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Inyandza
National Movement that KaNgwane contrasted with other ‘homelands’ and refused independence. Inyandza was formed instead to politicise and mobilise the masses of the people of KaNgwane in furtherance of the aims and objectives of the liberation movement: on the one hand, through its relationships with the ANC in exile; and, on the other, through its socio-economic development programme, through which it sought to uplift the standard of living of the ‘citizens’ of that ‘homeland’.
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completely. The people were mobilised so that when
Pretoria refused to grant self-governing status to KaNgwane, they stood up and defended their rights. They did not stand up because they believed in the ‘homelands’. They never desired to opt for independence but to fight until South Africa became free from the shackles of apartheid. That is why the capital of KaNgwane in Louieville was just a temporary structure. There was no point in building massive and magnificent structures.
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506:. The establishment of the Authority was preceded by disruptive events. In 1975, the forced removals of the people from Kromkrans, Doringkop and elsewhere, in the so-called black spots in white areas, to settlements like Kromdraai (Ekulindeni) started. In 1976, the majority of the people from Kromkrans were settled on the farm Eerstehoek.
541:
After some time without responding at all to the intensified mobilisation, the government of South Africa found another way to force independence on KaNgwane: it announced the incorporation of KaNgwane territory and
Ingwavuma region of the then ‘homeland’ of KwaZulu into the Kingdom of Swaziland, the
529:
assumed office of Chief
Executive Councillor of the ‘homeland’, negotiations to be granted the second phase of the ‘homeland’s’ development, i.e. self-governing status, began. The leadership of KaNgwane had already repeatedly indicated that the people of KaNgwane were against so-called independence.
521:
The
Inyandza National Movement was the governing party of the then KaNgwane ‘homeland’ government. It was founded in October 1978 at Lochiel, a village with no more than a filling station a few kilometres from the Oshoek border post. It became a critical driving force of politics. It was through the
423:. It was called the "Swazi Territorial Authority" from 1976 to 1977. In September 1977 it was renamed KaNgwane and received a legislative assembly. After a temporary suspension of its homeland status during 1982, the legislative assembly was restored in December 1982. KaNgwane was granted nominal
537:
But the
Inyandza National Movement had politicised the people. Weekly prayer meetings and rallies were organised. The leadership of the Inyandza National Movement intensified the call for the unbanning of the ANC and other political organisations. Pretoria's call for independence was rejected
533:
The leadership of KaNgwane refused to accept such a condition, and request after request for self-governing status received no positive responses from
Pretoria. Pretoria sought to punish KaNgwane for its refusal to co-operate with plans to make ‘homelands’ independent, and KaNgwane began to
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in 1982 was never realized. This would have given land-locked
Swaziland access to the sea. The deal was negotiated by the governments, but was met by popular opposition in the territory meant to be transferred. The homeland's territory had been claimed by
487:
530:
The apartheid government of South Africa was however reluctant to grant self-governing status to KaNgwane. They wanted to do so on condition that KaNgwane thereafter opt for
Pretoria's offer of independence.
431:. It was the least populous of the ten homelands, with an estimated 183,000 inhabitants. Unlike the other homelands in South Africa, KaNgwane did not adopt a distinctive flag of its own but flew the national
493:
It was established, Pretoria claimed, to cater for the interests of the Swazis within the borders of the
Republic of South Africa. The first leader of the Swazi Territorial Authority administration was
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to become the Chief Executive Councillor of the ‘homeland’. The ‘homeland’ from there was named KaNgwane (a name, it should be added, that the authorities in Swaziland did not have a problem with).
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of Swaziland as part of the Swazi monarchs' traditional realm, and the South African government hoped to use the homeland as a buffer zone against guerrilla infiltration from
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455:. South Africa responded to the failure of the transfer by temporarily suspending the autonomy of KaNgwane, then restoring it in December 1982 and granting it nominal
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The plans for the establishment of the Swazi ‘homeland’ continued, and in October 1977, the Swazi Territorial Authority elected
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818:„Informa” April 1981 vol XXVIII No 3 (The Department of Foreign Affairs and Information of RSA, newspaper)
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1978:
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so-called land deal between the government of the Republic of South Africa and the Kingdom of Swaziland.
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Region on 23 April 1976 by the then Deputy Minister of Bantu Affairs Development and Education,
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dissolved the homelands and created new provinces. Its territory became part of the province of
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1370:
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636:"Census > 1991 > RSA > Variable Description > Person file > District code"
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2190:
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1986:
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Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America
706:"Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South AfricaThe Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane"
667:
South African Homelands as Frontiers: Apartheid's Loose Ends in the Postcolonial Era
438:
An attempt to transfer parts of the homeland, along with parts of the Zulu homeland
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663:"Material Remains: Artifice versus Artefact(s) in the Archive of Bantustan Rule"
26:
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1808:
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2003:
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https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/blacksash/pdfs/cnf19830311.026.001.000b.pdf
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486:(who read the speech on behalf of the then Member of Parliament and
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805:. California: University of California Press. 1989. pp. 310-316.
478:
The Swazi Territorial Authority was established at Tonga in the
2220:
1072:
825:
550:
Districts of the province and population at the 1991 census.
20:
638:. Statistics South Africa - Nesstar WebView. Archived from
174:
Location of KaNgwane (red) within South Africa (yellow).
790:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1985. p. 54.
602:
South Africa's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook
517:
Contrasts: KaNgwane and the Inyandza National Movement
419:
government to be a semi-independent homeland for the
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462:KaNgwane ceased to exist on 27 April 1994 when the
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51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2587:States and territories disestablished in 1994
2232:
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599:Sally Frankental; Owen Sichone (2005-01-01).
8:
802:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
735:Griffiths, Ieuan Ll; Funnell, D. C. (1991).
665:. In Jensen, Steffen; Zenker, Olaf (eds.).
2577:States and territories established in 1984
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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265:• Re-integrated into South Africa
2567:1994 disestablishments in South Africa
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286:3,000 km (1,200 sq mi)
262:
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7:
1456:(1987–94) (Head of Military Council)
753:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098406
49:adding citations to reliable sources
2582:1984 establishments in South Africa
691:"KaNgwane (South African homeland)"
580:list of chief ministers of KaNgwane
427:in August 1984. Its capital was at
534:experience extreme under-funding.
14:
1294:No central government established
1164:No central government established
442:, to the neighbouring country of
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2007:
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496:Prince Johannes Mkolishi Dlamini
377:
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25:
2247:Other South African governments
1692:Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi
669:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 83.
36:needs additional citations for
737:"The Abortive Swazi Land Deal"
1:
2325:
2312:
2299:
2292:
704:Senftleben, Wolfgang (1984).
2603:
2572:Bantustans in South Africa
1418:Zwelibanzi Maneli Mabandla
1371:Johannes "Hans" Diergaardt
1221:Pieter van Rensburg Goosen
1074:Leaders and Administrators
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2136:Cornelius Tuhafeni Ndjoba
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605:. ABC-CLIO. p. 187.
488:Minister of Bantu Affairs
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16:Bantustan in South Africa
2527:Republic of South Africa
2509:Cape Qualified Franchise
2128:Fillemon Elifas Shuumbwa
2089:Mogoboya Nelson Ramodike
1708:Samuel Dickenson Nxumalo
2065:Mokgama Maurice Matlala
255:• Self-government
2515:South African Republic
1971:George Majozi Mahlangu
1602:Richard Muhinda Mamili
1225:Bongani Blessing Finca
1111:Rocky Malebane-Metsing
661:Ally, Shireen (2017).
2521:Union of South Africa
2289:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2191:Tsiame Kenneth Mopeli
2073:Cedric Namedi Phatudi
500:Embhuleni Royal Kraal
224:Common languages
2309:Mthethwa Paramountcy
2026:Mangosuthu Buthelezi
1834:Mangisi Cephas Zitha
1492:Constance Kgosiemang
889:Nominal independence
464:Interim Constitution
433:flag of South Africa
45:improve this article
2365:Orange River Colony
1979:Jonas Masana Mabena
1555:Tshamano Ramabulana
1130:Tjaart van der Walt
498:, the Chief of the
404:[kaˈŋɡwanɛ]
2545:Current government
1916:Sebastian Kamwanga
1829:(1970–81, 1984–91)
1771:Thimoteus Tjamuaha
1645:I.J. van der Merwe
1621:Josiah Moraliswane
1594:Josiah Moraliswane
1547:Gabriel Ramushwana
998:No self-governance
787:South Africa, 1984
490:, Mr M.C. Botha).
415:, intended by the
327:South African rand
2552:
2551:
2536:
2535:
2389:Orange Free State
2347:Dutch Cape Colony
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
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2205:
2202:
2201:
2155:
2154:
2100:
2099:
2037:
2036:
1998:
1997:
1927:
1926:
1908:Alfons Shashipapo
1872:
1871:
1798:
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1719:
1718:
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1502:
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965:South West Africa
960:
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871:South West Africa
676:978-1-317-21209-6
612:978-1-57607-674-3
546:Districts in 1991
527:Dr Enos J. Mabuza
484:Dr F. Hartzenberg
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95:
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2419:Nieuwe Republiek
2383:Natalia Republic
2371:Transvaal Colony
2330:
2327:
2322:Ndwandwe Kingdom
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2016:
2012:
2011:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1900:Linus Shashipapo
1890:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1861:Enos John Mabuza
1857:
1838:
1830:
1826:Enos John Mabuza
1816:
1812:
1811:
1791:
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1779:Erastus Tjejamba
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1426:Kaiser Matanzima
1422:
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1324:Cornelius Cloete
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511:Enos John Mabuza
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29:
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2502:
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2401:Griqualand West
2395:Griqualand East
2376:
2340:
2328:
2315:
2302:
2295:
2248:
2245:
2215:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2176:Chief Minister:
2163:
2151:
2146:
2144:Peter Kalangula
2138:
2130:
2121:Chief Minister:
2108:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2058:Chief Minister:
2045:
2033:
2028:
2019:Chief Minister:
2006:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1963:Klaas Mtshiweni
1957:
1948:Chief Minister:
1935:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1893:Chief Minister:
1880:
1868:
1863:
1856:(June–Dec 1982)
1855:
1853:N.J. Badenhorst
1841:
1836:
1828:
1819:Chief Minister:
1806:
1794:
1789:
1787:Gottlob Mbaukua
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1727:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1685:Chief Minister:
1672:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1609:
1604:
1597:(Mar–Sept 1976)
1596:
1587:Chief Minister:
1574:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1531:Patrick Mphephu
1511:
1499:
1494:
1472:
1460:
1455:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
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1378:
1373:
1351:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1304:
1296:
1283:
1271:
1266:
1244:
1232:
1228:(Mar–Apr 1994)
1227:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1174:
1166:
1153:
1141:
1137:(Mar–Apr 1994)
1136:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1083:
1075:
1060:
1039:
993:
972:Self-governance
956:
920:Self-governance
915:
873:
852:
850:
815:
810:
809:
798:
794:
784:Dennis Austin.
783:
779:
772:
768:
741:African Affairs
734:
733:
729:
703:
702:
698:
689:
688:
684:
677:
660:
659:
655:
645:
643:
642:on 19 June 2016
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2529:(1961–present)
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2518:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2500:
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2467:Bophuthatswana
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2434:
2431:Klein Vrystaat
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2269:Boer Republics
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2013:
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1987:James Mahlangu
1984:
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1846:Administrator:
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1784:
1776:
1768:
1763:Kuaima Riruako
1760:
1755:Clemens Kapuuo
1752:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1703:(Mar–Apr 1993)
1697:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1648:(Mar–Aug 1986)
1642:
1637:F.P.J. Visagie
1634:
1632:(Jul–Aug 1984)
1626:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1558:(Jan–Apr 1994)
1552:
1544:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1524:Head of State:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1485:Head of State:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:Bantu Holomisa
1449:
1447:
1446:Administrator:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1403:Head of State:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1364:Head of State:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:Daniel Luipert
1329:
1320:
1318:
1317:Head of State:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:Justus ǁGaroëb
1260:
1258:
1257:Head of State:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1217:
1215:
1214:Administrator:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1187:Head of State:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1126:
1124:
1123:Administrator:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1096:Head of State:
1090:
1081:Bophuthatswana
1077:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
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1037:
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1027:
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939:
934:
929:
923:
921:
917:
916:
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913:
908:
903:
898:
896:Bophuthatswana
892:
890:
883:
875:
874:
851:
849:
848:
841:
834:
826:
820:
819:
814:
811:
808:
807:
792:
777:
766:
747:(358): 51–64.
727:
716:(4): 493–501.
696:
682:
675:
653:
624:
611:
590:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
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571:
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259:31 August 1984
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2119:
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2090:
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2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1955:Simon Skosana
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1898:
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1748:
1745:
1744:
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1722:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1700:Edward Mhinga
1698:
1693:
1690:
1689:
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1467:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1434:Tutor Ndamase
1432:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1408:
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1195:
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1157:
1152:
1148:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1103:Lucas Mangope
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
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1033:
1031:
1028:
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1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
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1008:
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1003:
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1000:
996:
990:
987:
985:
982:
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977:
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967:
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953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
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922:
918:
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909:
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904:
902:
899:
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891:
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880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
861:
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840:
835:
833:
828:
827:
824:
817:
816:
812:
804:
803:
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793:
789:
788:
781:
778:
775:
770:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
728:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
697:
692:
686:
683:
678:
672:
668:
664:
657:
654:
641:
637:
631:
629:
625:
614:
608:
604:
603:
595:
592:
585:
581:
578:
577:
573:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
552:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
523:
516:
514:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
491:
489:
485:
481:
473:
471:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
397:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
361:
358:
351:
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346:
343:
340:
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335:
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304:
285:
272:
269:27 April 1994
268:
258:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
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216:
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209:
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202:
196:
192:
188:
185:
182:
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136:
131:
124:
115:
112:
104:
101:November 2009
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2554:
2544:
2484:
2359:Natal Colony
2335:Zulu Kingdom
2183:Wessel Motha
1803:
1747:Hosea Kutako
1653:A. G. Visser
1572:East Caprivi
1539:Frank Ravele
1410:Botha Sigcau
1293:
1163:
979:East Caprivi
931:
882:South Africa
867:South Africa
813:Bibliography
801:
799:Leroy Vail.
795:
786:
780:
769:
744:
740:
730:
713:
709:
699:
685:
666:
656:
644:. Retrieved
640:the original
616:. Retrieved
601:
594:
549:
540:
536:
532:
524:
520:
508:
492:
477:
461:
449:King Sobhuza
437:
421:Swazi people
413:South Africa
395:
394:
373:South Africa
360:South Africa
342:Succeeded by
341:
336:
311:• 1991
301:• 1980
212:
208:Schoemansdal
199:
160:Coat of arms
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2517:(1856–1902)
2511:(1853–1910)
2391:(1854–1902)
2361:(1843–1910)
2355:(1795–1910)
2353:Cape Colony
2349:(1652–1806)
2329: 1780
2316: 1780
2303: 1220
2296: 1075
2081:Z.T. Seleka
1878:Kavangoland
1629:H.J. Becker
1194:Lennox Sebe
1151:Bushmanland
1134:Job Mokgoro
1005:Bushmanland
984:Kavangoland
337:Preceded by
2561:Categories
2491:KwaNdebele
2425:Upingtonia
2413:Stellaland
2274:Bantustans
2106:Ovamboland
2084:(Oct 1987)
1966:(Nov 1986)
1933:KwaNdebele
1725:Hereroland
1470:Tswanaland
1267:(1980–89)
1242:Damaraland
1202:Oupa Gqozo
1114:(Feb 1988)
1035:Tswanaland
1015:Hereroland
1010:Damaraland
989:Ovamboland
937:KwaNdebele
863:Bantustans
618:2013-09-18
586:References
555:Eerstehoek
468:Mpumalanga
453:Mozambique
429:Louieville
291:Population
195:Louieville
71:newspapers
60:"KaNgwane"
2523:(1910–61)
2499:(1981–94)
2493:(1981–94)
2487:(1981–94)
2481:(1981–94)
2475:(1979–94)
2469:(1977–94)
2463:(1976–94)
2457:(1974–94)
2451:(1972–94)
2445:(1971–94)
2443:Gazankulu
2433:(1886–91)
2427:(1885–87)
2421:(1884–88)
2415:(1882–85)
2409:(1882–83)
2403:(1870–73)
2397:(1861–79)
2385:(1839–43)
2373:(1902–10)
2367:(1902–10)
2337:(1816–97)
2194:(1975–94)
2186:(1974–75)
2147:(1981–89)
2139:(1975–81)
2131:(1973–75)
2092:(1987–94)
2076:(1973–87)
2068:(1972–73)
2029:(1977–94)
1990:(1990–94)
1982:(1989–90)
1974:(1986–89)
1958:(1981–86)
1919:(1981–89)
1911:(1977–81)
1903:(1973–77)
1864:(1982–84)
1837:(1991–94)
1790:(1984–89)
1782:(1987–88)
1774:(1980–84)
1766:(1978–80)
1758:(1970–78)
1750:(1968–70)
1740:Chairman:
1711:(1993–94)
1695:(1973–93)
1670:Gazankulu
1656:(1986–89)
1640:(1984–86)
1624:(1981–84)
1614:Chairman:
1605:(1976–81)
1550:(1990–94)
1542:(1988–90)
1534:(1978–88)
1495:(1980–89)
1437:(1986–94)
1429:(1979–86)
1421:(1978–79)
1413:(1976–78)
1374:(1979–89)
1335:(1985–89)
1327:(1980–85)
1281:Kaokoland
1205:(1990–94)
1197:(1981–90)
1106:(1968–94)
1051:Coloureds
1044:Post-1980
1020:Kaokoland
927:Gazankulu
860:Apartheid
646:18 August
569:: 310,160
563:: 276,965
557:: 192,115
459:in 1984.
457:self-rule
444:Swaziland
425:self-rule
417:apartheid
409:bantustan
236:Afrikaans
184:Bantustan
133:1984–1994
2485:KaNgwane
2461:Transkei
2279:National
2264:Colonies
2259:Kingdoms
1804:KaNgwane
1388:Transkei
1349:Rehoboth
1302:Namaland
1030:Rehoboth
1025:Namaland
932:KaNgwane
906:Transkei
722:43109383
574:See also
504:Badplaas
407:) was a
396:KaNgwane
324:Currency
214:de facto
127:KaNgwane
2497:KwaZulu
2004:KwaZulu
942:KwaZulu
567:Nsikazi
561:Nkomazi
480:Nkomazi
474:History
440:KwaZulu
315:779,240
305:161,160
242:History
232:English
201:de jure
190:Capital
85:scholar
2479:Ciskei
2455:QwaQwa
2449:Lebowa
2407:Goshen
2331:–1819)
2318:–1817)
2161:QwaQwa
2043:Lebowa
1172:Ciskei
1056:Whites
952:QwaQwa
947:Lebowa
901:Ciskei
761:722639
759:
720:
673:
609:
525:After
400:Swazi:
245:
180:Status
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2473:Venda
1509:Venda
911:Venda
757:JSTOR
718:JSTOR
228:Swazi
92:JSTOR
78:books
1223:and
1132:and
869:and
671:ISBN
648:2013
607:ISBN
283:1980
278:Area
148:Flag
64:news
865:in
749:doi
502:in
411:in
47:by
2563::
2326:c.
2313:c.
2300:c.
2293:c.
755:.
745:90
743:.
739:.
714:17
712:.
708:.
627:^
470:.
435:.
2324:(
2311:(
2305:)
2298:–
2291:(
2240:e
2233:t
2226:v
845:e
838:t
831:v
763:.
751::
724:.
693:.
679:.
650:.
621:.
398:(
217:)
211:(
204:)
198:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
