743:, Lu was captured in November 1082 (Natdaw 444 ME). Ministers offered Kyansittha the crown. But he refused. Instead he personally tried to rescue Lu by breaking into the enemy camp at night. Seated on Kyansittha's shoulders and well on the way to safety, Lu thought Kyansittha was kidnapping him to kill him. After all, he had never treated Kyansittha well, and could not believe that Kyansittha would risk his life to rescue someone who had treated him badly. Yamankan on the other hand was his childhood friend, and son of his wet nurse.
999:(later Alaungsithu) as heir apparent because he thought he did not have a son. It turned out that he had forgotten the pregnant wife he left in Kaungbyu when he first recalled to Pagan in 1078. Thanbula gave birth to a boy, and did not learn of Kyansittha's ascent to the throne right away. When she finally came to the Pagan to meet Kyansittha with their son, the king did not want to go back on his word. Instead he appointed the boy the titular lord of Arakan with the title of
1720:
846:
636:. (Anawrahta's appointment of Kyansittha as commander at such an early age indicates that Anawrahta considered Kyansittha his offspring. During the Burmese imperial era, only the royalty were allowed to assume a senior position in the army at an early age. Commoners, who had to earn that privilege over years of service, were never that young.) Pagan's forces captured Thaton after a 3-months' siege in May 1057. Kyansittha became famous as one of the
224:
438:. He grew up away from Anawrahta's court after Anawrahta banished his mother who was pregnant with him to the countryside because Anawrahta was led to believe that she was not of royal blood. The chronicles also speculate that Kyansittha's real father might not be Anawrahta but Yazataman, the Pagan official who guarded Pyinsa Kalayani during her journey to Pagan. Nonetheless, the chronicles accept that he was a
1154:, a "less reliable Early Ava inscription" says Kyansittha's successor Sithu I had been on the throne for 37 years in 1151 CE, meaning Sithu I came to power in 1114 CE. Luce takes the middle of 1112 and 1114, gives the year of death as 1113. Htin Aung is highly skeptical of the assessment since Luce has given weight to a non-contemporary inscription, which by Luce's own admission, is "less reliable" .
31:
928:
687:, jewels and hair relics as presents for Anawrahta. On the journey to Pagan, Khin U was borne in a curtained litter, and Kyansittha rode at her side. During the long journey, they fell in love with each other so violently that the matter had to be reported to Anawrahta. It was the end of Kyansittha's career. He was sent into exile by the king.
1019:
Kyansittha is regarded as one of the greatest
Burmese monarchs for saving the nascent Pagan Empire and making it stronger. His continuation of Anawrahta's social, economic and religious policies transformed the kingdom to a major regional power. His reign is generally understood as the time when the
876:
His policy proved effective. The rest of his reign saw no more rebellions in the south. Elsewhere too was largely peaceful. (He did send an expedition to northern Arakan because the tributary kingdom in the west had come under attack by the lord of southern Arakan. His troops repelled the attack but
763:
Kyansittha went to the
Kyaukse region, the breadbasket of Pagan, to raise an army. He received allegiance from the chief of Htihlaing, who helped him raise men. With his army, Kyansittha drove Yamankan out. Yamankan's army fled south while Yamankan fled on a barge full of gold and gems he had looted
692:
The
Burmese chronicles report his exile with a touch of literary flourish. Kyansittha was brought bound into the presence, and Anawrahta taunted him for a time until with his anger rising, he hurled his fairy spear Areindama. But Kyansittha's hour had not yet come. The spear missed, grazing his skin
591:
Furthermore, the chronicle narratives are filled with many inconsistencies. The chronicles claim that
Anawrahta was already king when Pyinsa Kalayani was sent. But Anawrahta did not become king until 1044. Kyansittha had been born at least since 1030. Moreover, it was unlikely that the ruler of
864:
Kyansittha strengthened the foundations of Pagan Empire which
Anawrahta had built. Although he suppressed the Mon rebellion, he pursued a conciliatory policy towards the Mon. Having spent seven years in the Mon country in exile, the king had a genuine respect for the Mon culture, and kept Mon
982:
Nonetheless, historians contend that even the reformed religion of Shin Arahan, Anawrahta, Kyansittha and other Pagan kings was one still strongly influenced by
Hinduism when compared to later more orthodox (18th and 19th century) standards. Indeed, with the approval of primate Shin Arahan,
1136:(Zata 1960: 84): The battle took place in Kason 445 ME ( 21 March 1083 to 19 April 1083). But since the new year's day of 445 ME fell on 26 March 1083 (6th waxing of Kason 445), Kason 445 only began on 6th waxing of Kason. Thus, the battle took place between 26 March and 19 April 1083.
608:
inscriptions dedicated by
Kyansittha himself, the name Kyansittha is a title given by Anawrahta. The king gave him the title Kyansittha which means "the remaining/last standing soldier" because of the latter's knack for surviving in the battlefield. But according to historian
722:
of Pagan, to help administer the kingdom. Kyansittha left a pregnant
Thanbula at Kaungbyu. At Pagan, he soon renewed his affair with Khin U (now with the title of Manisanda), who was now a queen of Lu. Kyansittha was promptly exiled again, this time much farther away to
963:. He gave sanctuary to Buddhists fleeing India (which had just come under Muslim rule). The king entertained eight learned Indian monks for three months, listening to their stories. Enthralled by the description of their great cave temple of Ananta in the
442:
son of
Anawrahta per Burmese customary law, which says a child born in wedlock is presumed to have been begotten by the husband. At any rate, a stone inscription at the Hledauk Pagoda in Taungbyon says that it was donated by Kyansittha, son of Anawrahta.
1149:
says he died in 473 ME (March 1111 to March 1112 CE), the
Myazedi Inscription, inscribed in 474 ME (March 1112 to March 1113), confirms that the king was in his deathbed but still alive at the time of inscription. (Htin Aung 1970: 41): According to
672:) led them. Soon after the Thaton conquest, Kyansittha along with his three other "Paladins" were sent to take control of Tenasserim. The Four Paladins defeated the Khmer army, and Tenasserim became part of Pagan Empire from then on.
632:, and served as a royal cadet in the Pagan army. Anawrahta soon recognized the ability of his son. According to tradition, in early 1057, the king made his teenage son one of four lead commanders in his invasion of
307:
In his early life, Kyansittha was a popular and successful general who led Anawrahta's major military campaigns that founded the Pagan Empire. He was exiled twice in the 1070s and 1080s for his affair with Queen
627:
Kyansittha grew up in relative obscurity until Anawrahta recalled his son at a later point (likely by his early teens). At Anawrahta's court, he was a minor prince under the shadow of his elder half-brother
752:
Kyansittha exclaiming, "Then die, thou fool; die the death of a dog at the hands of these scum", flung him down, and ran for his life. He swam across the Irrawaddy, and eventually made back to safety.
683:. The Pagan army easily drove out the raiders. The ruler of Pegu, whom Anawrahta had allowed to remain as viceroy for his cooperation in the 1057 conquest of Thaton, sent his young daughter, the lady
787:) say he reigned only for five years, followed by an interregnum that lasted till 1084—implying that Saw Lu died in late 1082 or early 1083. At any rate, Kyansittha came to power in 1084, per the
1110:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 184–185): Saw Lu died in 423 ME (1061–1062 CE), and his death was followed by two years interregnum. Kyansittha succeeded the throne only in 425 ME (1063–1064 CE).
1071:
is one of four student teams into which all students in every Burmese primary and secondary school are organized. The other three teams are named after the greatest Burmese heroes:
596:
Anawrahta tried to kill off all babies in the year that Kyansittha was born because his astrologers predicted that a new born would be king. Again, Anawrahta was not the king.
693:
and severing the ropes that bound him. He picked up the famous spear and fled never to return. His flight over hill and dale still forms a favorite subject of Burmese theater.
764:
down the Irrawaddy. Kyansittha and his army followed up on the retreating Peguan forces. Midway to the Pegu country, Kyansittha's advance forces caught up with Yamankan near
1020:
assimilation of various cultural traditions (Mon, Pyu and Burman) began to meld into a common Burmese cultural tradition that would come to dominate the Irrawaddy valley.
799:
At Pagan, Kyansittha was once proclaimed king on 21 April 1084. The coronation ceremony may have been two years later, in 1086. He ascended to the throne with the title
292:(Myanmar) from 1084 to 1112/13, and is considered one of the greatest Burmese monarchs. He continued the social, economic and cultural reforms begun by his father, King
714:
In April 1077, Anawrahta died, and his son Lu succeeded. Lu, who had always viewed Kyansittha as a rival, reluctantly recalled Kyansittha to Pagan, at the urging of
563:, considered the most accurate chronicle for the dates of the best-known Pagan and Ava kings, Kyansittha was born on 21 July 1030, and was about 19 years older than
880:
Pagan's power did not go unnoticed. The Khmer Empire, the other Southeast Asian power, stopped raiding southern Pagan territory. When Pagan sent an embassy to the
323:
His reign was largely peaceful. A great admirer of Mon culture, he pursued a conciliatory policy towards the Mon of the south, and continued the patronage of
1708:
873:
was still coming into its own). The Mon language was widely used among the ruling elite, and the Pyu language continued to be a cultural force as well.
1028:
Kyansittha is remembered as a romantic warrior king. He was popular throughout his reign and after. His life stories and exploits are still retold in
756:
Yamankan promptly executed Lu, and marched to Pagan. Unable to blockade the fortified walls of Pagan, his army drifted north to near the present-day
775:, Kyansittha and Yamankan fought a battle c. April 1083 (Kason of 445 ME). The battle may not be the final battle in which Yamankan was slain since
592:
Wethali would have sent his daughter to Anawrahta who until 1044 was a prince but not to Sokkate, the king himself. The chronicles also claim that
2754:
2749:
1416:
347:. A peaceful Pagan grew wealthy from agriculture and trade, and large scale temple building began in earnest. Kyansittha completed Anawrahta's
1524:
1461:
711:, niece of the head abbot of the local monastery. He was in his early 30s. He lived there for the remainder of Anawrahta's reign until 1077.
1559:
1119:(Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 286) says he came to power at age 43 (in his 44th year). Since Kyansittha came to power in 446 ME (1084/1085 CE) per
892:
The use of Burmese vernacular continued to gain strength among the populace although it was still junior to more established languages of
451:
The chronicles do not agree on the dates regarding his life and reign. The table below lists the dates given by the four main chronicles.
803:(ဂြီတြိဘုဝနာဒိတျဓမ္မရာဇ). The title's meaning is "Fortunate Buddhist King, Sun of the Three Worlds". He was joined by his three queens:
237:
649:
accepts Anawrahta's conquest of Lower Burma but argues that the chronicle narrative of the conquest of Thaton is a post-Pagan legend.
1585:
1051:
1701:
964:
652:
Anawrahta went on found the Pagan Empire (also known as the First Burmese Empire) expanding his authority in all directions:
414:
Much of Kyansittha's early life, like much of early Pagan history, is shrouded in legend. Many of the stories given in the
703:
Kyansittha fled west, and at a time, he earned a living by tending horses. He finally settled at Kaungbyu (likely in the
2701:
2593:
739:, whom he had appointed governor of Pegu. The king recalled Kyansittha to put down the rebellion. At a battle near
2734:
1694:
1086:
1046:
2137:
1724:
1668:
241:
44:
1534:
331:, Mon, Pyu and Buddhist practices into a Burmese cultural tradition began to reach a level of maturity. The
2729:
2652:
2027:
2583:
2476:
1960:
1517:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland
2744:
2739:
2605:
2274:
2046:
1940:
893:
336:
2359:
2324:
2254:
2085:
1903:
1120:
909:
905:
849:
788:
884:
in 1106, the Chinese met the Burmese envoys with the full rites accorded only sovereign kingdoms.
2491:
2349:
2207:
2017:
1965:
1898:
1769:
1600:
1550:
1029:
956:
919:(Bamar)) appeared in the epigraph of his new palace, built between December 1101 and April 1102.
661:
646:
475:
415:
395:
356:
212:
279:
912:, dedicated to him in 1112 when the king was on his deathbed. The use of Pyu began to decline.
2486:
2394:
2147:
2037:
2032:
1950:
1913:
1854:
1824:
1764:
1719:
1581:
1520:
1457:
1437:
952:
901:
845:
364:
141:
768:. Yamankan, who was blind in one eye, was killed by an arrow through his remaining good eye.
2620:
2384:
2329:
1908:
1888:
1844:
1573:
1449:
976:
719:
704:
605:
348:
297:
269:
257:
245:
231:
93:
2667:
2578:
2501:
2444:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2314:
2051:
2007:
1923:
1749:
1595:
Taw, Sein Ko; Blagden, C.O. (1911). "Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland".
1564:
665:
538:
427:
391:
301:
202:
664:
in the south. Kyansittha partook in all of Anawrahta's expeditions including one to the
2568:
2449:
2379:
2075:
2070:
2012:
1997:
1975:
1955:
1893:
1834:
1037:
1033:
870:
853:
633:
403:
399:
376:
332:
1568:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
1543:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2012, 2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
1510:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
779:
says Saw Lu died in 1084 after having reigned seven years. However, other chronicles (
2723:
2533:
2464:
2454:
2439:
2399:
2339:
2182:
2022:
1858:
1839:
1814:
1732:
1632:
1011:
Kyansittha died in either 1112 or 1113 after a long illness. He was either 82 or 83.
972:
968:
932:
897:
740:
724:
653:
638:
610:
384:
352:
344:
285:
182:
36:
1314:(Zata 1960: 83): 9th month (Natdaw) of 444 ME = 23 October 1082 to 20 November 1082.
2518:
2429:
2409:
2389:
2309:
2299:
2244:
2192:
2167:
2152:
2127:
2042:
1987:
1945:
1874:
1809:
1754:
1539:
1506:
1090:
948:
947:
continued Anawrahta's policies to reform the Buddhism of Pagan, which was a mix of
881:
866:
669:
517:
496:
380:
372:
360:
340:
324:
296:. Pagan became an internationally recognized power during his 28-year reign. The
2642:
2637:
2610:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2528:
2304:
2289:
2229:
2219:
2162:
2157:
2002:
1799:
1678:
1332:(Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 111, footnote 2): Full moon of 446 ME = 21 aPRIL 1084
1151:
996:
944:
715:
368:
161:
146:
72:
30:
418:
attributed to Kyansittha are legends, with a heavy touch of literary flourish.
2682:
2677:
2632:
2523:
2513:
2481:
2419:
2404:
2374:
2369:
2294:
2284:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2177:
2172:
1992:
1870:
1819:
1076:
1072:
927:
811:
680:
657:
313:
2672:
2657:
2647:
2573:
2364:
2319:
2264:
2224:
2197:
2187:
2142:
2065:
2060:
1784:
1480:
1000:
908:
since 1057.) The earliest evidence of a more settled Burmese script was the
834:
822:
807:
684:
431:
312:. Kyansittha ascended to the Pagan throne in 1084 after suppressing a major
309:
293:
192:
150:
134:
122:
1686:
371:
practices continued to pervade. Pagan emerged a major power alongside the
2662:
2563:
2424:
2259:
2132:
2117:
2112:
2102:
1883:
1878:
1759:
1612:
960:
830:
816:
765:
736:
708:
583:
is correct about Kyansittha's age at death, Kyansittha was born in 1041.
130:
126:
1604:
571:
says Kyansittha was about four years older but the two later chronicles
2558:
2414:
2279:
2269:
1935:
1804:
1779:
1744:
1554:(1960 ed.). Historical Research Directorate of the Union of Burma.
1080:
1055:
915:
The first ever mention of the word "Myanmar" (the literary name of the
435:
177:
98:
89:
2548:
2097:
2056:
1829:
1789:
1661:
1597:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
1501:
984:
629:
564:
317:
62:
1548:
Royal Historians of Burma (c. 1680). U Hla Tin (Hla Thamein) (ed.).
1417:"Minsitthar, Hero Fighter Mobile Legends yang Bikin Lawan Kewalahan"
327:
and culture at his court. It was in his reign that the synthesis of
2434:
2122:
2107:
1774:
1215:
Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: xxvii–xxviii, in the 1963 preface by Hsan Tun
936:
926:
916:
844:
735:
In 1082, Saw Lu faced a serious rebellion by his childhood friend
328:
289:
112:
833:
was not present. She would later come and see him with their son
675:
In the early 1070s, Kyansittha was called into service to defend
668:, and in some cases (such as the Tenasserim campaign against the
865:
scholars at his court. The language of most of his epigraphs is
757:
676:
1690:
1599:. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 209–216.
1578:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Early Times to c. 1500
1003:(Pali: Rajakumar, lit. King's son). Alaungsithu succeeded him.
604:
Kyansittha's birth name is lost to history. According to the
426:
According to the chronicles, Kyansittha was born to Princess
1473:
History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824
1494:
Burmese History before 1287: A Defence of the Chronicles
1456:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
1178:. Yangon, Burma: Golden Family Bookhouse. p. 68.
825:, the lady Khin U for whom he had endured exile twice
2710:
Vassal of the Confederation of Shan States (1532–42)
579:
say Kyansittha was about a year younger than Lu. If
453:
394:. His life stories and exploits are still retold in
355:. Pagan became a major center of Buddhist learning.
2619:
2592:
2500:
2463:
2206:
2084:
1974:
1922:
1853:
1731:
379:, recognized as a sovereign kingdom by the Chinese
208:
198:
188:
176:
160:
140:
118:
104:
82:
78:
68:
58:
50:
43:
21:
1537:(1798). Myint Swe; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.).
1487:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
1058:, the character Minsitthar is based on Kyansittha.
679:(Bago) against the raiders from the direction of
390:Kyansittha is one of the most famous monarchs in
1127:, it means he was born in 403 ME (1041/1042 CE).
747:Lu had yelled out, "Kyansittha is stealing me!"
1619:(in Burmese). Vol. 1. Yangon: Maha Dagon.
810:, his first wife, with whom he had a daughter
1702:
8:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1292:
1290:
434:, then a senior prince at the court of King
1709:
1695:
1687:
1623:
1223:
1221:
852:, earliest surviving stone inscription in
29:
18:
1393:
1391:
1271:
1269:
351:and built his crowning achievement, the
1454:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
1166:
1103:
613:, it is a corruption of the Pali word,
359:continued to gain ground although many
242:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
16:Emperor of the Pagan Dynasty of Myanmar
284:; 21 July 1030 – 1112/13) was king of
157:
268:
7:
1560:Royal Historical Commission of Burma
975:in imitation. He also completed the
1475:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
1423:(in Indonesian). 20 November 2018.
1174:Retired Captain, Hla Shwe (2012).
995:Kyansittha appointed his grandson
888:Gradual growth of Burmese language
645:More recent research by historian
600:The meaning of the name Kyansittha
14:
1444:. University of California Press.
587:Inconsistent chronicle narratives
1718:
819:, daughter of chief of Htihlaing
222:
1452:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.).
1519:. Cambridge University Press.
829:His wife from his first exile
801:Śrī Tribhuvanāditya Dhammarāja
168:Śrī Tribhuvanāditya Dhammarāja
1:
2755:12th-century Burmese monarchs
2750:11th-century Burmese monarchs
1515:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003).
1442:The making of South East Asia
1227:Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 348
617:, meaning "soldier-official".
2702:Confederation of Shan States
2594:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1496:. Oxford: The Asoka Society.
1176:General Knowledges and Notes
971:, the king commissioned the
623:Military career (1057–1070s)
35:Statue of Kyansittha at the
877:could not catch the lord.)
771:According to the chronicle
660:in the north and east, and
335:began to be used alongside
316:rebellion that killed King
2771:
1617:Studies in Burmese History
731:Pegu rebellion (1082–1084)
304:continued to gain ground.
2691:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1626:
1492:Htin Aung, Maung (1970).
1047:Mobile Legends: Bang Bang
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
261:
167:
156:
28:
1284:Aung-Thwin 2005: 104–118
1245:Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 233
1236:Aung-Thwin 2005: 121–123
699:Exile years (1070s–1082)
2707:Brief revival (1550–52)
1406:Lieberman 2003: 115–116
979:which Anawrahta began.
559:Moreover, according to
88:Tuesday, 5th waning of
54:21 April 1084 – 1112/13
1471:Harvey, G. E. (1925).
1350:Taw, Blagden 1911: 216
940:
856:
230:This article contains
2584:Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
943:Kyansittha guided by
930:
900:had already replaced
848:
727:(modern-day Yangon).
108:1112/13 (aged 82-83)
2698:Mongol vassal (1297)
2606:Smim Htaw Buddhaketi
2090:1287–1539, 1550–1552
1188:Coedès 1968: 155–157
983:Kyansittha believed
869:(likely because the
860:Rule of Pagan Empire
270:[tɕàɰ̃sɪʔθá]
2695:Regent or Co-Regent
2086:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1121:Myazedi Inscription
910:Myazedi inscription
906:liturgical language
850:Myazedi inscription
789:Myazedi inscription
2350:Muni Thudhammaraza
2018:Kale Kye-Taung Nyo
1966:Minbyauk Thihapate
1770:Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu
1551:Zatadawbon Yazawin
1485:A History of Burma
1397:Htin Aung 1967: 41
1385:Harvey 1925: 38-44
1359:Htin Aung 1967: 44
1341:Than Tun 1964: 122
1296:Harvey 1925: 31–32
1275:Htin Aung 1967: 33
1206:Htin Aung 1970: 32
1197:Harvey 1925: 23–24
1147:Zatadawbon Yazawin
1030:Burmese literature
1024:In popular culture
957:Theravada Buddhism
941:
882:Chinese Song court
857:
773:Zatadawbon Yazawin
647:Michael Aung-Thwin
476:Zatadawbon Yazawin
416:Burmese chronicles
396:Burmese literature
357:Theravada Buddhism
213:Theravada Buddhism
2717:
2716:
2395:Sanda Thuriya III
2148:Binnya Dhammaraza
1825:Naratheinga Uzana
1765:Nyaung-u Sawrahan
1685:
1684:
1676:Succeeded by
1574:Tarling, Nicholas
1526:978-0-521-80496-7
1463:978-0-8248-0368-1
1371:Tarling 1999: 166
953:Mahayana Buddhism
923:Religious affairs
557:
556:
238:rendering support
218:
217:
172:
171:
2762:
2735:Burmese generals
2626:
2621:Konbaung dynasty
2599:
2507:
2470:
2385:Sanda Thuriya II
2213:
2091:
1981:
1929:
1864:
1738:
1725:Burmese monarchs
1723:
1722:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1659:Preceded by
1649:
1642:
1624:
1620:
1608:
1591:
1569:
1555:
1544:
1530:
1511:
1497:
1488:
1481:Htin Aung, Maung
1476:
1467:
1445:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1372:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1155:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1117:
1111:
1108:
987:was his patron.
977:Shwezigon Pagoda
705:Sagaing District
606:Shwezigon Pagoda
469:Length of reign
454:
349:Shwezigon Pagoda
298:Burmese language
273:; also spelt as
272:
267:
263:
244: instead of
226:
225:
158:
33:
19:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2687:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2579:Taninganway Min
2505:
2504:
2502:Toungoo dynasty
2496:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2445:Sanda Wimala II
2355:Sanda Thuriya I
2345:Wara Dhammaraza
2335:Sanda Thudhamma
2315:Thiri Thudhamma
2211:
2210:
2208:Mrauk U Kingdom
2202:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2028:Minye Kyawswa I
1979:
1978:
1970:
1927:
1926:
1924:Sagaing Kingdom
1918:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1611:
1594:
1588:
1572:
1565:Hmannan Yazawin
1558:
1547:
1533:
1527:
1514:
1500:
1491:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1448:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:Harvey 1925: 37
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:Harvey 1925: 34
1304:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1263:Harvey 1925: 27
1262:
1258:
1254:Cœdès 1966: 114
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1087:UMS Kyan Sittha
1069:Team Kyansittha
1065:
1026:
1017:
1009:
993:
965:Udayagiri hills
925:
890:
862:
843:
797:
733:
707:), and married
701:
666:Nanzhao Kingdom
654:northern Arakan
625:
602:
589:
539:Hmannan Yazawin
449:
430:of Wethali and
428:Pyinsa Kalayani
424:
412:
392:Burmese history
265:
251:
250:
249:
236:Without proper
227:
223:
203:Pyinsa Kalayani
149:
133:
129:
125:
111:
109:
96:
87:
39:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Minye Kyawhtin
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:Sanda Thaditha
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Sanda Wimala I
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2049:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:Kingdom of Ava
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1867:
1865:
1859:Pinya Kingdoms
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1728:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1654:Regnal titles
1651:
1650:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1592:
1586:
1570:
1556:
1545:
1531:
1525:
1512:
1498:
1489:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1450:Coedès, George
1446:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1408:
1399:
1387:
1373:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1286:
1277:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1138:
1129:
1112:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1064:
1063:Commemorations
1061:
1060:
1059:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1005:
992:
989:
924:
921:
889:
886:
871:Burmese script
861:
858:
842:
839:
827:
826:
820:
814:
796:
793:
754:
753:
749:
748:
732:
729:
700:
697:
696:
695:
634:Thaton Kingdom
624:
621:
601:
598:
588:
585:
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
534:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
448:
445:
423:
420:
411:
408:
377:Southeast Asia
333:Burmese script
246:Burmese script
240:, you may see
232:Burmese script
228:
221:
220:
219:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
154:
153:
144:
138:
137:
120:
116:
115:
106:
102:
101:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2767:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Pagan dynasty
2728:
2727:
2725:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:Prome Kingdom
2462:
2456:
2455:Maha Thammada
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Sanda Thumana
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Naradipati II
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Thiri Thuriya
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Binnya Ran II
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:Thihathura II
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Mohnyin Thado
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Narathihapate
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:Pagan dynasty
1730:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1673:1084–1112/13
1671:
1670:
1669:King of Burma
1663:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:Pagan Dynasty
1625:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1587:9780521663694
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Cœdès, George
1435:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
990:
988:
986:
980:
978:
974:
973:Ananda Temple
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
938:
934:
933:Ananda Temple
929:
922:
920:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
887:
885:
883:
878:
874:
872:
868:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
838:
836:
832:
824:
821:
818:
815:
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
802:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
761:
759:
751:
750:
746:
745:
744:
742:
738:
730:
728:
726:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
698:
694:
690:
689:
688:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
656:in the west,
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
640:
639:Four Paladins
635:
631:
622:
620:
619:
616:
612:
611:George Coedes
607:
599:
597:
595:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
552:
549:
546:
543:
541:
540:
536:
535:
531:
528:
525:
522:
520:
519:
515:
514:
510:
507:
504:
501:
499:
498:
494:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
478:
477:
473:
472:
455:
452:
446:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
419:
417:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
385:Chola dynasty
383:, and Indian
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Ananda Temple
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:Pagan dynasty
283:
281:
276:
271:
259:
255:
247:
243:
239:
235:
233:
214:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
181:
179:
175:
166:
163:
159:
155:
152:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
107:
103:
100:
95:
91:
86:21 July 1030
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
45:King of Burma
42:
38:
37:Ananda Temple
32:
27:
20:
2544:Minye Deibba
2519:Tabinshwehti
2477:Thado Minsaw
2430:Sanda Parama
2410:Sanda Wizala
2390:Sanda Wizaya
2193:Smim Sawhtut
2168:Leik Munhtaw
2153:Binnya Ran I
2128:Binnya E Law
2071:Narapati III
2043:Minkhaung II
1988:Thado Minbya
1956:Anawrahta II
1875:Yazathingyan
1810:Naratheinkha
1794:
1667:
1645:
1641:21 July 1030
1638:
1631:
1616:
1596:
1577:
1563:
1549:
1540:Yazawin Thit
1538:
1516:
1507:Maha Yazawin
1505:
1493:
1484:
1472:
1453:
1441:
1431:Bibliography
1421:Tribun Timur
1420:
1411:
1402:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1280:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1091:Myanmar Navy
1068:
1045:
1027:
1018:
1010:
994:
981:
949:Ari Buddhism
942:
914:
891:
879:
875:
863:
828:
800:
798:
785:Yazawin Thit
784:
780:
776:
772:
770:
762:
755:
734:
713:
702:
691:
674:
670:Khmer Empire
651:
644:
637:
626:
618:
614:
603:
593:
590:
580:
576:
573:Yazawin Thit
572:
569:Maha Yazawin
568:
560:
558:
537:
518:Yazawin Thit
516:
497:Maha Yazawin
495:
474:
460:Birth–Death
450:
439:
425:
413:
389:
381:Song Dynasty
373:Khmer Empire
325:Mon language
322:
306:
278:
274:
253:
252:
229:
2745:1112 deaths
2740:1030 births
2668:Tharrawaddy
2643:Hsinbyushin
2638:Naungdawgyi
2611:Binnya Dala
2539:Anaukpetlun
2230:Ba Saw Phyu
2163:Binnya Kyan
2158:Binnya Waru
2076:Narapati IV
2052:Narapati II
2003:Minkhaung I
1946:Anawrahta I
1628:Kyansittha
1152:Gordon Luce
945:Shin Arahan
716:Shin Arahan
615:kalan cacsa
457:Chronicles
369:Brahminical
162:Regnal name
147:Shwe Einthi
73:Alaungsithu
59:Predecessor
22:Kyansittha
2724:Categories
2633:Alaungpaya
2524:Bayinnaung
2514:Mingyi Nyo
2482:Bayin Htwe
2420:Nara Apaya
2405:Narapawara
2375:Naradipati
2370:Kalamandat
2250:Salingathu
2240:Ba Saw Nyo
2178:Dhammazedi
2173:Shin Sawbu
2038:Thihathura
2033:Narapati I
1993:Swa Saw Ke
1961:Tarabya II
1904:Kyawswa II
1871:Athinkhaya
1820:Htilominlo
1795:Kyansittha
1535:Maha Sithu
1162:References
1077:Alaungpaya
1073:Bayinnaung
991:Succession
896:and Mon. (
812:Shwe Einsi
777:Zatadawbon
681:Chiang Mai
662:Tenasserim
658:Shan Hills
550:1064–1092
544:1021–1092
529:1064–1093
523:1032–1093
508:1063–1088
502:1004–1088
487:1084–1111
481:1030–1111
447:Birth date
410:Early life
280:Hti-Hlaing
275:Kyanzittha
266:pronounced
262:ကျန်စစ်သား
254:Kyansittha
97:Payeimma,
24:ကျန်စစ်သား
2704:(1527–55)
2658:Bodawpaya
2625:1752–1885
2598:1740–1757
2574:Sanay Min
2534:Nyaungyan
2506:1510–1752
2492:Minkhaung
2469:1482–1542
2365:Mayuppiya
2275:Minkhaung
2212:1429–1785
2198:Smim Htaw
2188:Takayutpi
2143:Razadarit
2138:Maha Dewi
2066:Hkonmaing
2061:Thohanbwa
1980:1364–1555
1941:Tarabya I
1928:1315–1364
1899:Kyawswa I
1863:1297–1364
1855:Myinsaing
1785:Anawrahta
1145:Although
1001:Yazakumar
835:Yazakumar
823:Manisanda
808:Apeyadana
795:Accession
432:Anawrahta
422:Parentage
310:Manisanda
294:Anawrahta
193:Anawrahta
151:Yazakumar
135:Manisanda
123:Apeyadana
69:Successor
2663:Bagyidaw
2653:Phaungka
2564:Narawara
2487:Narapati
2425:Thirithu
2360:Nawrahta
2325:Narapati
2310:Khamaung
2300:Phalaung
2260:Gazapati
2245:Ran Aung
2133:Binnya U
2118:Zein Pun
2113:Saw Zein
2103:Hkun Law
2008:Thihathu
1914:Uzana II
1884:Thihathu
1879:Thihathu
1815:Sithu II
1760:Theinhko
1737:849–1297
1615:(1964).
1613:Than Tun
1605:25189843
1576:(1999).
1562:(1832).
1504:(1724).
1483:(1967).
1440:(1966).
961:Hinduism
902:Sanskrit
831:Thanbula
817:Khin Tan
766:Myingyan
760:(Inwa).
737:Yamankan
709:Thanbula
365:Mahayana
209:Religion
131:Khin Tan
127:Thanbula
2554:Pindale
2415:Madarit
2305:Razagyi
2290:Saw Hla
2280:Min Bin
2270:Thazata
2220:Saw Mon
2013:Min Hla
1998:Tarabya
1936:Saw Yun
1909:Narathu
1889:Uzana I
1845:Kyawswa
1805:Narathu
1800:Sithu I
1780:Sokkate
1745:Pyinbya
1679:Sithu I
1648:1112/13
1502:Kala, U
1093:Frigate
1081:Bandula
1056:Moonton
1034:theater
939:(Bagan)
917:Burmans
904:as the
854:Burmese
837:later.
781:Hmannan
720:primate
581:Hmannan
577:Hmannan
436:Sokkate
400:theater
302:culture
258:Burmese
119:Consort
99:Sagaing
90:Wagaung
2683:Thibaw
2678:Mindon
2549:Thalun
2295:Sekkya
2285:Dikkha
2235:Dawlya
2098:Wareru
2057:Sawlon
1951:Kyaswa
1830:Kyaswa
1790:Saw Lu
1750:Tannet
1662:Saw Lu
1644:
1603:
1584:
1523:
1460:
1038:cinema
1036:, and
1015:Legacy
985:Vishnu
969:Orissa
685:Khin U
630:Saw Lu
565:Saw Lu
466:Reign
404:cinema
402:, and
343:, and
329:Burman
318:Saw Lu
199:Mother
189:Father
110:474 ME
63:Saw Lu
2673:Pagan
2648:Singu
2529:Nanda
2435:Apaya
2330:Thado
2320:Sanay
2265:Saw O
2225:Khayi
2123:Saw E
2108:Saw O
1894:Sithu
1835:Uzana
1775:Kyiso
1646:Died:
1639:Born:
1601:JSTOR
1098:Notes
1054:from
1007:Death
997:Sithu
937:Pagan
841:Reign
741:Magwe
440:legal
290:Burma
183:Pagan
178:House
142:Issue
113:Pagan
51:Reign
2255:Raza
2059:and
2045:and
1877:and
1857:and
1755:Sale
1582:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1125:Zata
1123:and
1079:and
1052:MOBA
959:and
931:The
898:Pali
783:and
725:Dala
677:Pegu
594:King
575:and
561:Zata
463:Age
367:and
345:Pali
300:and
105:Died
92:392
83:Born
2559:Pye
1044:In
967:of
894:Pyu
867:Mon
758:Ava
553:28
547:71
532:29
526:61
511:25
505:84
490:27
484:80
375:in
361:Ari
341:Mon
337:Pyu
314:Mon
288:of
282:Min
277:or
2726::
1873:,
1580:.
1419:.
1390:^
1376:^
1364:^
1289:^
1268:^
1220:^
1089:,
1075:,
1050:,
1040:.
1032:,
955:,
951:,
935:,
791:.
718:,
642:.
567:.
406:.
398:,
387:.
363:,
339:,
320:.
264:,
260::
94:ME
1710:e
1703:t
1696:v
1607:.
1590:.
1529:.
1466:.
1083:.
256:(
248:.
234:.
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