333:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For people ages 15 and older, the AI is set at 3,500 mg/day. AIs for pregnancy is 3,500 mg/day, for lactation 4,000 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years, the AIs increase with age from 800 to 2,700 mg/day. These AIs are lower than the U.S. RDAs. The EFSA reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was insufficient data to establish a UL for potassium.
31:
2980:
341:
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For potassium labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 3500 mg, but as of May 2016, it has been revised to 4700 mg. A table of the old and new adult Daily
72:
balance. Potassium is necessary for the function of all living cells, and is thus present in all plant and animal tissues. It is found in especially high concentrations within plant cells, and in a mixed diet, it is most highly concentrated in fruits. The high concentration of potassium in plants,
77:), which in turn gave the element its modern name. The high concentration of potassium in plants means that heavy crop production rapidly depletes soils of potassium, and agricultural fertilizers consume 93% of the potassium chemical production of the modern world economy.
571:
Gastrointestinal symptoms are the most common side effects of potassium supplements, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. Taking potassium with meals or taking a microencapsulated form of potassium may reduce gastrointestinal side effects.
1900:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (March 2019). Oria M, Harrison M, Stallings VA (eds.).
2316:
1391:
Dong YY, Pike AC, Mackenzie A, McClenaghan C, Aryal P, Dong L, Quigley A, Grieben M, Goubin S, Mukhopadhyay S, Ruda GF, Clausen MV, Cao L, Brennan PE, Burgess-Brown NA, Sansom MS, Tucker SJ, Carpenter EP (Mar 2015).
80:
The functions of potassium and sodium in living organisms are quite different. Animals, in particular, employ sodium and potassium differentially to generate electrical potentials in animal cells, especially in
582:. Symptoms of hyperkalemia may include tingling of the hands and feet, muscular weakness, and temporary paralysis. The most serious complication of hyperkalemia is the development of an abnormal heart rhythm (
326:
revised the
Adequate Intake for potassium to 2,600 mg/day for females 19 years of age and older who are not pregnant or lactating, and 3,400 mg/day for males 19 years of age and older.
2421:
1878:
323:
2309:
589:
Although hyperkalemia is rare in healthy individuals, oral doses greater than 18 grams taken at one time in individuals not accustomed to high intakes can lead to hyperkalemia.
3427:
598:
666:
Pohl, Hanna R.; Wheeler, John S.; Murray, H. Edward (2013). "Chapter 2. Sodium and
Potassium in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
85:. Potassium depletion in animals, including humans, results in various neurological dysfunctions. Characteristic concentrations of potassium in model organisms are: 30–300mM in
2133:
578:
is the most serious adverse reaction to potassium. Hyperkalemia occurs when potassium builds up faster than the kidneys can remove it. It is most common in individuals with
1997:
2414:
1971:
3012:
781:
131:. A deficiency of potassium ions can impair a plant's ability to maintain these processes. Potassium also functions in other physiological processes such as
2292:
1874:
532:, or vomiting. Symptoms are related to alterations in membrane potential and cellular metabolism. Symptoms include muscle weakness and cramps, paralytic
2407:
2340:
2068:
1875:"Sodium and Potassium Dietary Reference Intake Values Updated in New Report; Introduces New Category for Sodium Based on Chronic Disease Risk Reduction"
2377:
559:
Adult women in the United States consume on average half the AI, for men two-thirds. For all adults, fewer than 5% exceed the AI. Similarly, in the
73:
associated with comparatively very low amounts of sodium there, historically resulted in potassium first being isolated from the ashes of plants (
212:
2393:
1924:
1815:
1772:
745:
725:
683:
2021:
1016:
Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (May 2002). "Crystal structure and mechanism of a calcium-gated potassium channel".
208:
390:
Eating a variety of foods that contain potassium is the best way to get an adequate amount. Foods with high sources of potassium include
2719:
204:
1965:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
227:—a "spike" of electrical discharge. The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as
2125:
1797:
805:"A Hypothesis Relating Critical Potassium Concentrations for Growth to the Distribution and Functions of This Ion in the Plant Cell"
547:
In rare cases, habitual consumption of large amounts of black licorice has resulted in hypokalemia. Licorice contains a compound (
3203:
1988:
200:
1606:"Structural basis of inward rectification: cytoplasmic pore of the G protein-gated inward rectifier GIRK1 at 1.8 A resolution"
3098:
708:
Clausen, Michael Jakob
Voldsgaard; Poulsen, Hanne (2013). "Sodium/Potassium Homeostasis in the Cell". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).
330:
3376:
2920:
2676:
2038:
98:
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316:
240:
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195:
are tetramers with several conserved secondary structural elements. A number of potassium channel structures have been
3422:
2612:
2574:
2167:"Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses"
1964:
1498:
Kuo A, Gulbis JM, Antcliff JF, Rahman T, Lowe ED, Zimmer J, Cuthbertson J, Ashcroft FM, Ezaki T, Doyle DA (Jun 2003).
773:
3401:
2970:
2953:
2015:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982"
2504:
536:, ECG abnormalities, intestinal paralysis, decreased reflex response and (in severe cases) respiratory paralysis,
362:(2040 mg), mixed with a half-cup (1.12 dL) water, taken two to four times a day, may be used on daily basis.
107:, and as such functions as a regulator of various processes including growth regulation. Plants require potassium
35:
3432:
3256:
2781:
2289:
2654:
1908:
244:
1710:
Mikko
Hellgren; Lars Sandberg; Olle Edholm (2006). "A comparison between two prokaryotic potassium channels (K
1451:"Domain reorientation and rotation of an intracellular assembly regulate conduction in Kir potassium channels"
2649:
2517:
2482:
1557:"Crystal structures of the mammalian GIRK2 K+ channel and gating regulation by G proteins, PIP2, and sodium"
1340:
Miller AN, Long SB (January 2012). "Crystal structure of the human two-pore domain potassium channel K2P1".
857:
Santoss JS, Asmar-Rovira GA, Han GW, Liu W, Syeda R, Cherezov V, Baker KA, Stevens RC, Montal M (Dec 2012).
319:(ULs) for vitamins and minerals, but for potassium the evidence was insufficient, so no UL was established.
3268:
2915:
2769:
2607:
2569:
618: – Ionic solids whose dissociation in water frees up ions carrying the electrical current in solution
343:
192:
3208:
3083:
2709:
2686:
2671:
2602:
196:
103:
The main role of potassium in plants is to provide the ionic environment for metabolic processes in the
2147:
3381:
3093:
3053:
3038:
2907:
2764:
2752:
2729:
2584:
1666:
1511:
1405:
1349:
1296:
1186:
1080:
1025:
974:
965:
Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, et al. (May 2003). "X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel".
921:
627:
144:
3251:
3218:
3178:
3078:
2745:
2740:
2637:
2477:
1655:"Crystal structure of the eukaryotic strong inward-rectifier K+ channel Kir2.2 at 3.1 A resolution"
859:"Crystal structure of a voltage-gateds K+ channel pore module in a closed state in lipid membranes"
639:
355:
223:. The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell to generate an
2359:
2104:
3442:
3437:
3386:
3345:
3170:
3048:
2462:
2014:
1938:
1848:
1829:
1635:
1537:
1480:
1373:
1049:
998:
947:
826:
633:
609:
379:
180:
176:
760:
752:
247:, including Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), or
520:
A severe shortage of potassium in body fluids may cause a potentially fatal condition known as
3355:
3325:
3293:
3288:
3273:
3246:
3193:
3183:
3088:
3068:
3063:
3033:
2847:
2826:
2494:
2489:
2334:
2272:
2237:
2196:
1930:
1920:
1821:
1811:
1778:
1768:
1731:
1692:
1627:
1586:
1529:
1472:
1431:
1365:
1322:
1265:
1214:
1155:
1106:
1041:
990:
939:
890:
756:
748:
741:
731:
721:
689:
679:
645:
621:
359:
315:
mg for lactating females that are 19 years of age and older. As for safety, the NAM also sets
228:
136:
112:
39:
2216:"Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies"
3320:
3278:
2937:
2594:
2264:
2227:
2186:
2178:
1912:
1803:
1758:
1723:
1682:
1674:
1617:
1576:
1568:
1519:
1462:
1421:
1413:
1357:
1312:
1304:
1255:
1245:
1234:"Distinct gating mechanisms revealed by the structures of a multi-ligand gated K(+) channel"
1204:
1194:
1145:
1137:
1096:
1088:
1033:
982:
929:
880:
870:
816:
713:
671:
603:
583:
541:
375:
224:
3391:
3283:
3223:
3188:
3073:
3058:
2984:
2930:
2925:
2296:
1860:
1394:"K2P channel gating mechanisms revealed by structures of TREK-2 and a complex with Prozac"
248:
184:
124:
1285:"Crystal structure of the human K2P TRAAK, a lipid- and mechano-sensitive K+ ion channel"
1126:"Structure of the gating ring from the human large-conductance Ca(2+)-gated K(+) channel"
512:
Diets low in potassium increase risk of hypertension, stroke and cardiovascular disease.
1670:
1515:
1409:
1353:
1300:
1190:
1084:
1029:
978:
925:
636: – Electric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell
3335:
3330:
3315:
3303:
2838:
2694:
2467:
2457:
2191:
2166:
1687:
1654:
1581:
1556:
1426:
1393:
1317:
1284:
1260:
1233:
1209:
1175:"Functional and structural analysis of the human SLO3 pH- and voltage-gated K+ channel"
1174:
1150:
1125:
1101:
1068:
885:
858:
821:
804:
560:
172:
164:
132:
82:
61:
1622:
1605:
774:"Cell Biology by the Numbers: What are the concentrations of different ions in cells?"
30:
3416:
3396:
3360:
3350:
3308:
3298:
2881:
2860:
2774:
2699:
2632:
2382:
1942:
1833:
1377:
1053:
579:
188:
65:
54:
2399:
1639:
1484:
3213:
2886:
2855:
2758:
2659:
2447:
2046:
1541:
1002:
951:
575:
548:
478:
395:
17:
2268:
1069:"Structure of the human BK channel Ca2+-activation apparatus at 3.0 A resolution"
3261:
3198:
2704:
2664:
2644:
2579:
2541:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2439:
1902:
717:
675:
615:
521:
382:) containing more than 99 mg (about 1.3 mEq) to be labeled with a warning.
120:
69:
2232:
2215:
1572:
1467:
1450:
254:
For both males and females under 9 years of age, the AIs for potassium are: 400
3149:
2624:
2564:
2551:
2472:
2431:
2069:"Potassium Supplement (Oral Route, Parenteral Route) Proper Use - Mayo Clinic"
1727:
1449:
Clarke OB, Caputo AT, Hill AP, Vandenberg JI, Smith BJ, Gulbis JM (Jun 2010).
307:
mg for pregnant females that are 19 years of age and older; furthermore, 2,500
216:
2388:
910:"Crystal structure of a mammalian voltage-dependent Shaker family K+ channel"
2796:
2791:
2786:
2714:
2512:
2165:
Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP (2013).
1796:
Stallings, Virginia A; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (March 5, 2019).
1678:
1524:
1499:
1417:
1361:
1308:
1199:
1092:
934:
909:
875:
537:
529:
427:
391:
220:
50:
2276:
2241:
2200:
1934:
1825:
1782:
1750:
1735:
1696:
1631:
1590:
1533:
1500:"Crysstal structure of the potassium channel KirBac1.1 in the closed state"
1476:
1435:
1369:
1326:
1269:
1218:
1159:
1110:
1045:
994:
943:
894:
735:
693:
89:, 300mM in budding yeast, 100mM in mammalian cell and 4mM in blood plasma.
1232:
Kong C, Zeng W, Ye S, Chen L, Sauer DB, Lam Y, Derebe MG, Jiang Y (2012).
171:(Na) is the major cation outside animal cells. The difference between the
3340:
3233:
3141:
3125:
2876:
2808:
2559:
2086:
525:
251:(AIs) for when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.
1250:
1141:
986:
3241:
2816:
2039:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)"
830:
712:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 41–67.
670:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 29–47.
415:
411:
407:
403:
148:
140:
128:
104:
2990:
2182:
288:
For females 9 years of age and older, the AIs for potassium are: 2,300
3157:
3133:
3117:
3108:
2821:
419:
399:
168:
160:
74:
2396:- the Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine.
1037:
299:
For pregnant and lactating females, the AIs for potassium are: 2,600
273:
For males 9 years of age and older, the AIs for potassium are: 2,500
1916:
1807:
1763:
1753:. In Stallings, Virginia A; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria (eds.).
533:
423:
311:
mg of potassium for 14 to 18-year-old lactating females, and 2,800
116:
1749:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2019).
1714:
Bac1.1 and KcsA) in a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study".
1067:
Yuan P, Leonetti MD, Pico AR, Hsiung Y, MacKinnon R (July 2010).
524:. Hypokalemia typically results from loss of potassium through
2383:
Oregon State
University – Micronutrient Information Center
1799:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium – Publication
446:
dried fruit (apricots, peaches, prunes, raisins; figs and dates)
296:
mg of potassium for females that are 19 years of age and older.
2994:
2403:
668:
Interrelations between
Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases
371:
108:
57:
303:
mg of potassium for 14 to 18-year-old pregnant females, 2,900
183:. The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by
147:, and maintenance of cation:anion balance in the cytosol and
1802:. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine.
2120:
2118:
1879:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
324:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
2255:
Mumoli N, Cei M (2008). "Licorice-induced hypokalemia".
2126:"Top 10 Foods Highest in Potassium + One Page Printable"
1990:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals
1173:
Leonetti MD, Yuan P, Hsiung Y, Mackinnon R (Nov 2012).
292:
mg of potassium for 9 to 18-year-old females, and 2,600
266:
mg of potassium for 1 to 3-year-old children, and 2,300
2214:
D'Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P (2011).
1283:
Brohawn SG, del Mármol J, MacKinnon R (January 2012).
281:
mg of potassium for 14 to 18-year-old males, and 3,400
179:
between the inside and outside of cells, known as the
2968:
2378:
Brooks/Cole publishers – Sodium Potassium pump
440:
dark leafy greens (spinach, Swiss chard, and others)
262:
mg of potassium for 7 to 12-month-old infants, 2,000
3369:
3232:
3169:
3107:
3026:
2946:
2906:
2899:
2869:
2846:
2837:
2807:
2728:
2685:
2623:
2593:
2550:
2503:
2438:
1751:"Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy"
370:Because of the risk of small-bowel lesions, the US
243:(NAM), on behalf of both the U.S. and Canada, sets
143:, phloem solute transport of photoassimilates into
1904:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1755:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1653:Tao X, Avalos JL, Chen J, MacKinnon R (Dec 2009).
175:of these charged particles causes a difference in
908:Long SB, Campbell EB, Mackinnon R (August 2005).
606: – Neuron communication by electric impulses
551:) that increases urinary excretion of potassium.
285:mg for males that are 19 years of age and older.
277:mg of potassium for 9 to 13-year-old males, 3,000
258:mg of potassium for 0 to 6-month-old infants, 860
2345:Energy and Nutrient Intake in the European Union
1757:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
563:, insufficient potassium intake is widespread.
270:mg of potassium for 4 to 8-year-old children.
64:, while having a major role in maintenance of
3428:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
3006:
2415:
599:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
8:
468:Foods containing the highest concentration:
2105:"Office of Dietary Supplements - Potassium"
2087:"NCATS Inxight Drugs — POTASSIUM GLUCONATE"
3013:
2999:
2991:
2903:
2843:
2422:
2408:
2400:
2360:"Potassium Health Professional Fact Sheet"
231:, muscle contraction, and heart function.
2231:
2190:
1762:
1686:
1621:
1580:
1523:
1466:
1425:
1316:
1259:
1249:
1208:
1198:
1149:
1124:Wu Y, Yang Y, Ye S, Jiang Y (July 2010).
1100:
933:
884:
874:
820:
461:nuts (pistachios, almonds, walnuts, etc.)
2290:What We Eat In America, NHANES 2013-2014
2043:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)
1996:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006,
430:, legumes, and meats contain potassium.
29:
2975:
803:Leigh, R. A.; Wyn Jones, R. G. (1984).
658:
123:to make surrounding guard cells either
2339:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2332:
1856:
1846:
630: – Use of Magnesium by organisms
586:), which can lead to cardiac arrest.
433:Common foods very high in potassium:
7:
2027:from the original on August 8, 2016.
1555:Whorton MR, MacKinnon R (Sep 2011).
642: – Use of Selenium by organisms
354:20 mEq (781 mg) potassium from
3111: (Core six elements)
2720:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1604:Nishida M, MacKinnon R (Dec 2002).
612: – Use of calcium by organisms
115:and for the opening and closing of
822:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1984.tb04103.x
784:from the original on 20 April 2017
648: – Use of sodium by organisms
624: – Use of Iodine by organisms
464:seeds (squash, pumpkin, sunflower)
25:
2364:NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
38:a critical enzyme for regulating
2978:
2136:from the original on 2014-09-11.
1977:from the original on 2017-08-28.
845:Introduction to Plant Physiology
843:Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, N.P.A.
508:High blood pressure/Hypertension
2322:from the original on 2011-07-13
2003:from the original on 2016-03-16
3099:Biological aspects of fluorine
437:beans (white beans and others)
331:European Food Safety Authority
1:
3377:Composition of the human body
2677:Comprehensive metabolic panel
1623:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01227-8
317:tolerable upper intake levels
99:Potassium deficiency (plants)
27:Use of Potassium by organisms
2394:Potassium: analyte monograph
2269:10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.190
241:National Academy of Medicine
3387:Mineral (Essential element)
2613:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
2575:Total iron-binding capacity
718:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_3
676:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_2
163:(K, a positive ion) inside
3459:
3402:Uranium in the environment
2954:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
2233:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.070
1573:10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.046
1468:10.1016/j.cell.2010.05.003
96:
3257:Acute beryllium poisoning
1945:. Bookshelf ID: NBK538102
1728:10.1016/j.bpc.2005.10.002
772:Milo, Ron; Philips, Rob.
567:Side effects and toxicity
245:Dietary Reference Intakes
1909:National Academies Press
1179:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
710:Metallomics and the Cell
374:requires some potassium
119:, which is regulated by
2483:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1679:10.1126/science.1180310
1525:10.1126/science.1085028
1418:10.1126/science.1261512
1362:10.1126/science.1213274
1309:10.1126/science.1213808
1200:10.1073/pnas.1215078109
1093:10.1126/science.1190414
935:10.1126/science.1116269
876:10.1074/jbc.M112.415091
235:Dietary recommendations
159:Potassium is the major
3269:Chlorine gas poisoning
2916:Elevated transaminases
2608:Thyroid function tests
2570:Transferrin saturation
2430:Clinical biochemistry
422:, although many other
344:Reference Daily Intake
342:Values is provided at
193:potassium ion channels
47:
3242:Argyria (Silver)
3084:Molybdenum in biology
2710:Lactate dehydrogenase
2672:Basic metabolic panel
2603:ACTH stimulation test
139:, activation of some
36:Sodium–potassium pump
33:
3382:Lithium (medication)
3094:Arsenic biochemistry
3054:Manganese in biology
3044:Potassium in biology
3039:Magnesium in biology
2730:Liver function tests
2585:Transferrin receptor
2220:J. Am. Coll. Cardiol
628:Magnesium in biology
498:dry roasted soybeans
3252:Beryllium poisoning
3079:Selenium in biology
3021:Elements in biology
2746:Serum total protein
2741:Human serum albumin
1671:2009Sci...326.1668T
1516:2003Sci...300.1922K
1410:2015Sci...347.1256D
1354:2012Sci...335..432M
1301:2012Sci...335..436B
1251:10.7554/eLife.00184
1191:2012PNAS..10919274L
1142:10.1038/nature09252
1085:2010Sci...329..182Y
1030:2002Natur.417..515J
987:10.1038/nature01580
979:2003Natur.423...33J
926:2005Sci...309..897L
778:book.bionumbers.org
640:Selenium in biology
555:Insufficient intake
358:(4680 mg), or
356:potassium gluconate
213:inwardly rectifying
155:Function in animals
3423:Biological systems
3346:Thallium poisoning
3049:Calcium in biology
2518:Arterial blood gas
2295:2017-02-24 at the
2148:"FoodData Central"
2073:www.mayoclinic.org
634:Membrane potential
610:Calcium in biology
475:sun dried tomatoes
380:potassium chloride
181:membrane potential
177:electric potential
93:Function in plants
48:
18:K ion (physiology)
3410:
3409:
3356:Toxic heavy metal
3341:Selenium toxicity
3326:Mercury poisoning
3294:Fluoride toxicity
3289:Cadmium poisoning
3274:Chromium toxicity
3247:Arsenic poisoning
3089:Iodine in biology
3069:Copper in biology
3064:Cobalt in biology
3034:Sodium in biology
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2895:
2894:
2848:Blood sugar level
2827:Pancreatic lipase
2665:Total cholesterol
2495:Serum osmolal gap
2490:Plasma osmolality
2183:10.1136/bmj.f1378
1926:978-0-309-48834-1
1877:(Press release).
1817:978-0-309-48834-1
1774:978-0-309-48834-1
1665:(5960): 1668–74.
1295:(6067): 4s36–41.
920:(5736): 897–903.
746:978-94-007-5561-1
727:978-94-007-5560-4
685:978-94-007-7499-5
646:Sodium in biology
622:Iodine in biology
360:potassium citrate
229:neurotransmission
137:protein synthesis
113:protein synthesis
60:for all types of
16:(Redirected from
3450:
3433:Dietary minerals
3321:Lithium toxicity
3279:Cobalt poisoning
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2938:Hyperproteinemia
2904:
2844:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2389:Lab Tests Online
2367:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:fdc.nal.usda.gov
2144:
2138:
2137:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2045:. Archived from
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1527:
1510:(5627): 1922–6.
1495:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1404:(6227): 1256–9.
1388:
1382:
1381:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1024:(6888): 515–22.
1013:
1007:
1006:
962:
956:
955:
937:
905:
899:
898:
888:
878:
869:(51): 43063–70.
854:
848:
841:
835:
834:
824:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
769:
763:
740:electronic-book
739:
704:
698:
697:
663:
604:Action potential
314:
310:
306:
302:
295:
291:
284:
280:
276:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:Adequate Intakes
225:action potential
185:ion transporters
21:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3392:Oxygen toxicity
3365:
3284:Copper toxicity
3228:
3165:
3103:
3074:Zinc in biology
3059:Iron in biology
3022:
3019:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2942:
2931:Hypoalbuminemia
2926:Hypoproteinemia
2891:
2865:
2839:Small molecules
2833:
2803:
2724:
2681:
2619:
2589:
2546:
2536:
2499:
2434:
2428:
2374:
2366:. 3 April 2020.
2358:
2355:
2353:Further reading
2350:
2349:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:"Archived copy"
2308:
2307:
2303:
2297:Wayback Machine
2288:
2284:
2257:Int. J. Cardiol
2254:
2253:
2249:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2049:on 7 April 2020
2037:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1927:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1818:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1775:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1348:(6067): 432–6.
1339:
1338:
1334:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1185:(47): 19274–9.
1172:
1171:
1167:
1136:(7304): 393–7.
1123:
1122:
1118:
1079:(5988): 182–6.
1066:
1065:
1061:
1038:10.1038/417515a
1015:
1014:
1010:
973:(6935): 33–41.
964:
963:
959:
907:
906:
902:
856:
855:
851:
842:
838:
809:New Phytologist
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
771:
770:
766:
728:
707:
705:
701:
686:
665:
664:
660:
655:
595:
569:
557:
518:
510:
505:
388:
368:
352:
339:
312:
308:
304:
300:
293:
289:
282:
278:
274:
267:
263:
259:
255:
237:
215:channels, from
157:
101:
95:
46:levels in cells
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Nickel allergy
3333:
3331:Metal toxicity
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Lead poisoning
3313:
3312:
3311:
3304:Iron poisoning
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3114:
3112:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2695:Cardiac marker
2691:
2689:
2687:Cardiovascular
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2638:Hemoglobin A1c
2629:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2468:Renal function
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2372:External links
2370:
2369:
2368:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2301:
2282:
2247:
2226:(10): 1210–9.
2206:
2157:
2139:
2114:
2109:ods.od.nih.gov
2096:
2091:drugs.ncats.io
2078:
2060:
2030:
2006:
1980:
1956:
1925:
1917:10.17226/25353
1892:
1881:. 5 March 2019
1866:
1857:|website=
1816:
1808:10.17226/25353
1788:
1773:
1764:10.17226/25353
1741:
1711:
1702:
1645:
1596:
1567:(1): 199–208.
1547:
1490:
1461:(6): 1018–29.
1441:
1383:
1332:
1275:
1224:
1165:
1116:
1059:
1008:
957:
900:
849:
836:
795:
764:
726:
699:
684:
657:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
594:
591:
568:
565:
561:European Union
556:
553:
517:
514:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
476:
473:
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
387:
384:
367:
364:
351:
348:
338:
335:
236:
233:
173:concentrations
156:
153:
133:photosynthesis
94:
91:
83:nervous tissue
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3455:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Soil salinity
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3361:Zinc toxicity
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Tin poisoning
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3309:Iron overload
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:Halotolerance
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2986:
2976:
2972:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Hyperuricemia
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2861:Hyperglycemia
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2775:AST/ALT ratio
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:transaminases
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Troponin test
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Triglycerides
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:Blood glucose
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:Potassium at
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2336:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2007:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:Biophys. Chem
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1616:(7): 957–65.
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
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3171:Deficiencies
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3150:
3142:
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3043:
2921:Elevated ALP
2887:Hypouricemia
2856:Hypoglycemia
2792:Unconjugated
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2440:Electrolytes
2363:
2324:. Retrieved
2304:
2285:
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2250:
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2047:the original
2042:
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1947:. Retrieved
1903:
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1869:
1837:. Retrieved
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786:. Retrieved
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702:
667:
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576:Hyperkalemia
574:
570:
558:
549:Glycyrrhizin
546:
519:
511:
479:cocoa solids
467:
432:
396:orange juice
389:
386:Food sources
369:
353:
340:
328:
321:
298:
287:
272:
253:
238:
205:ligand gated
165:animal cells
158:
121:proton pumps
102:
86:
79:
53:is the main
49:
43:
3262:Berylliosis
2870:Nitrogenous
2705:CPK-MB test
2645:Lipid panel
2580:Transferrin
2528:Bicarbonate
2523:Base excess
2432:blood tests
1949:13 November
863:J Biol Chem
847:4th edition
815:(1): 1–13.
755:electronic-
616:Electrolyte
522:hypokalemia
516:Hypokalemia
483:whey powder
472:dried herbs
350:Supplements
217:prokaryotes
209:tandem-pore
70:electrolyte
3417:Categories
3209:Molybdenum
2797:Conjugated
2625:Metabolism
2565:Serum iron
2552:Iron tests
2473:Creatinine
2326:2007-01-30
2130:myfooddata
1885:29 January
1722:(1): 1–9.
1244:: e00184.
653:References
584:arrhythmia
542:arrhythmia
503:Deficiency
428:vegetables
221:eukaryotes
199:including
97:See also:
3443:Potassium
3438:Nutrition
3204:Manganese
3199:Potassium
3153:hosphorus
2787:Bilirubin
2737:Proteins
2715:Myoglobin
2513:Anion gap
2505:Acid-base
2453:Potassium
2177:: f1378.
1943:104464967
1859:ignored (
1849:cite book
1834:104464967
1378:206537279
1054:205029269
761:1868-0402
753:1559-0836
538:alkalosis
492:rice bran
392:kiwifruit
239:The U.S.
51:Potassium
44:Potassium
3234:Toxicity
3219:Selenium
3179:Chromium
3027:Elements
2985:Medicine
2900:Proteins
2877:Azotemia
2809:Pancreas
2595:Hormones
2560:Ferritin
2458:Chloride
2335:cite web
2317:Archived
2293:Archived
2277:17320224
2242:21371638
2201:23558164
2134:Archived
2022:Archived
1998:archived
1972:Archived
1970:. 2017.
1935:30844154
1826:30844154
1783:30844154
1736:16253415
1697:20019282
1640:15788511
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1477:20564790
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1219:23129643
1160:20574420
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1046:12037559
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895:23095758
788:23 March
782:Archived
736:23595670
694:24470088
593:See also
530:diuresis
526:diarrhea
495:molasses
443:potatoes
416:parsnips
412:apricots
408:avocados
400:potatoes
366:Labeling
337:Labeling
167:, while
111:(K) for
3370:Related
3145:itrogen
3129:ydrogen
2817:Amylase
2542:Lactate
2537:content
2463:Calcium
2192:4816263
1839:May 13,
1688:2819303
1667:Bibcode
1659:Science
1582:3243363
1542:2703162
1512:Bibcode
1504:Science
1427:6034649
1406:Bibcode
1398:Science
1350:Bibcode
1342:Science
1318:3329120
1297:Bibcode
1289:Science
1261:3510474
1210:3511096
1187:Bibcode
1151:2910425
1102:3022345
1081:Bibcode
1073:Science
1026:Bibcode
1003:4347957
975:Bibcode
952:6072007
922:Bibcode
914:Science
886:3522301
831:2434189
486:paprika
458:avocado
420:turnips
404:coconut
187:in the
149:vacuole
141:enzymes
129:flaccid
117:stomata
105:cytosol
87:E. coli
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3194:Iodine
3184:Copper
3109:CHONPS
2971:Portal
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169:sodium
161:cation
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3137:xygen
3121:arbon
2947:Other
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1050:S2CID
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2341:link
2273:PMID
2238:PMID
2197:PMID
2055:2020
1951:2022
1931:PMID
1921:ISBN
1887:2022
1861:help
1841:2019
1822:PMID
1812:ISBN
1779:PMID
1769:ISBN
1732:PMID
1693:PMID
1628:PMID
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1587:PMID
1561:Cell
1530:PMID
1473:PMID
1455:Cell
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1366:PMID
1323:PMID
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1215:PMID
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1107:PMID
1042:PMID
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722:ISBN
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329:The
219:and
109:ions
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2770:AST
2765:ALT
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