300:
attempting to access storage at an address above that given in the NOL register. Somewhat different was the Lock-Out interrupt, which resulted from trying to access an area of store that was currently being used by an I/O device, so that there was hardware mutual exclusion of access to DMA buffers. When a program blocked on a Lock-Out, or by voluntarily waiting for an I/O transfer to terminate, it was interrupted and
Director switched to the program of highest priority that was not itself blocked. When a Lock-Out cleared, or an awaited transfer terminated, and the responsible program was of higher priority than the program currently running, the I/O Control (IOC) unit interrupted to allow an immediate context switch. IOC also made provision to avoid priority inversion, in which a program of high priority waits for a device made busy by a program of lower priority, requesting a distinct interrupt in that case.
252:(M) parts of 16 bits each. Flags on a memory-reference instruction specified whether the address should be modified by the M part of a Q Store, and, if so, whether the C part should be decremented by 1 and the M part incremented by the contents of the I part. This made the coding of counting loops very efficient. Three additional Nest levels and one additional SJNS level were reserved to Director, the Operating System, allowing short-path interrupts to be handled without explicit register saving and restoring. As a result, the interrupt overhead was only three clock cycles.
2506:
2496:
1448:
1356:
1269:
1217:
266:, one-syllable instructions, although address arithmetic and index updating were handled separately in the Q store. Q Store handling, and some memory reference instructions used two syllables. Memory reference instructions with a 16-bit address offset, most jump instructions, and 16-bit literal load instructions, all used 3 syllables.
215:, or eight 6-bit characters. There was also provision for efficient handling of double-word (96-bit) numbers in both integer and floating-point formats. However, there was no facility for byte or character addressing, so that non-numerical work suffered by comparison. Its standard character set was a version of the
365:
mechanism to detect errors in matrix operations. The scheme used block floating-point using fixed-point arithmetic hardware, in which the sum-checks were precise. However, when the corresponding scheme was implemented on KDF9, it used floating point, a new concept that had only limited mathematical
311:
The
Kidsgrove and Whetstone Algol 60 compilers were among the first of their class. The Kidsgrove compiler stressed optimization; the Whetstone compiler produced an interpretive object code aimed at debugging. It was by instrumenting the latter that Brian Wichmann obtained the statistics on program
370:
the + operation is not associative.) Before long, however, it was recognized that error rates with transistor machines was not an issue; they either worked correctly or did not work at all. Consequently, the idea of sum checks was abandoned. The initial matrix package proved a very useful system
299:
Each program could drive hardware I/O devices directly, but was limited by hardware checks to those that the
Director had allocated to it. Any attempt to use an unallocated device caused an error interrupt. A similar interrupt resulted from overfilling (or over-emptying) the Nest or SJNS, or
207:. They ran on a 1 MHz clock that delivered two pulses of 250 ns separated by 500 ns, in each clock cycle. The maximum configuration incorporated 32K words of 48-bit core storage (192K bytes) with a cycle time of 6 microseconds. Each word could hold a single 48-bit integer or
419:
The machine weighed more than 10,300 pounds (5.2 short tons; 4.7 t). Control desk with interruption typewriter 300 lb (136 kg), main store and input/output control unit 3,500 (1,587 kg), arithmetic and main control unit 3,500 (1,587 kg), power supply unit 3,000
219:
paper tape code that was oriented to Algol 60, and included unusual characters such as the Algol subscript 10. However, each other I/O device type implemented its own subset of that. Not every character that could be read from paper tape could be successfully printed, for example.
296:, each being confined to its own core area by BA (Base Address) and NOL (Number of Locations) registers. Each program had its own sets of stack and Q store registers, which were activated when that program was dispatched, so that context switching was very efficient.
374:
There is a legend that the KDF9 was developed as project KD9 (Kidsgrove
Development 9) and that the 'F' in its designation was contributed by the then chairman after a long and tedious discussion on what to name the machine at launch—"I don’t care if you call it the
338:(also known as 'slob-octal' or 'slob' notation,). It represented 8 bits with three octal digits but the first digit represented only the two most-significant bits, whilst the others the remaining two groups of three bits each. Although the word '
276:
and polynomial inner loops. This did much to offset the relatively slow core cycle time, giving the KDF9 about a third of the speed of its much more famous, but 8 times more expensive and much less commercially successful contemporary, the
679:(NB. This is an edited version of a talk given to North West Group of the Society at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester, UK on 1996-10-01. It mentions the term "slob" and "slob-octal" as equivalent to "syllabic octal".)
366:
analysis. It quickly became clear that sum checks were no longer precise and a project was established in an attempt to provide a usable check. (In floating point (A + B) + C is not necessarily the same as A + (B + C)
303:
Later operating systems, including Eldon 2 at the
University of Leeds, and COTAN, developed by UKAEA Culham Laboratories with the collaboration of Glasgow University, were fully interactive multi-access systems, with
152:. The KDF9 was designed for, and used almost entirely in, the mathematical and scientific processing fields – in 1967, nine were in use in UK universities and technical colleges. The
292:
The KDF9 was one of the earliest fully hardware-secured multiprogramming systems. Up to four programs could be run at once under the control of its elegantly simple operating system, the
1897:
1888:
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149:
1725:
1563:
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887:
610:
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1960:
1812:
562:
361:, had a well-used matrix scheme based on GIP (General Interpretive Programme). The unreliability of valve machines led to the inclusion of a
662:
371:
testing tool as it was able to generate lengthy performance checks well before more formal test packages which were subsequently developed.
2187:
1919:
1871:
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1402:
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The sum check equally well guarded against programming errors, in the event that some or all of a matrix was inadvertently overwritten.
2182:
1451:
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2231:
2111:
272:, and intensive use of the register sets, meant that relatively few store accesses were needed for common scientific codes, such as
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2420:
1940:
1556:
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509:
145:
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200:
108:
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148:(ICL)). The first machine came into service in 1964 and the last of 29 machines was decommissioned in 1980 at the
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1977:
1500:
1412:
1272:
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967:
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957:
949:
111:, built from germanium diodes, about 20,000 transistors, and about 2,000 toroid pulse transformers) @ 1 MHz
1950:
1855:
1490:
1475:
1459:
399:
260:
Instructions were of one, two, or three syllables. Most arithmetic took place at the top of the Nest and used
2249:
1945:
1825:
1693:
860:
644:
262:
196:
102:
379:". The truth is more mundane: the name was chosen essentially at random by a marketing manager. (See also
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2016:
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216:
1820:
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654:
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839:
498:
English
Electric KDF9: Very high speed data processing system for Commerce, Industry, Science
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343:
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were developed for the platform, including some that provided fully interactive use through
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51:
41:
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496:
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2402:
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394:
269:
822:
689:
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2031:
2011:
1530:
1263:
929:
404:
203:, built from germanium diodes, about 20,000 transistors, and about 2,000 toroid
164:
2241:
2192:
2154:
1653:
1648:
1248:
807:
757:"English Electric | Selling the Computer Revolution | Computer History Museum"
534:
484:
658:
236:(Subroutine Jump Nesting Store) was a similar stack of return addresses. The
1877:
1663:
1643:
1628:
1253:
317:
211:
number, two 24-bit integer or floating-point numbers, six 8-bit instruction
183:
were available, notably both checkout and globally optimizing compilers for
732:
383:
for the parallel development and use of a commercially oriented computer.)
2473:
2468:
2291:
2088:
1999:
1784:
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463:
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to separate the programs into distinct virtual address spaces. Several
156:, developed in parallel, was aimed at commercial processing workloads.
581:"Dhrystone Benchmark: History, Analysis, "Scores" and Recommendations"
2264:
1789:
1766:
1745:
1541:
17:
1883:
Euro-Asian
Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
159:
The KDF9 was an early example of a machine that directly supported
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1795:
1771:
1735:
1698:
1633:
1572:
1480:
1469:
387:
329:
305:
172:
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The EGDON operating system was so named because one was going to
350:, it was not yet well known, and English Electric used the word '
316:
benchmark for scientific computation, which inspired in turn the
1882:
1729:
1715:
1709:
1638:
1485:
1335:
380:
376:
339:
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1545:
869:
407:. EGDON Fortran was called EGTRAN. Eldon was so named because
347:
240:
was a set of 16 index registers, each of 48 bits divided into
823:
Delivery List and applications for the
English Electric KDF9
232:
was a 16-deep pushdown stack of arithmetic registers, The
228:
The CPU architecture featured three register sets. The
411:'s computer was located in a converted Eldon chapel.
861:
Source Code for KDF9 port of Atlas
Autocode compiler
690:"Architecture of the English Electric KDF9 computer"
508:. c. 1961. Publication No. DP/103. 096320WP/RP0961.
2491:^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above
2462:
2290:
2263:
2087:
2055:
1998:
1991:
1970:
1933:
1907:
1889:
International
Federation for Information Processing
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1619:
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904:
647:- The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society
123:
115:
101:
91:
83:
65:
57:
47:
37:
850:Presentation on KDF9 Algol on visit from Dijkstra
819:, a KDF9 Pascal cross compiler written in Pascal
569:, Volume 19, Issue 1, February 1976., pp. 43–49.
539:Computer RESURRECTION – issue 49
1728:(ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (
328:Machine code orders were written in a form of
1557:
881:
195:The logic circuits of the KDF9 were entirely
119:32K words of 48-bit core storage (192K bytes)
8:
1898:Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
727:
725:
32:
1726:Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language
97:Timesharing Director, Eldon 2, EGDON, COTAN
2093:
2004:
1995:
1851:
1844:
1586:
1564:
1550:
1542:
888:
874:
866:
535:"KDF9 Time Sharing: Eldon 2 is not EGDON!"
357:Within English Electric, its predecessor,
342:' had been coined by the designers of the
31:
625:(NB. Mentions the term "syllabic octal".)
449:
429:
320:benchmark for non-numerical workloads.
2563:Computer-related introductions in 1964
1961:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
308:front ends to handle the terminals.
199:. The KDF9 used transformer-coupled
1872:Association for Computing Machinery
1794:Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (
840:The Whetstone KDF9 Algol Translator
533:David Holdsworth (Winter 2009–10).
845:Some KDF9 Algol compiler anecdotes
561:Curnow, H. J. and Wichman, B. A. "
25:
699:(CCS). September 2009. CCS-N4X2.
637:"The KDF9 Computer — 30 Years On"
485:"The KDF9 Computer - 30 Years On"
354:' for what is now called a byte.
27:1964 computer by English Electric
2505:
2504:
2495:
2494:
1447:
1446:
1355:
1354:
1268:
1267:
1216:
1215:
950:English Electric System 4 series
897:International Computers Limited
716:
706:from the original on 2020-04-04
668:from the original on 2020-07-27
616:from the original on 2020-07-27
515:from the original on 2020-07-27
464:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
457:Roberts, Goronwy (1967-03-06).
146:International Computers Limited
144:(which in 1968 was merged into
140:computer designed and built by
2469:ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60
835:History of KDF9 Algol compiler
288:Multiprogramming (timesharing)
1:
810:, a KDF9 emulator written in
697:Computer Conservation Society
651:Computer Conservation Society
543:Computer Conservation Society
1941:Case Institute of Technology
715:(NB. Refers to Beard's 1997
150:National Physical Laboratory
2474:ALGOL 68 to other languages
635:Beard, Bob (Autumn 1997) .
127:5.2 short tons (4.7 t)
71:; 60 years ago
2579:
733:"(re)Introducing the KDF9"
312:behaviour that led to the
2486:
2096:
2007:
1978:Royal Radar Establishment
793:The KDF9 and Benchmarking
778:The English Electric KDF9
403:Winfrith Heath is called
175:machines acting as smart
163:, using offsets into its
2553:Transistorized computers
2548:Magnetic logic computers
1951:University of St Andrews
803:The KDF9 character codes
798:The KDF9: a Bibliography
788:The Software of the KDF9
783:The Hardware of the KDF9
400:The Return of the Native
270:Dense instruction coding
2538:ICL mainframe computers
2533:Early British computers
2250:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
1946:University of Edinburgh
1826:Van Wijngaarden grammar
761:www.computerhistory.org
653:(CCS). pp. 7–15 .
1893:IFIP Working Group 2.1
201:diode–transistor logic
109:diode–transistor logic
2332:Cornelis H. A. Koster
2104:Roland Carl Backhouse
2047:Joseph Henry Wegstein
1956:Manchester University
1915:Burroughs Corporation
1443:Programming languages
737:www.findlayw.plus.com
563:A Synthetic Benchmark
346:for a group of eight
136:was an early British
33:English Electric KDF9
294:Timesharing Director
107:Transformer-coupled
2366:Willem van der Poel
2022:Hermann Bottenbruch
34:
2511:Category: ALGOL 60
2342:Charles H. Lindsey
2122:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2017:Friedrich L. Bauer
1705:Dartmouth ALGOL 30
828:2020-04-04 at the
217:Friden Flexowriter
205:pulse transformers
2520:
2519:
2449:
2448:
2411:
2410:
2347:Barry J. Mailloux
2286:
2285:
2222:Jacob T. Schwartz
2117:Stephen R. Bourne
2083:
2082:
2037:Heinz Rutishauser
1987:
1986:
1834:
1833:
1539:
1538:
1516:ApplicationMaster
1351:Operating systems
599:Director - Manual
504:(Product flyer).
420:(1,360 kg).
332:officially named
169:operating systems
131:
130:
16:(Redirected from
2570:
2558:English Electric
2543:48-bit computers
2508:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2441:John C. Reynolds
2386:van Wijngaarden^
2355:Lambert Meertens
2237:Bernard Vauquois
2094:
2075:Robert M. Graham
2005:
1996:
1920:Elliott Brothers
1852:
1845:
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607:English Electric
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567:Computer Journal
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506:English Electric
503:
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487:
482:
476:
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454:
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409:Leeds University
344:IBM 7030 Stretch
177:terminal servers
161:multiprogramming
142:English Electric
93:Operating system
79:
77:
72:
52:English Electric
42:English Electric
35:
21:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2501:Category: ALGOL
2493:
2482:
2479:ALGOL 68 to C++
2458:
2445:
2407:
2398:Philip Woodward
2382:Michel Sintzoff
2374:Douglas T. Ross
2282:
2278:Kristen Nygaard
2259:
2203:John E. L. Peck
2132:Robert W. Floyd
2079:
2051:
1983:
1966:
1929:
1903:
1857:
1830:
1821:Jensen's device
1807:
1694:Burroughs ALGOL
1615:
1592:
1582:Implementations
1576:
1570:
1540:
1535:
1445:
1437:
1353:
1345:
1266:
1258:
1214:
1206:
1173:
1096:ICL 2900 Series
1090:
993:ICT 1900 series
987:
944:
900:
899:(ICL) 1968-2002
894:
830:Wayback Machine
774:
769:
768:
755:
754:
750:
741:
739:
731:
730:
723:
709:
707:
703:
692:
688:
687:
683:
671:
669:
665:
649:. No. 18.
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290:
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256:Instruction set
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193:
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70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2454:ALGOL Bulletin
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2273:Ole-Johan Dahl
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2188:Carroll Morgan
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2137:Jeremy Gibbons
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2070:Bernard Galler
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2059:
2053:
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2050:
2049:
2044:
2042:Klaus Samelson
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1989:
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1968:
1967:
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1925:Regnecentralen
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1684:Atlas Autocode
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1623:
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1528:
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1503:
1498:
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1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
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772:External links
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335:syllabic octal
325:
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282:Atlas Computer
274:scalar product
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209:floating-point
192:
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179:. A number of
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2436:Peter O'Hearn
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2198:Maurice Nivat
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2183:John McCarthy
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2178:Conor McBride
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2127:Andrey Ershov
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1721:Elliott ALGOL
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1212:Minicomputers
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1179:ICL Series 39
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763:. p. 27.
762:
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695:. Version 1.
691:
685:
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664:
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631:
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612:
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605:(Flowchart).
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579:Weiss, Alan.
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90:
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84:Units shipped
82:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
30:
19:
2509:
2499:
2490:
2431:Ron Morrison
2426:Tony Brooker
2403:Nobuo Yoneda
2337:Peter Landin
2319:Gerhard Goos
2311:Robert Dewar
2255:Mike Woodger
2232:David Turner
2227:Micha Sharir
2215:Rutishauser^
2168:Peter Landin
2141:Julien Green
2112:Richard Bird
2027:Charles Katz
1858:associations
1856:Professional
1750:
1521:ReportMaster
1341:One Per Desk
1264:Workstations
939:
905:Predecessor
760:
751:
740:. Retrieved
736:
708:. Retrieved
684:
670:. Retrieved
645:Resurrection
643:
630:
618:. Retrieved
609:. c. 1960s.
598:
592:
574:
566:
557:
546:. Retrieved
538:
528:
517:. Retrieved
497:
491:
480:
469:. Retrieved
462:
452:
432:
418:
398:
395:Thomas Hardy
385:
373:
367:
356:
333:
327:
324:Reminiscence
310:
302:
298:
293:
291:
268:
263:zero-address
261:
259:
249:
245:
241:
238:Q Store
237:
233:
229:
227:
194:
191:Architecture
158:
133:
132:
66:Release date
48:Manufacturer
29:
2421:John Barnes
2416:Hal Abelson
2324:Michael Guy
2173:Tom Maibaum
2160:Jørn Jensen
2150:Eric Hehner
2145:David Gries
2065:Bruce Arden
2032:Alan Perlis
2012:John Backus
1575:programming
1531:DAP FORTRAN
983:System 4/75
978:System 4/72
973:System 4/70
968:System 4/50
963:System 4/30
958:System 4/10
930:Elliott 803
459:"Computers"
405:Egdon Heath
277:Manchester/
197:solid-state
165:core memory
2527:Categories
2463:Comparison
2242:Eiiti Wada
2193:Peter Naur
2155:Tony Hoare
1971:Government
1813:Formalisms
1654:ALGOL 68RS
1649:ALGOL 68-R
1249:System Ten
907:mainframes
742:2020-12-27
710:2020-07-27
672:2020-07-27
620:2020-07-27
548:2010-10-03
519:2020-07-27
471:2017-07-08
444:References
58:Generation
2378:Samelson^
2351:McCarthy^
2315:Dijkstra^
2246:Wegstein^
2218:Samelson^
1934:Education
1878:BSI Group
1840:Community
1751:Kidsgrove
1664:ALGOL 68S
1644:ALGOL 68C
1629:ABC ALGOL
1593:standards
1591:Technical
1408:Executive
1388:superNova
1254:System 25
855:KDF9 Nest
659:0958-7403
363:sum-check
318:Dhrystone
314:Whetstone
246:Increment
224:Registers
213:syllables
181:compilers
38:Developer
2394:Woodger^
2370:Randell^
2292:ALGOL 68
2089:ALGOL 60
2000:ALGOL 58
1908:Business
1785:Napier88
1781:PS-algol
1621:Dialects
1611:ALGOL 68
1606:ALGOL 60
1601:ALGOL 58
1452:category
1433:MultiJob
1360:category
1331:DRS 6000
1326:DRS 3000
1273:category
1221:category
1202:Level 80
1197:Level 60
1192:Level 50
1187:Level 30
925:ICT 1501
920:ICT 1301
857:(images)
826:Archived
701:Archived
663:Archived
611:Archived
510:Archived
415:Physical
397:'s book
391:Winfrith
352:syllable
279:Ferranti
250:Modifier
248:(I) and
185:Algol 60
2307:Bourne^
2207:Perlis^
2100:Backus^
1891:(IFIP)
1777:S-algol
1679:ALGOL X
1674:ALGOL W
1669:ALGOL N
1465:Fortran
1423:MINIMOP
1418:MAXIMOP
1368:OpenVME
1321:DRS 500
1316:DRS 400
1311:DRS 300
1306:DRS 200
1301:DRS 100
812:GNU Ada
717:article
242:Counter
74: (
2328:Hoare^
2299:Bauer^
2265:Simula
2108:Bauer^
1992:People
1900:(GAMM)
1885:(EASC)
1790:Simula
1767:NELIAC
1746:JOVIAL
1496:Pascal
1413:GEORGE
1296:DRS 20
817:PASKAL
657:
138:48-bit
116:Memory
2362:Peck^
2359:Naur^
2164:Katz^
1980:(RRE)
1963:(MIT)
1874:(ACM)
1868:Group
1866:ALCOR
1804:ALGOL
1796:SMALL
1772:RTL/2
1753:Algol
1736:FLACC
1712:ALGOL
1699:CORAL
1634:ALCOR
1573:ALGOL
1481:COBOL
1470:ALGOL
1383:VME/K
1378:VME/B
1081:1907F
1078:1907E
1072:1906S
1069:1906F
1066:1906E
1063:1906A
1057:1905F
1054:1905E
1048:1904S
1045:1904F
1042:1904E
1039:1904A
1033:1903T
1030:1903S
1027:1903A
1021:1902T
1018:1902S
1015:1902A
1009:1901T
1006:1901S
1003:1901A
915:LEO I
704:(PDF)
693:(PDF)
666:(PDF)
640:(PDF)
614:(PDF)
603:(PDF)
584:(PDF)
513:(PDF)
502:(PDF)
424:Notes
393:: in
388:UKAEA
359:DEUCE
330:octal
306:PDP-8
244:(C),
173:PDP-8
1802:SMIL
1762:Mary
1730:NEWP
1716:DG/L
1710:DASK
1658:ELLA
1639:ALGO
1486:JEAN
1476:SOBS
1460:PLAN
1336:PERQ
1291:7561
1286:7503
1281:7502
1244:ME29
1239:2905
1234:2904
1229:2903
1159:CAFS
1154:2988
1149:2982
1144:2980
1139:2976
1134:2972
1129:2970
1124:2966
1119:2960
1114:2956
1109:2955
1104:2950
1087:1909
1084:1908
1075:1907
1060:1906
1051:1905
1036:1904
1024:1903
1012:1902
1000:1901
940:KDF9
935:KDF8
655:ISSN
467:. HC
381:KDF8
368:i.e.
348:bits
340:byte
234:SJNS
230:Nest
154:KDF8
134:KDF9
124:Mass
76:1964
69:1964
18:KDF9
2057:MAD
1757:MAD
1741:IMP
1526:RPG
1511:SFL
1506:SCL
1403:TME
1398:DME
1393:CME
1373:VME
1169:OCP
1164:DAP
808:ee9
103:CPU
2529::
1783:,
1779:,
1701:66
1501:S3
1472:60
759:.
735:.
724:^
719:.)
661:.
642:.
565:"
541:.
537:.
461:.
377:F—
284:.
187:.
87:29
1798:)
1732:)
1690:)
1686:(
1660:)
1656:(
1565:e
1558:t
1551:v
1491:C
1428:J
889:e
882:t
875:v
745:.
713:.
675:.
623:.
586:.
551:.
522:.
474:.
78:)
61:2
20:)
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