existed already before the Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption. The present-day lake has a volume of 14.6 cubic
359:
The southern basin is deeper than the northern basin (300 metres (980 ft) against the 200 metres (660 ft) of the northern basin) and is a
Holocene caldera. The nature of the northern basin is less clear; Bondarenko in 1991 supposed that it was an older, separate caldera which he named
510:
age; during that time, the area was in the sea. The sedimentary
Paratunka Formation and the Kurilsky complex were deposited during that time; they are exposed east and southwest of Kurile Lake. About 600–650 cubic kilometres (140–160 cu mi) of basaltic rocks were erupted during the
368:
2004 consider both to be the Kurile Lake caldera. This caldera has an area of about 45 square kilometres (17 sq mi), or 14 by 8 kilometres (8.7 mi × 5.0 mi). In that case, the ridge that separates the two basins may be a deposit left when earthquakes preceding the
971:
Ash from the eruption spread west-northwest of Kurile Lake, covering a total surface of over 2,000,000 square kilometres (770,000 sq mi). It can be found at large distances from the caldera; 1-millimetre-thick (0.04 in) layers have been found in the upper reaches of the
984:, the thickness reaches several tens of centimeters. This ash is found in drilling cores in the Sea of Okhotsk. Coignimbrite ash formed when the ignimbrites reached the sea. In terms of composition, it ranges from rhyolite to dacite and is poor in potassium. The ash is an important
2472:
Gladyshev, Michail I.; Semenchenko, Vitaliy P.; Dubovskaya, Olga P.; Fefilova, Elena B.; Makhutova, Olesia N.; Buseva, Zhanna F.; Sushchik, Nadezhda N.; Razlutskij, Vladimir I.; Lepskaya, Ekaterina V.; Baturina, Mariya A.; Kalachova, Galina S.; Kononova, Olga N. (December 2011).
1009:
volcano after the caldera forming eruption until 1901, and the similarity between
Ilinsky and Kurile Lake rocks indicate that the activities of the two centers are related. Diky Greben formed less than 100 years after the formation of the caldera and was last active 1600
582:
volcano 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Kurile Lake had five caldera forming eruptions during the
Pleistocene and Holocene. The time period between 6400 and 6600 BCE was especially active, with caldera-forming eruptions including the one that formed Kurile Lake.
306:, a very large eruption took place, forming the present-day caldera and the Kurile Lake ignimbrite and depositing ash as far as 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) away. This eruption has a volume of 140–170 cubic kilometres (34–41 cu mi), making it a
1022:
The caldera-forming eruption of Kurile Lake had a devastating effect on the surrounding area and had a noticeable effect far from the lake. A significant amount of gas was released during the eruption, including 3.7–4.2 billion metric tons of
322:
grew around the caldera; as of 2024, the most recent eruption from
Ilinsky was in 1911. The caldera is filled by a lake with an area of 76 square kilometres (29 sq mi), and a maximum depth of 316 metres (1,037 ft). The largest
959:
formed as the ignimbrite overran rivers. Some post-eruption alteration of the ignimbrite deposits also took place. In the lake itself, the ignimbrite is about 400 metres (1,300 ft) thick. The pumice deposits have been affected by
343:
Kurile Lake is formed by two basins, which are separated by a 150-metre-wide (490 ft) subaqueous ridge. The center part of the lake is formed by a flat basin; canyons cut into the slopes of the western side of the lake, where the
490:
Kurile Lake is included in the
Eastern Volcanic Zone of Kamchatka, 200 kilometres (120 mi) away from the trench. It is one of the two or three volcanic zones of Kamchatka, the other ones being the Central Depression and the
812:
Sockeye salmon fisheries are present at the lake. The lake is a major nursery for this species of fish. The number of fish in the lake ranges from 260,000 to over 6 million. The stocks found at Kurile Lake are the largest in
406:
The rim of the Kurile Lake caldera is best expressed at
Ilinsky volcano and south and northwest thereof. Close to the lake, two Pleistocene caldera rims can be found and there may be more. The volcanoes Diky Greben, Ilinsky,
871:
from this eruption has been found in southern
Kamchatka and also Magadan in Asia. The total volume of the Kurile Lake caldera forming eruption is about 140–170 cubic kilometres (34–41 cu mi), corresponding to a
352:. The maximum depth of the lake is 316 metres (1,037 ft), with an average depth of 195 metres (640 ft) or 180 metres (590 ft). Since the surface elevation is 81 metres (266 ft), this lake hosts a
995:
Before the eruption, a 1,500-year lull in volcanic activity allowed the deposition of soils in the area. A minor eruption occurred at Kurile Lake between 9,000 and 10,000 years ago, resulting in the deposition of
1478:
Bindeman, I.N.; Leonov, V.L.; Izbekov, P.E.; Ponomareva, V.V.; Watts, K.E.; Shipley, N.K.; Perepelov, A.B.; Bazanova, L.I.; Jicha, B.R.; Singer, B.S.; Schmitt, A.K.; Portnyagin, M.V.; Chen, C.H. (January 2010).
335:
Kurile Lake is found in the southern part of the
Kamchatka Peninsula, in a rugged volcanic landscape. The region was not always part of the Kamchatka Peninsula; during the middle Pleistocene, it was an island.
1004:
pumice. Other volcanoes also left several tephra deposits. Soils formed after the caldera forming eruptions also contain a number of ash layers by volcanoes both near and far. Volcanic activity occurred at
2416:
Braitseva, O.A.; Melekestsev, I.V.; Ponomareva, V.V.; Kirianov, V.Yu.; Litasova, S.N.; Sulerzhitsky, L.D. (January 1992). "Tephra of the largest prehistoric Holocene volcanic eruptions in Kamchatka".
1695:
Lepskaya, Ekaterina V.; Jewson, David H.; Usoltseva, Marina V. (November 2010). "Aulacosiera Subarctica in Kurilskoye Lake, Kamchatka: A deep, oligotrophic Lake and important Pacific salmon nursery".
736:
dammed its outlet. At least two other shorelines are found 15–20 metres (49–66 ft) above the current water level. The caldera lake may have suffered a catastrophic outburst flood in the past.
903:
ignimbrites were erupted, reaching a thickness of over 50 metres (160 ft). These ignimbrites filled gullies around the lake and also reach thicknesses of several tens of centimeters in the
938:
formed and deposited the Kurile Lake ignimbrite. Reaching a thickness of 150 metres (490 ft) close to the lake, it filled valleys, overran plateaus and ridges, and reached both the
1988:
515:. The Pauzhetka depression formed during the Pliocene or Pleistocene and was most likely accompanied by the eruption of the 300–450-cubic-kilometre (72–108 cu mi) Golygino
848:
in 1947. Later research identified this pumice as the product of the caldera-forming eruption, although some skepticism remains, which considers this pumice as the product of
302:
at 443,000 ± 8,000 years old. The Kurile Lake caldera erupted 41,500 years ago, and another small eruption occurred between 9,000 and 10,000 years ago; then in 6460–6414
1921:
Juschus, Olaf; Melles, Martin; Gebhardt, A. Catalina; Niessen, Frank (December 2009). "Late Quaternary mass movement events in Lake Elâgygytgyn, Northeastern Siberia".
2553:
Plechov, P. Yu.; Balashova, A. L.; Dirksen, O. V. (9 September 2010). "Magma degassing during 7600 14C Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption and its climatic impact".
1485:
2701:
1814:
Makarchenko, Eugenyi A.; Makarchenko, Marina A. (2006). "Three new species of chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) from the Russian Far East".
1481:"Large-volume silicic volcanism in Kamchatka: Ar–Ar and U–Pb ages, isotopic, and geochemical characteristics of major pre-Holocene caldera-forming eruptions"
1116:"Satellite image of the source of Ozernaya from March 03, 2023: the river is free of ice at its source at the rare time of ice cover on Lake Kurilskoye"
2590:
Ponomareva, V.V.; Kyle, P.R.; Melekestsev, I.V.; Rinkleff, P.G.; Dirksen, O.V.; Sulerzhitsky, L.D.; Zaretskaia, N.E.; Rourke, R. (September 2004).
2245:"Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array"
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and rhyolite occurred, most of it falling towards the northwest; their thickness reaches 20 centimetres (7.9 in) north of the lake. Some
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valleys. This eruption phase occurred through the lake. All these deposits were formed by the same event. Subsequently, a short eruption of
495:. Only the first two have had historical activity. The neighbouring volcano Ilinsky was active in 1911, and Zheltovsky was active in 1923.
69:
1058:
of Greenland around 6470 and 6476 BC may be linked to the Kurile Lake eruption. The Kurile Lake eruption may have influenced the global
852:. An earlier Pleistocene caldera-forming eruption took place 41,500 years ago; ash deposits from this eruption are found as far away as
717:
of 392 square kilometres (151 sq mi) and is surrounded by steep shores. Water remains in the lake for about eighteen years.
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that deposited ash over southern Kamchatka. Eventually, the vent widened and caused the eruption column to collapse. At this point,
197:
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beneath Kurile Lake at a depth of about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi). This magma chamber is about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) wide.
2736:
725:
108:
2304:"Paleonenviroinmental Effect and Plants Recovering After 7600 BP Catastrophic Kurile Lake Caldera-forming Eruuption, Kamchatka"
2441:
Filatov, Dr Nikolai; Gronskaya, Dr Tatyana (2012-01-01). Bengtsson, Lars; Herschy, Reginald W.; Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (eds.).
2711:
877:
1014:. A number of other lava domes and pyroclastic cones formed inside the caldera shortly after the caldera-forming eruption.
2721:
641:, in decreasing order of importance. The ash becomes white away from the vent, while near-vent deposits are often yellow.
732:. Reports in 1923 indicate that the lake was formerly up to 50 metres (160 ft) higher than today, possibly because
526:
2731:
2706:
2592:"The 7600 (14C) year BP Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption, Kamchatka, Russia: stratigraphy and field relationships"
2314:
1752:
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The Pacific Plate subducts at a pace of about 8 centimetres per year (3.1 in/year) beneath the Okhotsk Plate and
480:
2726:
1816:
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1101:
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species are also found, many of the species that are found in neighboring waters cannot be found in the lake. The
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Kurile Lake is not the only volcano in Kamchatka with major explosive eruptions during the Holocene that exceeded
47:
2716:
1157:
896:
2012:
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activity, forming structures resembling overturned boats that were named “Khutk's boats” by native settlers.
817:. Fishing of the salmon of the Ozernaya River has been regulated to allow their reproduction and to conserve
1878:
1162:
805:
229:
1825:
2475:"Effect of temperature on contents of essential highly unsaturated fatty acids in freshwater zooplankton"
785:
337:
101:
563:
447:
291:
2243:
Sigl, Michael; Toohey, Matthew; McConnell, Joseph R.; Cole-Dai, Jihong; Severi, Mirko (12 July 2022).
1871:"Ages of calderas, large explosive craters and active volcanoes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Russia"
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caldera-forming eruption caused Ilinsky volcano to collapse. The caldera collapse was controlled by
857:
484:
248:
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In June 2011, a water temperature of 1.9 °C (35.4 °F) was measured. The lake waters are
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and Kumnynk rivers open into the lake. The Etamynk and Khakytsin rivers conversely have formed an
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1948:
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named the Kambalny ridge formed in the Pauzhetka structure, as well as a proto-Ilinsky volcano.
621:
Rhyolite makes up the bulk of the eruption products of Kurile Lake. Minerals contained include
2648:
2458:
2368:
2284:
2167:
1869:
Braitseva, O. A.; Melekestsev, I. V.; Ponomareva, V. V.; Sulerzhitsky, L. D. (December 1995).
1594:
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probably formed when conditions at the vent changed, involving the formation of a ring vent.
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2008:
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around Kurile Lake was formed by an eruption in the area of the lake was first suggested by
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386:
382:
353:
220:
973:
931:
392:
370:
1750:
Manville, V. (February 2010). "An overview of break-out floods from intracaldera lakes".
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2566:
2425:
2356:
2260:
2004:
1936:
1891:
1765:
1708:
1498:
2670:
Revenko, Igor A. (1998-01-01). "Status of Brown Bears in Kamchatka, Russian Far East".
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north of the caldera. This tephra is formed by gray fine ash and lapilli consisting of
943:
729:
693:
677:
544:
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492:
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51:
1289:"Dynamics of Phytoplankton Species Structure in the Kurile Lake (Kamchatka Peninsula)"
2695:
2662:
2618:
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2181:
2152:"A 13,000-Yr Record of Environmental Change from Tschuchye Lake in Northeast Yakutia"
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2154:. In Nurgaliev, Danis; Shcherbakov, Valery; Kosterov, Andrei; Spassov, Simo (eds.).
1907:
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The Kurile Lake caldera forming eruption, also known as "KO", occurred in 6460–6414
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1970:
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are also present; they constitute sources of food for sockeye salmons. A number of
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519:. The eruption of this ignimbrite occurred 443,000 ± 8000 years ago. Afterwards, a
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263:. It is part of the Eastern Volcanic Zone of Kamchatka which, together with the
2500:
Hultén, Eric (1923). "Some Geographical Notes on the Map of South Kamtchatka".
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881:
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422:
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2158:. Springer Geophysics. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 136.
2156:
Recent Advances in Rock Magnetism, Environmental Magnetism and Paleomagnetism
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2531:"Ecological functioning of Lake Kuril relative to sockeye salmon production"
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surround Kurile Lake. Diky Greben formed after the eruption of Kurile Lake.
412:
400:
378:
980:. Thicknesses still reach several centimeters in Magadan. In the northern
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and others are volcanic cones; the “Heart of Alaid” (Serdtze Alaida) is a
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1028:
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880:. Other volcanoes with such large eruptions during the Holocene include
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579:
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240:
2627:
2626:
Ponomareva, Vera; Melekestsev, Ivan; Braitseva, Olga (18 March 2013).
2521:
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2122:
2026:
The 7600 (14C) year BP Kurile Lake caldera-forming eruption ... - CORE
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can be found as well. In 1998, Kurile Lake had the highest density of
102:
1036:
997:
981:
976:, 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) away from Kurile Lake, and in the
923:
916:
868:
856:, 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) away from Kurile Lake, and possibly
841:
739:
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662:
252:
55:
2513:
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1634:
1632:
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1024:
947:
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that parallel the lake shores. Some islands in the lake formed by
307:
2230:
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2194:
2110:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2048:
2036:
1974:
1438:
1405:
1370:
1351:
1332:
1240:
1209:
1190:
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populations. The lake is part of the Kamchatka National Reserve.
899:
eruption that generated deposits of fine ash. Several yellowish
836:
of pumice at Kuthiny Baty, 4 km (2.5 mi) from the lake
818:
814:
673:
1573:"Oligochaeta (Annelida) of Lake Kurilskoe, Kamchatka Peninsula"
1987:
Self, S.; Rampino, M. R.; Newton, M. S.; Wolff, J. A. (1984).
1531:
1450:
1989:"Volcanological study of the great Tambora eruption of 1815"
1461:
1459:
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lies about 100 kilometres (62 mi) beneath Kurile Lake.
1801:
1655:
1253:
1251:
1249:
2529:
Milovskaya, L.V.; Selifonov, M.M.; Sinyakov, S.A. (1998).
867:. It is the largest known Holocene eruption in Kamchatka.
502:
The oldest volcanoes of the Pauzhetka structure may be of
381:
300 metres (980 ft) high. A number of lava domes and
2013:
10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<659:VSOTGT>2.0.CO;2
926:
was also deposited during this phase. At this point, the
930:
had emerged above the water level and was generating an
692:, and possibly of the entirety of Russia. The lake is a
2218:
2150:
Burnatny, S. S.; Naumov, A. N.; Korzun, Yu. A. (2019).
2137:
1282:
1280:
1278:
665:. At the edge of the lake there is no macrovegetation.
539:
The basement in the area is formed by Miocene-Pliocene
2538:
North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Bulletin No.1
1566:
1564:
2479:
Limnologica – Ecology and Management of Inland Waters
234:
1571:Timm, Tarmo; Vvedenskaya, Tatyana L. (2006-08-01).
668:Vegetation in Kamchatka overall consists mostly of
385:are found in the lake. The Severnaya bay may be an
206:
196:
188:
184:
176:
168:
160:
152:
144:
136:
128:
124:
114:
100:
61:
43:
21:
1287:Sukhanov, V. V.; Lepskaya, E. V. (December 2023).
1102:"Впервые за четыре года замёрзло Курильское озеро"
310:-class eruption and one of the largest during the
1100:Русское географическое общество (13 March 2023).
657:Vegetation around the caldera consists mostly of
2390:"Seismic reflection profiling in Lake Kurilskoe"
1856:
1844:
1638:
389:. Lava flows from Ilinsky extend into the lake.
62:
2635:. Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol. 172.
1690:
1688:
1072:did survive and quickly resettled the terrain.
16:Caldera lake in the Kamchatka peninsula, Russia
2629:Volcanism and Subduction: The Kamchatka Region
2599:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2339:Armstrong, Kyle M.; Gaffney, Leigh P. (2020).
1486:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
895:The caldera forming eruption commenced with a
530:Position of Kurile Lake in southern Kamchatka
8:
1532:Ponomareva, Melekestsev & Braitseva 2013
1451:Ponomareva, Melekestsev & Braitseva 2013
271:of Kamchatka. These volcanoes form from the
562:One caldera that formed in the area is the
499:activity may still be ongoing in the lake.
483:as well as for volcanism in Kamchatka. The
290:Before the Kurile Lake caldera formed, the
2540:. North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission
1519:
1465:
1257:
614:. They contain small-to-medium amounts of
18:
2490:
2445:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series.
2278:
2268:
1829:
1802:Milovskaya, Selifonov & Sinyakov 1998
1656:Milovskaya, Selifonov & Sinyakov 1998
1588:
988:marker and has been found as far away as
809:is endemic to the Kurile Lake watershed.
606:Volcanic rocks of Kurile Lake range from
590:; three other such eruptions occurred at
479:. This subduction is responsible for the
1039:, comparable to the amounts released by
574:Southern Kamchatka has been the site of
38:Kurile lake and the Serdce Alaida island
1623:
1611:
1092:
713:kilometres (3.5 cu mi) and a
431:
1737:
1667:
1382:
1221:
2219:Plechov, Balashova & Dirksen 2010
2138:Plechov, Balashova & Dirksen 2010
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
7:
2702:Volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula
2443:Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs
547:. During the Pleistocene, calderas,
298:, and was the origin of the Golygin
172:14.82 km (3.56 cu mi)
708:The Ozernaya river drains the lake.
1066:quickly removed, some plants like
14:
1293:Russian Journal of Marine Biology
1035:, and 26–29 million tons of
327:stocks in Asia live in the lake.
120:392 km (151 sq mi)
2619:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.05.013
1945:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01074.x
1507:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.10.009
458:
446:
434:
425:indicates that there is still a
192:March-April, rare in cold winter
32:
1774:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.11.004
1031:, 8.6–9.8 million tons of
774:species in summer 2011 include
340:visited the area in 1740–1743.
175:
167:
159:
151:
148:76 km (29 sq mi)
143:
135:
127:
653:The environment at Kurile Lake
314:. Subsequently, the volcanoes
1:
2455:10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_198
2302:Dirksen, V.G.; Dirksen, O.V.
1817:Russian Entomological Journal
1717:10.1080/0269249X.2010.9705853
1027:, 43–49 million tons of
356:of 235 metres (771 ft).
42:
2434:10.1016/1040-6182(92)90025-W
2164:10.1007/978-3-319-90437-5_11
1857:Armstrong & Gaffney 2020
1845:Armstrong & Gaffney 2020
1639:Filatov & Gronskaya 2012
2492:10.1016/j.limno.2011.03.001
2315:University of Alaska System
1753:Global and Planetary Change
1082:List of volcanoes in Russia
876:of 7 and comparable to the
789:. Other species as well as
570:Regional explosive activity
235:
2753:
2397:Volcanology and Seismology
874:volcanic explosivity index
164:316 m (1,037 ft)
27:Kurilskoe Lake, Kuril Lake
2575:10.1134/S1028334X10070275
2388:Bondarenko, V.I. (1991).
2341:"Kamchatka's Kurile Lake"
2270:10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022
2249:Earth System Science Data
1305:10.1134/s1063074023060093
915:and pumice consisting of
224:
31:
26:
2418:Quaternary International
1158:Global Volcanism Program
878:1815 eruption of Tambora
690:brown bears of Kamchatka
156:195 m (640 ft)
132:14 km (8.7 mi)
2737:Lakes of Kamchatka Krai
2311:kiska.giseis.alaska.edu
1879:Bulletin of Volcanology
1590:10.12782/specdiv.11.225
1163:Smithsonian Institution
728:drains the lake to the
360:Ilinsky, but Braitseva
331:Geography and structure
180:81 m (266 ft)
140:8 km (5.0 mi)
2555:Doklady Earth Sciences
2231:Ponomareva et al. 2004
2207:Ponomareva et al. 2004
2195:Ponomareva et al. 2004
2111:Ponomareva et al. 2004
2090:Ponomareva et al. 2004
2078:Ponomareva et al. 2004
2066:Ponomareva et al. 2004
2049:Ponomareva et al. 2004
2037:Ponomareva et al. 2004
1975:Ponomareva et al. 2004
1439:Ponomareva et al. 2004
1406:Ponomareva et al. 2004
1371:Ponomareva et al. 2004
1352:Ponomareva et al. 2004
1333:Ponomareva et al. 2004
1241:Ponomareva et al. 2004
1210:Ponomareva et al. 2004
1191:Ponomareva et al. 2004
837:
806:Chaetocladius tatianae
709:
654:
531:
481:Kamchatka-Kuril Trench
395:, partially buried by
294:was active during the
255:. It is also known as
2712:Volcanic crater lakes
2123:Braitseva et al. 1992
1787:Gladyshev et al. 2011
1680:Gladyshev et al. 2011
1556:Braitseva et al. 1992
1544:Braitseva et al. 1992
1270:Gladyshev et al. 2011
1120:apps.sentinel-hub.com
832:
707:
652:
529:
338:Georg Wilhelm Steller
2722:Pleistocene calderas
2637:Wiley Online Library
2449:. pp. 674–679.
2447:Springer Netherlands
2197:, pp. 211, 214.
578:during history; the
559:formed in the area.
364:1997 and Ponomareva
2611:2004JVGR..136..199P
2567:2010DokES.433..974P
2502:Geografiska Annaler
2426:1992QuInt..13..177B
2357:2020Fish...45..200A
2261:2022ESSD...14.3167S
2233:, pp. 217–218.
2080:, pp. 209–211.
2005:1984Geo....12..659S
1937:2009Sedim..56.2155J
1892:1995BVol...57..383B
1766:2010GPC....70...14M
1709:2010DiaRe..25..323L
1499:2010JVGR..189...57B
1018:Effects and threats
986:tephrochronological
594:volcano and one at
576:explosive eruptions
485:Wadati-Benioff Zone
267:, forms one of the
81: /
2732:Inactive volcanoes
2707:Calderas of Russia
2420:. 13–14: 177–180.
1900:10.1007/BF00300984
1051:identified in the
838:
786:Daphnia longiremis
710:
655:
532:
225:Кури́льское о́зеро
2727:Holocene calderas
2654:978-0-87590-436-8
2365:10.1002/fsh.10395
2173:978-3-319-90437-5
1577:Species Diversity
936:pyroclastic flows
850:fissure eruptions
780:and the dominant
742:form most of the
680:. Along valleys,
608:basaltic andesite
564:Pauzhetka Caldera
555:like pre-Ilinsky
541:sedimentary rocks
383:pyroclastic cones
292:Pauzhetka caldera
236:Kuríl'skoye Ózero
233:
214:
213:
177:Surface elevation
2744:
2687:
2666:
2634:
2622:
2605:(3–4): 199–222.
2596:
2586:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2496:
2494:
2468:
2437:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2394:
2384:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2272:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1957:
1956:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1409:
1403:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1355:
1349:
1336:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1284:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1149:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1097:
978:Oymyakon Plateau
964:and possibly by
909:Unkanovich River
905:Vychenkiya River
858:Lake El′gygytgyn
825:Eruptive history
777:Cyclops scutifer
462:
450:
438:
387:explosion crater
354:cryptodepression
238:
228:
226:
104:
103:Primary outflows
96:
95:
93:
92:
91:
86:
85:51.45°N 157.12°E
82:
79:
78:
77:
74:
64:
36:
19:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2717:VEI-7 volcanoes
2692:
2691:
2690:
2669:
2655:
2632:
2625:
2594:
2589:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2499:
2471:
2465:
2440:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2392:
2387:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2174:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2020:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1960:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:10.1.1.556.4429
1813:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1697:Diatom Research
1694:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1645:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1520:Bondarenko 1991
1518:
1514:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1466:Bondarenko 1991
1464:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1412:
1404:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1358:
1350:
1339:
1331:
1320:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1258:Bondarenko 1991
1256:
1247:
1239:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1197:
1189:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1151:
1150:
1139:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1069:Alnus fruticosa
1043:in 1815 and by
1020:
974:Indigirka River
932:eruption column
827:
702:
647:
604:
572:
557:stratovolcanoes
553:somma volcanoes
537:
473:
466:
463:
454:
453:Ilinsky volcano
451:
442:
439:
333:
257:Kurilskoye Lake
89:
87:
83:
80:
75:
72:
70:
68:
67:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2667:
2653:
2623:
2587:
2561:(1): 974–977.
2550:
2526:
2514:10.2307/519666
2497:
2485:(4): 339–347.
2469:
2463:
2438:
2413:
2385:
2351:(4): 200–206.
2335:
2333:
2332:External links
2330:
2328:
2327:
2294:
2235:
2223:
2221:, p. 976.
2211:
2209:, p. 206.
2199:
2187:
2172:
2142:
2140:, p. 974.
2127:
2125:, p. 178.
2115:
2113:, p. 219.
2094:
2092:, p. 209.
2082:
2070:
2068:, p. 208.
2053:
2051:, p. 207.
2041:
2039:, p. 217.
2029:
2018:
1979:
1977:, p. 218.
1958:
1913:
1861:
1859:, p. 202.
1849:
1847:, p. 205.
1837:
1806:
1804:, p. 435.
1791:
1789:, p. 343.
1779:
1742:
1740:, p. 338.
1730:
1703:(2): 323–335.
1684:
1682:, p. 341.
1672:
1670:, p. 339.
1660:
1658:, p. 434.
1643:
1641:, p. 678.
1628:
1616:
1604:
1583:(3): 225–244.
1560:
1558:, p. 179.
1548:
1546:, p. 177.
1536:
1534:, p. 172.
1524:
1522:, p. 533.
1512:
1470:
1468:, p. 536.
1455:
1453:, p. 168.
1443:
1441:, p. 202.
1410:
1408:, p. 211.
1387:
1385:, p. 337.
1375:
1373:, p. 220.
1356:
1354:, p. 215.
1337:
1335:, p. 216.
1318:
1274:
1272:, p. 340.
1262:
1260:, p. 537.
1245:
1243:, p. 214.
1226:
1224:, p. 329.
1214:
1212:, p. 201.
1195:
1193:, p. 200.
1174:
1137:
1107:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1049:sulfate spikes
1019:
1016:
944:Sea of Okhotsk
897:phreatoplinian
840:The idea that
826:
823:
761:Stephanodiskus
730:Sea of Okhotsk
726:Ozernaya River
701:
698:
694:nature reserve
646:
643:
603:
600:
571:
568:
545:volcanic rocks
536:
533:
521:resurgent dome
493:Sredinny Range
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
457:
455:
452:
445:
443:
440:
433:
332:
329:
325:sockeye salmon
269:volcanic belts
265:Sredinny Range
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
200:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
116:Catchment area
112:
111:
106:
98:
97:
65:
59:
58:
52:Kamchatka Krai
45:
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2749:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2645:10.1029/gm172
2642:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2464:9781402056161
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:Sedimentology
1917:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1824:(1): 73, 75.
1823:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:, p. 14.
1625:
1620:
1617:
1614:, p. 11.
1613:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:"Kurile Lake"
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1104:(in Russian).
1103:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:in 1600. Two
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
969:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
940:Pacific Ocean
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
816:
810:
808:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:
783:
779:
778:
773:
769:
768:
763:
762:
757:
756:
751:
750:
745:
744:phytoplankton
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
706:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
631:clinopyroxene
628:
627:orthopyroxene
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
601:
599:
597:
593:
589:
584:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
560:
558:
554:
550:
549:lava plateaus
546:
542:
534:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
470:
461:
456:
449:
444:
441:Serdce Alaida
437:
432:
430:
428:
427:magma chamber
424:
420:
418:
414:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
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281:Okhotsk Plate
278:
277:Pacific Plate
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153:Average depth
147:
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105:
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94:
90:51.45; 157.12
66:
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48:Eastern Range
46:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2675:
2671:
2628:
2602:
2598:
2558:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2537:
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2501:
2482:
2478:
2442:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2403:(4): 533–548
2400:
2396:
2348:
2344:
2318:. Retrieved
2310:
2297:
2280:2158/1279650
2252:
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2238:
2226:
2214:
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2190:
2155:
2145:
2118:
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2073:
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1996:
1992:
1982:
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1624:Revenko 1998
1619:
1612:Revenko 1998
1607:
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1527:
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1490:
1484:
1473:
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1166:. Retrieved
1156:
1131:
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1110:
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1067:
1064:
1045:Huaynaputina
1021:
994:
970:
894:
862:
839:
811:
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738:
722:oligotrophic
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497:Hydrothermal
489:
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365:
361:
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350:alluvial fan
342:
334:
289:
279:beneath the
260:
256:
216:
215:
169:Water volume
145:Surface area
2544:26 November
2508:: 329–350.
2407:26 November
2320:26 November
2255:(7): 3175.
1999:(11): 659.
1931:(7): 2162.
1760:(1–4): 21.
1738:Hultén 1923
1668:Hultén 1923
1493:(1–2): 64.
1383:Hultén 1923
1222:Hultén 1923
886:Crater Lake
782:cladocerans
770:. Dominant
678:stone birch
645:Environment
623:plagioclase
602:Composition
477:Asian Plate
465:Diky Greben
393:Ring faults
316:Diky Greben
296:Pleistocene
285:Asian Plate
245:crater lake
217:Kurile Lake
207:Settlements
129:Max. length
88: /
63:Coordinates
22:Kurile Lake
2696:Categories
1886:(6): 399.
1299:(6): 469.
1168:2016-11-26
1133:Sentinel-2
1125:2023-03-19
1088:References
882:Baitoushan
846:Boris Piip
799:chironomid
749:Cyclotella
734:lava flows
682:cottonwood
639:hornblende
517:ignimbrite
423:Gravimetry
417:Zheltovsky
401:landslides
300:ignimbrite
273:subduction
261:Kuril Lake
161:Max. depth
137:Max. width
2678:: 11–16.
2663:127437883
2381:218925137
2373:1548-8446
2345:Fisheries
2289:1866-3508
2182:135048486
1953:129365218
1826:CiteSeerX
1599:1342-1670
1313:267283359
990:Greenland
966:fumarolic
957:Fumaroles
901:rhyolitic
715:catchment
635:magnetite
616:potassium
598:volcano.
504:Oligocene
413:Kosheleva
399:fans and
379:lava dome
249:Kamchatka
230:romanized
2583:56184279
1908:54882931
1725:83984091
1076:See also
1056:ice core
1033:fluorine
1029:chlorine
942:and the
921:basaltic
791:rotifers
755:Melosira
672:bushes,
612:rhyolite
596:Karymsky
513:Pliocene
511:Miocene-
409:Kambalny
397:alluvial
375:slumping
346:Ozernaya
312:Holocene
283:and the
109:Ozernaya
76:157°07′E
44:Location
2684:3873103
2607:Bibcode
2563:Bibcode
2422:Bibcode
2353:Bibcode
2257:Bibcode
2001:Bibcode
1993:Geology
1933:Bibcode
1888:Bibcode
1762:Bibcode
1705:Bibcode
1495:Bibcode
1060:climate
1041:Tambora
1007:Ilinsky
1002:dacitic
982:Kuriles
962:erosion
953:breccia
913:lapilli
854:Magadan
834:Outcrop
795:annelid
772:copepod
767:Synedra
746:, with
740:Diatoms
592:Ksudach
580:Ksudach
508:Miocene
471:Geology
320:Ilinsky
275:of the
241:caldera
239:) is a
232::
221:Russian
198:Islands
73:51°27′N
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2661:
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2522:519666
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2371:
2287:
2180:
2170:
1951:
1906:
1828:
1723:
1597:
1311:
1037:sulfur
998:tephra
924:scoria
917:dacite
869:Tephra
842:pumice
764:, and
724:. The
686:willow
676:, and
663:forest
637:, and
551:, and
415:, and
371:faults
366:et al.
362:et al.
253:Russia
189:Frozen
56:Russia
2680:JSTOR
2672:Ursus
2659:S2CID
2633:(PDF)
2595:(PDF)
2579:S2CID
2534:(PDF)
2518:JSTOR
2393:(PDF)
2377:S2CID
2307:(PDF)
2178:S2CID
1949:S2CID
1904:S2CID
1874:(PDF)
1721:S2CID
1309:S2CID
1053:GISP2
1025:water
948:mafic
890:Kikai
802:midge
670:alder
588:VEI 5
535:Local
308:VEI-7
2649:ISBN
2546:2016
2459:ISBN
2409:2016
2369:ISSN
2322:2016
2285:ISSN
2168:ISBN
1595:ISSN
928:vent
907:and
888:and
819:bear
815:Asia
700:Lake
684:and
674:pine
661:and
659:bush
543:and
318:and
243:and
210:none
2641:doi
2615:doi
2603:136
2571:doi
2559:433
2510:doi
2487:doi
2451:doi
2430:doi
2361:doi
2275:hdl
2265:doi
2160:doi
2009:doi
1941:doi
1896:doi
1770:doi
1713:doi
1585:doi
1503:doi
1491:189
1301:doi
865:BCE
610:to
304:BCE
259:or
247:in
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