1756:
loosely supervised by the prosecutor's office. Economic disputes and military cases are heard in specialized courts. The constitutional amendments of 2003 expanded the scope of the
Supreme Court in civil, criminal, and administrative proceedings. Many protections of Western jurisprudence are not present in Kyrgyzstan's system, which retains many features of the Soviet system. The right to counsel and the presumption of innocence of the accused are guaranteed by law but often not practiced. There is no trial by jury. Reform legislation under consideration in 2006 would establish a jury system and bolster the independence of the judicial branch.
2868:
756:
same day several more opposition figures were arrested, while the government claimed to have regained control of the situation. The following day, however, hundreds of opposition supporters gathered in
Bishkek and marched on the government headquarters. Security personnel attempted to disperse the protestors with the use of stun grenades and live rounds, at the cost of dozens of lives. The protests continued, however, resulting in the flight of President Bakiyev to his southern stronghold of
788:, where only four parties met the 7% threshold to achieve parliamentary representation, three of whom were closely aligned with the government. Opposition supporters claimed that these elections were tainted by vote buying and many other forms of irregularities. The protests resulted in en masse resignation of government officials. In October 2020, President Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigned after protests caused by irregularities in parliamentary elections on 4 October 2020. In January 2021,
676:
1333:
772:. The new interim government held consultations on a new constitution, intended to increase the powers of the parliament and reduce those of the president. A referendum was held on the resulting document on 27 June 2010, and was approved by over 90% of voters, with a turnout of 72%. Elections were subsequently held on 10 October 2010. These elections resulted in five parties reaching the 5% threshold necessary to enter parliament.
160:
646:(OSCE) reported that the elections failed to comply with commitments to free and fair elections and hence were invalid. Questionable judicial proceedings against opposition candidates and parties limited the choice of candidates available to Kyrgyz voters, while state-controlled media reported favorably on official candidates only and government officials put pressure on independent media outlets that favored the opposition.
145:
3298:
3308:
35:
725:. They accused him of reneging on promised constitutional reforms limiting presidential power and giving more authority to the parliament and cabinet. They also accused him of failing to eradicate corruption, crime, and poverty. Bakiyev in turn accused the opposition of plotting a coup against him. Several parliamentarians had been killed during the political unrest.
620:
for its last scheduled session prior to the expiration of its term (February 1995). President Akayev was widely accused of having manipulated a boycott by a majority of the parliamentarians. Akayev, in turn, asserted that the communists had caused a political crisis by preventing the legislature from
1755:
of judges commonplace. Most cases originate in local courts; they then can move via the appeals process to municipal or regional courts, with the
Supreme Court the final court of appeals. Property and family law disputes and low-level criminal cases are heard by traditional elders' courts, which are
630:
Elections for the two legislative chambers – a 35-seat full-time assembly and a 70-seat part-time assembly – were held in
February 1995 after campaigns considered remarkably free and open by most international observers, although the election-day proceedings were marred by widespread irregularities.
1022:
However, because of the political unrest, a new constitutional referendum was held on 21 October 2007 which approved a new electoral system, enlarged the parliament to 90 members and introducing party-list voting. Party-list voting is a proportional representation system of voting, where candidates
755:
The arrest of an opposition figure on 6 April 2010 in the town of Talas led opposition supporters to protest. The protestors took control of a governmental building, demanding a new government. Riot police were sent from
Bishkek, and managed to temporarily regain control of the building. Later the
671:
In
November the President faced yet more protests, as the opposition announced it would march on the capital and demand his resignation. The police reacted by arresting large amounts of demonstrators, further adding to international disapproval at the authoritarian nature of Akayev's government.
751:
and problems with the counting of votes. On polling day
Atambayev withdrew his candidacy claiming widespread fraud, stating "due to massive, unprecedented violations, we consider these elections illegitimate and a new election should be held." An opposition rally of 1,000 people in Balykchy on
783:
for president, who won that year's presidential contest. After
Atambayev retired from presidency, he began criticizing Jeenbekov and their relations worsened over time. Soon Atambayev was accused of corruption by the Jeenbekov administration. Clashes grew between security forces and Atambayev
634:
Kyrgyzstan's independent political parties competed in the 1996 parliamentary elections. A February 1996 referendum – in violation of the
Constitution and the law on referendums – amended the Constitution to give President Akayev more power. It also removed the clause that parliamentarians be
631:
Independent candidates won most of the seats, suggesting that personalities prevailed over ideologies. The new
Parliament convened its initial session in March 1995. One of its first orders of business was the approval of the precise constitutional language on the role of the legislature.
621:
fulfilling its role. Akayev scheduled an October 1994 referendum, overwhelmingly approved by voters, that proposed two amendments to the Constitution, one that would allow the Constitution to be amended by means of a referendum, and the other creating a new bicameral parliament called the
638:
An October 1998 referendum approved constitutional changes, including increasing the number of deputies in the upper house, reducing the number of deputies in the lower house, rolling back Parliamentary immunity, reforming land tender rules, and reforming the state budget.
570:– Kyrgyzstan has had a more pluralistic political system since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Kyrgyzstan has swung between authoritarian and democratic forms of government. Three authoritarian presidents have been ousted from office since 2005 due to popular protests.
746:
In assessing the election, the OSCE stated that Bakiyev had gained an "unfair advantage" and that media bias "did not allow voters to make an informed choice." Additionally, they found that the election was "marred by many problems and irregularities", citing
1012:) and the Legislative Assembly (60 seats; 45 members of which were elected by popular vote from single member constituencies, and 15 of which were from national party lists on a proportional basis with a 5% threshold). All legislative terms were five years.
635:
directly elected by universal suffrage. Although the changes gave the President the power to dissolve Parliament, it also more clearly defined Parliament's powers. Since that time, Parliament has demonstrated real independence from the executive branch.
653:, a leading opposition figure, was imprisoned by the local authorities, in what many believe to be politically motivated circumstances. This led to protests resulting in clashes with police forces, culminating in the death of five people in
690:
By June 2003, the lower house of Parliament announced that President Akayev and two other leaders of Kyrgyzstan, from the Soviet era, would be given lifetime immunity from prosecution, raising the prospect of Akayev finally stepping down.
931:
2450:
2484:
664:, to ten years for alleged "abuses of office". During the same month the entire government resigned, accepting blame for the loss of life during the protests earlier in the year. A new government led by
743:. The election turnout was reported at 79.3%. As of 00:45 local time in Kyrgyzstan on 25 July 2009 (with 2058 of 2330 polling districts reporting), Bakiyev had won the election with 83.8% of the vote.
952:
2233:
872:
The president is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two five-year terms. The chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers is appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council.
2046:
698:, Kyrgyzstan was thrown into a state of political turmoil, with different parties claiming that they were the legitimate government. On 10 July 2005 interim President and opposition
1751:
Although the constitution provides for an independent judiciary, Kyrgyzstan's court system is widely seen as under the influence of the prosecutor's office. Low salaries make the
1896:
1999:
1994:
643:
2630:
2041:
2027:
914:
889:
851:
528:
2540:
601:
In 1993, allegations of corruption against Akayev's closest political associates blossomed into a major scandal. One of those accused of improprieties was Vice President
1937:
1912:
1881:
491:
2258:
1927:
2664:
3263:
1972:
1763:
oversees the enforcement of the Kyrgyz legal system and the activities of law enforcement agencies and the sentencing of criminals in concert with the judiciary.
2899:
Kyrgyz Report offers ongoing analysis, including an analysis of the clusters of political forces in the country and the roots of the country’s political problems
2458:
2480:
2279:
609:, to form a new one. In January 1994, Akayev initiated a referendum asking for a renewed mandate to complete his term of office. He received 96.2% of the vote.
2124:
1760:
605:, who resigned for ethical reasons in December. Following Kulov's resignation, Akayev dismissed the government and called upon the last communist premier,
1015:
In 2005, as part of the 2005 election process and in accordance with a 2003 referendum, the Parliament again became unicameral. The Legislative Assembly (
785:
402:
2213:
1901:
389:
385:
2071:
1967:
1024:
946:
925:
732:
731:, originally expected in 2010, were rescheduled for 23 July 2009. President Bakiyev was widely expected to retain his mandate, while the opposition
369:
323:
3273:
3212:
1036:
728:
341:
52:
2225:
1008:). The Supreme Council consisted of the Assembly of People's Representatives (45 seats; members were elected by popular vote from single member
2022:
2734:
Finn, Peter (28 February 2005) "Elections in Kyrgyzstan Inconclusive: Most Legislative Races Forced into Runoffs: Monitors Fault Atmosphere"
1978:
1917:
1359:
964:
800:
736:
328:
318:
313:
3187:
2937:
695:
484:
2402:
1989:
642:
Two rounds of Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2000 and 12 March 2000. With the full backing of the United States, the
3232:
1871:
1323:
707:
699:
301:
296:
291:
286:
164:
159:
99:
2723:
2428:
2076:
2014:
1942:
1932:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1052:
793:
784:
supporters, exacerbating political turmoil. Political insurgency in Kyrgyzstan amplified following controversy about the conduct of
269:
264:
259:
118:
2091:
71:
2836:
2622:
2756:
2380:
2351:
2061:
346:
3332:
2536:
590:(IMF), Kyrgyzstan had consequential economic difficulties from the outset. These came mainly as a result of the breakup of the
477:
362:
78:
2004:
1690:
760:, and the freeing later the same day of the arrested opposition figures. A new government was formed under opposition leader
586:
appeared wholeheartedly committed to the reform process. However, despite the backing of major Western donors, including the
56:
2255:
3022:
2690:
2600:
2570:
2514:
1729:
3268:
2652:
1906:
1719:
995:
660:
As May approached the authorities further extended their hold on power, imprisoning the vocal former presidential ally,
224:
199:
85:
274:
3227:
3132:
2119:
1947:
587:
544:
2275:
2111:
2081:
2056:
1710:
613:
431:
425:
173:
67:
2305:
2202:
1704:
1305:
45:
3237:
2847:
2329:
2181:
2066:
1734:
1454:
516:
458:
407:
1378:
3182:
3147:
3102:
2954:
2930:
2086:
1922:
3072:
3067:
2962:
1957:
1771:
Kyrgyzstan is divided into seven Regions (oblustar, singular – oblus) and two region-level cities* (shaar):
1724:
1040:
831:
803:
a new constitution that would give new powers to the president, strengthening significantly the presidency.
520:
443:
245:
187:
3192:
3167:
3062:
3012:
2982:
2972:
2898:
2051:
1866:
1811:
654:
2808:
721:
In 2006, Bakiyev faced a political crisis as thousands of people demonstrated in a series of protests in
3278:
3157:
3152:
3032:
2889:
2009:
1714:
650:
438:
1092:
3222:
3172:
3127:
3107:
3097:
2997:
1983:
1746:
1184:
769:
463:
397:
1416:
92:
3252:
3197:
3112:
3092:
2977:
2967:
2923:
2844:
1074:
780:
513:
3307:
2867:
3242:
3177:
3142:
3077:
3057:
3047:
3007:
2992:
2987:
776:
532:
2906:
675:
616:
was passed by the Parliament in May 1993. In 1994, however, the Parliament failed to produce a
3283:
3202:
3162:
3137:
3117:
3052:
3027:
3017:
3002:
2719:
2660:
2173:
1847:
1807:
1242:
918:
711:
703:
623:
540:
375:
1000:
In the Soviet era, Kyrgyzstan had a unicameral legislature which was replaced in 1995 by the
3122:
3087:
3042:
3037:
2946:
2165:
1797:
1397:
1111:
715:
684:
453:
2910:
2893:
2840:
2355:
2333:
2262:
1309:
908:
893:
856:
761:
748:
740:
665:
606:
548:
536:
509:
204:
2420:
2833:
2481:"Kyrgyz Deputy Interior Minister Visits Atambaev's Compound After He Ignores Subpoenas"
1791:
1332:
985:
Minister of Natural Resources, Environment and Technical Supervision – Dinara Kutmanova
230:
2748:
2372:
2348:
3326:
3301:
2853:
1775:
1124:
902:
836:
789:
524:
192:
764:, while Bakiyev remained for several days in southern Kyrgyzstan, before fleeing to
144:
2780:(15 November 2007) "Three Kyrgyz parties withdraw bids to run for parliament" from
2451:"Les forces spéciales kirghizes attaquent la résidence de l'ex-président Atambaïev"
1843:
1817:
1009:
1001:
661:
602:
591:
583:
563:
17:
3311:
2873:
1255:
595:
34:
2686:
2592:
2562:
2506:
1019:) had 75 members, elected for five-year terms from single-seat constituencies.
2863:
1833:
1259:
579:
567:
559:
555:
2809:"CAFMI | Central Asian Free Market Institute | Freedom is not Free"
2795:(25 December 2007) "OSCE envoy condemns Kyrgyz crackdown on opposition" from
2177:
841:
757:
2507:"Kyrgyzstan election: Protesters storm parliament over vote-rigging claims"
2169:
735:(OND) announced on 20 April 2009 that it would field a single candidate –
2359:
1524:
1129:
861:
1952:
1801:
1785:
1752:
1435:
1302:
765:
722:
2326:
2301:
2153:
979:
Minister of Labor, Welfare and Migration – Kudaibergen Bazarbaev
775:
Presidential elections were held in 2011, resulting in the victory of
2036:
1779:
680:
617:
2915:
2593:"Kyrgyzstan election: Sadyr Japarov wins presidency with landslide"
1023:
are selected from central party lists rather than locally elected.
2887:
Erik Herron's Guide to Politics in East Central Europe and Eurasia
1821:
674:
2852:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2563:"Kyrgyzstan election: President Jeenbekov resigns after protests"
2327:
Kyrgyz presidential election failed to meet key OSCE commitments
1079:
2919:
1039:. An overview on elections and election results is included in
943:
Minister of Education and Science – Almazbek Beishenaliev
2812:
1962:
1837:
1827:
973:
Minister of Transport and Communication – Erkinbek Osoev
594:
trade bloc, which impeded the Republic's smooth transfer to a
28:
2886:
2749:"Staff (23 October 2007) "'Many violations' in Kyrgyz vote"
1331:
2653:"Draft Law "On the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic""
2623:"Kyrgyzstan voters back presidential rule in referendum"
2403:"Kyrgyzstan voters overwhelmingly back new constitution"
937:
Minister of Digital Development – Talantbek Imanov
2256:"Kyrgyz opposition unites unveils presidential hopeful"
799:
In April 2021, the majority of voters approved in the
543:
is vested in both the government and parliament. The
2903:
2687:"Башкы | Кыргыз Республикасынын Министрлер Кабинети"
2421:"PM Atambayev wins Kyrgyzstan presidential election"
961:
Minister of Health Care – Jarkynbek Kasymbekov
644:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3251:
3211:
2953:
940:
Minister of the Economy – Daniyar Amangeldiev
792:was elected as the new president after winning the
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2278:. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty. 24 July 2009.
2226:"Kyrgyz Opposition to Name Presidential Candidate"
982:Minister of Defence – Baktybek Bekbolotov
898:First Deputy Chairman – Arzybek Kojoshev
2931:
2033:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
679:Government office building in the village of
485:
8:
976:Minister of Energy – Doskul Bekmurzaev
953:Minister of Culture, Information and Tourism
2537:"Kyrgyzstan president resigns after unrest"
2276:"Withdrawals, Protests Mar Kyrgyz Election"
1857:administrative center names in parentheses
752:election day was broken up by riot police.
694:In 2005, following disputed results of the
2938:
2924:
2916:
958:Minister of Finance – Almaz Baketaev
786:October 2020 Kyrgyz parliamentary election
554:Unlike its authoritarian neighbors –
492:
478:
130:
1761:Prosecutor General's Office of Kyrgyzstan
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1861:International organization participation
1327:
1056:
810:
2718:(5th ed.) John Harper, London, p. 289,
2407:Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review
2103:
1037:List of political parties in Kyrgyzstan
970:Minister of Justice – Ayaz Baetov
172:
133:
2710:
2708:
2344:
2342:
1688:
1300:
1289:
1272:
1254:
1241:
779:. In 2017, he endorsed Prime minister
2667:from the original on 11 February 2022
2431:from the original on 12 November 2020
2112:Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict
1699:Political pressure groups and leaders
1560:Congress of the Peoples of Kyrgyzstan
7:
2693:from the original on 21 October 2019
2517:from the original on 12 October 2020
2308:from the original on 10 January 2021
2184:from the original on 28 January 2022
2147:
2145:
890:Chairman of the cabinet of ministers
852:Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
529:Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
512:, takes place in the framework of a
200:Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
57:adding citations to reliable sources
2759:from the original on 8 January 2017
2543:from the original on 7 January 2021
2383:from the original on 16 August 2017
2373:"Clashes escalate in Kyrgyz crisis"
2336:, OSCE press release (24 July 2009)
1730:Central Asian Free Market Institute
2633:from the original on 11 April 2021
1720:National Unity Democratic Movement
1324:2015 Kyrgyz parliamentary election
25:
2797:BBC Monitoring: Central Asia Unit
2782:BBC Monitoring: Central Asia Unit
2487:from the original on 22 July 2019
2282:from the original on 4 March 2016
2236:from the original on 3 March 2016
1053:2017 Kyrgyz presidential election
1035:For other political parties, see
3306:
3297:
3296:
2866:
2349:Kyrgyz candidate in poll pullout
2154:"Kyrgyzstan's Poison Parliament"
2130:from the original on 9 June 2024
947:Minister of Emergency Situations
582:'s full independence, President
539:is exercised by the government.
158:
143:
33:
2603:from the original on 6 May 2021
2573:from the original on 3 May 2021
2302:"Выборы президента Кыргызстана"
2230:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1031:Political parties and elections
1027:were held on 16 December 2007.
768:, where he was given asylum by
44:needs additional citations for
3264:British Indian Ocean Territory
2716:Political Parties of the World
1:
2904:Government of Kyrgyz Republic
1025:Early parliamentary elections
1705:Council of Free Trade Unions
1318:2015 parliamentary elections
996:Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)
965:Minister of Internal Affairs
696:2005 parliamentary elections
2120:Economist Intelligence Unit
1303:Central Election Commission
1047:2017 presidential elections
926:Minister of Foreign Affairs
588:International Monetary Fund
545:Economist Intelligence Unit
370:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3349:
2834:Kyrgyzstan country profile
2304:. АКИpress. 25 July 2009.
1744:
1671:
1644:
1627:
1610:
1593:
1576:
1559:
1542:
1523:
1506:
1489:
1472:
1453:
1434:
1415:
1396:
1377:
1358:
1321:
1230:
1227:
1216:
1213:
1202:
1199:
1188:
1183:
1172:
1169:
1158:
1155:
1144:
1141:
1128:
1123:
1110:
1107:
1096:
1091:
1078:
1073:
1050:
1034:
993:
881:Akylbek Japarov Government
508:, officially known as the
3292:
2848:Federal Research Division
1735:Kyrgyz Choroloru Movement
1672:Registered voters/turnout
1455:Ata Meken Socialist Party
1330:
1290:Registered voters/turnout
955:– Azamat Jamankulov
913:Deputy Chairman, Head of
825:
822:
819:
816:
801:constitutional referendum
517:representative democratic
3013:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2909:15 December 2007 at the
2839:26 February 2005 at the
2455:information.tv5monde.com
2265:, RFE/RL, 20 April 2009.
1767:Administrative divisions
928:– Jeenbek Kulubaev
907:Deputy Chairman –
901:Deputy Chairman –
733:United People's Movement
459:Second revolution (2010)
432:Administrative divisions
68:"Politics of Kyrgyzstan"
3274:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2354:26 January 2021 at the
2332:11 January 2021 at the
2152:Engvall, Johan (2022).
1360:Social Democratic Party
1308:7 November 2017 at the
1041:Elections in Kyrgyzstan
967:– Ulan Niyazbekov
934:– Askar Janybekov
932:Minister of Agriculture
885:Since 13 October 2021:
737:Social Democratic Party
464:Third revolution (2020)
454:Tulip Revolution (2005)
3333:Politics of Kyrgyzstan
2714:Day, Alan John (2002)
1725:Union of Entrepreneurs
1473:Butun Kyrgyzstan–Emgek
1336:
1017:Myizam Chygaruu Jyiyny
949:– Boobek Ajikeev
729:Presidential elections
687:
578:In the first years of
519:republic, whereby the
506:politics of Kyrgyzstan
386:Diplomatic missions of
136:Politics of Kyrgyzstan
2170:10.1353/jod.2022.0004
1335:
794:presidential election
708:presidential election
678:
547:rated Kyrgyzstan an "
3188:United Arab Emirates
2663:. 23 February 2021.
2158:Journal of Democracy
1747:Courts of Kyrgyzstan
1709:Kyrgyz Committee on
1379:Respublika–Ata Zhurt
1185:Arstanbek Abdyldayev
876:Cabinet of Ministers
812:Main office-holders
770:President Lukashenko
549:authoritarian regime
53:improve this article
3215:limited recognition
2892:2 July 2006 at the
2845:Library of Congress
2815:on 27 December 2012
2755:. 23 October 2007.
2736:The Washington Post
2599:. 11 January 2021.
2569:. 15 October 2020.
2539:. 15 October 2020.
2427:. 31 October 2011.
2261:3 June 2016 at the
1628:Invalid/blank votes
1228:Toktaiym Umetalieva
1142:Taalatbek Masadykov
1075:Sooronbay Jeenbekov
813:
781:Sooronbay Jeenbekov
514:presidential system
2778:Kyrgyz News Agency
2513:. 6 October 2020.
1715:Ramazan Dyryldayev
1337:
1170:Azimbek Beknazarov
990:Legislative branch
811:
777:Almazbek Atambayev
688:
651:Azimbek Beknazarov
533:head of government
3320:
3319:
3257:other territories
2947:Politics of Asia
2661:Venice Commission
2627:www.aljazeera.com
1808:Jalal-Abad Region
1696:
1695:
1315:
1314:
1200:Arslanbek Maliyev
1156:Ulukbek Kochkorov
1108:Adakhan Madumarov
1004:Supreme Council (
919:Kamchybek Tashiev
870:
869:
712:landslide victory
704:Kurmanbek Bakiyev
700:People's Movement
668:was then formed.
574:Political history
541:Legislative power
502:
501:
403:Visa requirements
376:Ruslan Kazakbayev
363:Foreign relations
342:Political parties
252:Recent elections
129:
128:
121:
103:
18:Kyrgyz government
16:(Redirected from
3340:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3269:Christmas Island
2955:Sovereign states
2940:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2850:(January 2007).
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2811:. Archived from
2805:
2799:
2790:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2745:
2739:
2732:
2726:
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2700:
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70: –
69:
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64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3253:Dependencies
3183:Turkmenistan
3148:Saudi Arabia
3082:
2851:
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2813:the original
2803:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2750:
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2735:
2730:
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2695:. Retrieved
2681:
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2656:
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2626:
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2596:
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2575:. Retrieved
2566:
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2545:. Retrieved
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2510:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2459:the original
2454:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2376:
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2310:. Retrieved
2296:
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2270:
2250:
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2229:
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2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2164:(1): 55–69.
2161:
2157:
2132:. Retrieved
2118:
2106:
1854:
1853:
1844:Talas Region
1818:Naryn Region
1770:
1758:
1750:
1711:Human Rights
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1005:
999:
884:
871:
798:
774:
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745:
727:
720:
693:
689:
670:
662:Feliks Kulov
659:
648:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
614:Constitution
611:
603:Feliks Kulov
600:
584:Askar Akayev
577:
564:Turkmenistan
553:
505:
503:
426:Human rights
174:Constitution
156:
135:
115:
109:January 2007
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
3312:Asia portal
3213:States with
3133:Philippines
3073:South Korea
3068:North Korea
2963:Afghanistan
2874:Asia portal
1909:(signatory)
1792:Chüy Region
1611:Against all
1243:Against all
1231:Independent
1217:Independent
1203:Independent
1189:Independent
1173:Independent
1159:Independent
1145:Independent
1097:Independent
596:free-market
551:" in 2022.
408:Visa policy
347:Politicians
219:Legislative
3193:Uzbekistan
3168:Tajikistan
3083:Kyrgyzstan
3063:Kazakhstan
2983:Bangladesh
2973:Azerbaijan
2819:12 January
2763:18 January
2671:10 October
2637:10 October
2547:15 October
2521:15 October
2491:15 October
2465:12 January
2435:15 October
2188:20 January
1986:(observer)
1834:Osh Region
1812:Jalal-Abad
1060:Candidate
655:Jalal-Abad
580:Kyrgyzstan
568:Uzbekistan
560:Tajikistan
556:Kazakhstan
374:Minister:
329:2021 (Apr)
324:2021 (Jan)
229:President
79:newspapers
3279:Hong Kong
3233:Palestine
3158:Sri Lanka
3153:Singapore
3033:Indonesia
2178:1086-3214
1794:(Bishkek)
1675:2,761,297
1651:1,626,255
1490:Zamandash
1293:3,014,434
1279:1,697,868
1002:bicameral
842:Mekenchil
832:President
758:Jalalabad
598:economy.
521:President
444:districts
246:Elections
188:President
182:Executive
3327:Category
3302:Category
3223:Abkhazia
3173:Thailand
3128:Pakistan
3108:Mongolia
3103:Maldives
3098:Malaysia
2998:Cambodia
2907:Archived
2890:Archived
2837:Archived
2757:Archived
2751:BBC News
2697:17 April
2691:Archived
2665:Archived
2631:Archived
2601:Archived
2597:BBC News
2571:Archived
2567:BBC News
2541:Archived
2515:Archived
2511:BBC News
2485:Archived
2429:Archived
2425:BBC News
2381:Archived
2377:BBC News
2360:BBC News
2352:Archived
2330:Archived
2306:Archived
2280:Archived
2259:Archived
2234:Archived
2182:Archived
2125:Archived
1958:Interpol
1689:Source:
1525:Ar-Namys
1306:Archived
1301:Source:
1130:Akshumar
892:–
862:Ar-Namys
714:. (See:
706:won the
649:In 2002
527:and the
398:Passport
3198:Vietnam
3113:Myanmar
3093:Lebanon
3023:Georgia
2978:Bahrain
2968:Armenia
2738:p. A-10
2387:7 April
2312:25 July
2286:25 July
2240:7 April
2134:22 July
2030:(UNECE)
2023:UNAMSIL
1953:INOGATE
1802:Karakol
1786:Bishkek
1753:bribery
1594:Azattyk
1459:123,055
1440:135,875
1436:Bir Bol
1421:148,279
1402:206,094
1383:320,115
1364:435,968
1256:Invalid
1116:110,284
1100:568,665
1084:920,620
817:Office
766:Belarus
739:leader
723:Bishkek
702:leader
439:regions
93:scholar
3243:Taiwan
3178:Turkey
3143:Russia
3078:Kuwait
3058:Jordan
3048:Israel
3008:Cyprus
2993:Brunei
2988:Bhutan
2722:
2176:
2092:UNICEF
2037:UNESCO
2028:UNCTAD
1780:Batken
1631:32,410
1614:12,428
1546:12,679
1529:12,807
1510:23,899
1493:43,405
1476:97,869
1351:Seats
1345:Votes
1342:Party
1296:56.32
1265:13,902
1247:12,371
1148:10,803
1134:43,311
1103:33.49
1087:54.22
1066:Votes
1063:Party
826:Since
823:Party
681:Tamchy
618:quorum
612:A new
592:Soviet
566:, and
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
3284:Macau
3203:Yemen
3163:Syria
3138:Qatar
3118:Nepal
3053:Japan
3028:India
3018:Egypt
3003:China
2607:3 May
2577:3 May
2128:(PDF)
2115:(PDF)
2098:Notes
2047:UNMIK
2042:UNIDO
1938:IFRCS
1855:note:
1848:Talas
1822:Naryn
1678:58.89
1646:Total
1597:5,355
1580:6,398
1577:Aalam
1563:9,619
1405:12.93
1386:20.08
1367:27.35
1274:Total
1268:0.82
1262:votes
1260:blank
1250:0.73
1237:0.09
1234:1,473
1223:0.09
1220:1,554
1209:0.10
1206:1,621
1195:0.12
1192:2,015
1179:0.16
1176:2,743
1165:0.50
1162:8,498
1151:0.64
1137:2.55
1119:6.57
820:Name
710:in a
100:JSTOR
86:books
3123:Oman
3088:Laos
3043:Iraq
3038:Iran
2821:2013
2765:2008
2720:ISBN
2699:2019
2673:2021
2639:2021
2609:2021
2579:2021
2549:2020
2523:2020
2493:2020
2467:2022
2437:2020
2389:2010
2314:2009
2288:2009
2242:2009
2190:2022
2174:ISSN
2136:2024
2082:WToO
2072:WIPO
2062:WFTU
2000:OSCE
1995:OPCW
1928:IFAD
1913:ICRM
1907:ICCt
1902:ICAO
1897:IBRD
1882:EBRD
1877:EAPC
1867:AsDB
1759:The
1617:0.78
1606:New
1600:0.34
1589:New
1583:0.40
1572:New
1566:0.60
1555:New
1549:0.80
1538:–25
1532:0.80
1519:New
1513:1.50
1496:2.72
1479:6.14
1462:7.72
1449:New
1443:8.52
1430:New
1424:9.30
1411:New
1392:–23
1373:+12
1354:+/–
1080:SDPK
915:SCNS
504:The
319:2016
314:2010
302:2021
297:2020
292:2015
287:2010
275:2026
270:2021
265:2017
260:2011
72:news
3255:and
2166:doi
2087:WTO
2077:WMO
2067:WHO
2057:WCO
2052:UPU
2015:SCO
2010:PFP
2005:PCA
1990:OIC
1984:NAM
1979:ITU
1973:ISO
1968:IOM
1963:IOC
1948:IMF
1943:ILO
1933:IFC
1923:IDB
1918:IDA
1892:FAO
1887:ECO
1872:CIS
1838:Osh
1828:Osh
1691:CEC
1661:120
1656:100
1468:–7
1284:100
718:).
531:is
523:is
55:by
3329::
2843:.
2707:^
2689:.
2659:.
2655:.
2629:.
2625:.
2595:.
2565:.
2509:.
2483:.
2453:.
2423:.
2405:.
2375:.
2358:,
2341:^
2228:.
2180:.
2172:.
2162:33
2160:.
2156:.
2144:^
2117:.
2019:UN
1713:–
1684:–
1640:–
1623:–
1502:0
1485:0
1465:11
1446:12
1427:13
1408:18
1389:28
1370:38
1348:%
1069:%
917:–
683:,
657:.
627:.
562:,
558:,
535:.
388:/
2939:e
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2823:.
2767:.
2753:"
2701:.
2675:.
2641:.
2611:.
2581:.
2551:.
2525:.
2495:.
2469:.
2439:.
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2316:.
2290:.
2244:.
2192:.
2168::
2138:.
1850:)
1846:(
1840:)
1836:(
1830:*
1824:)
1820:(
1814:)
1810:(
1804:)
1800:(
1788:*
1782:)
1778:(
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1603:0
1586:0
1569:0
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