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part of their religious training. During
Kachina ceremonies, each child receives their own doll. The dolls are then taken home and hung up on the walls or from the rafters of the house, so that they can be constantly seen by the children. The purpose of this is to help the children learn to know what the different kachinas look like. It is said that the Hopi recognize over 200 kachinas and many more were invented in the last half of the nineteenth century. Among the Hopi, kachina dolls are traditionally carved by the maternal uncles and given to uninitiated girls at the Bean Dance (Spring Bean Planting Ceremony) and Home Dance Ceremony in the summer. These dolls are very difficult to classify not only because the Hopis have a vague idea about their appearance and function, but also because these ideas differ from mesa to mesa and pueblo to pueblo.
251:
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1051:, have ceremonies in which masked men, called kachinas, play an important role. Masked members of the tribe dress up as kachinas for religious ceremonies that take place many times throughout the year. These ceremonies are social occasions for the village, where friends and relatives are able to come from neighboring towns to see the dance and partake in the feasts that are always prepared. When a Hopi man places a mask upon his head and wears the appropriate costume and body paint, his personal identity is lost and the spirit of the kachina he is supposed to represent takes its place. Besides the male kachinas are many female kachinas called kachin-manas, but women never take the part of male or female kachinas.
663:. Although some archaeological investigations have taken place, they have not been able to clarify which tribe, Zuni or Hopi, developed the Kachina Cult first. Both Zuni and Hopi kachinas are different from each other but have certain similarities and features. In addition, both Zuni and Hopi kachinas are highly featured and detailed, while the kachinas of the Rio Grande Pueblos look primitive in feature. The Hopis have built their cult into a more elaborate rite, and seem to have a greater sense of drama and artistry than the Zunis. On the other hand, the latter have developed a more sizable folklore concerning their kachinas.
20:
1135:, where both the Hopis and the kachinas settled. With their powerful ceremonies, the kachinas were of much help and comfort, for example bringing rain for the crops. However, all of the kachinas were killed when the Hopis were attacked and the kachinas' souls returned to the underworld. Since the sacred paraphernalia of the kachinas were left behind, the Hopis began impersonating the kachinas, wearing their masks and costumes, and imitating their ceremonies in order to bring rain, good crops, and life's happiness.
620:
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The clowns play an important role-embodying wrong social behavior, they are soon put in their place by the katsinam for all to see. The presence of clowns in the morality play makes people more receptive to the messages of proper social convention and encourages a crucial human trait: a keen sense of
149:
Kachinas are understood as having human-like relationships: families such as parents and siblings, as well as marrying and having children. Although not worshipped, each is viewed as a powerful being who, if given veneration and respect, can use his particular power for human good, bringing rainfall,
132:
The kachina concept has three different aspects: the supernatural being, the kachina dancers, and kachina dolls (small dolls carved in the likeness of the kachina, that are given only to those who are, or will be responsible for the respectful care and well-being of the doll, such as a mother, wife,
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Another account says that the Hopis came to take the kachinas for granted, losing all respect and reverence for them, so the kachinas returned to the underworld. However, before they left, the kachinas taught some of their ceremonies to a few faithful young men and showed them how to make the masks
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Kachina dolls are small brightly painted wooden "dolls" which are miniature representations of the masked impersonators. These figurines are given to children not as toys, but as objects to be treasured and studied so that the young Hopis may become familiar with the appearance of the kachinas as
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Kachinas are spirits or personifications of things in the real world. These spirits are believed to visit the Hopi villages during the first half of the year. The local pantheon of kachinas varies from pueblo community to community. A kachina can represent anything in the natural world or
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The clown's more subtle and sacred role is in the Hopis' ritual performances. The sacred functions of the clowns are relatively private, if not held secret by the Hopi, and as a result have received less public exposure. When observing the preparations taking place in a
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There are two different accounts in Hopi beliefs for the origins of kachinas. According to one version, the kachinas were good-natured spirit-beings who came with the Hopis from the underworld. The kachinas wandered with the Hopis over the world until they arrived at
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personages play dual roles. Their prominent role is to amuse the audience during the extended periods of the outdoor celebrations and
Kachina Dances where they perform as jesters or circus clowns. Barry Pritzker stated, regarding the role of clowns in Hopi dances,
162:
Beginning around 1900, there was a great deal of interest in the
Kachina figurines, especially among tourists, and the dolls became sought-after collectibles. For this reason, many Hopi began making the figurines commercially to make a living.
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The Hopi have four groups of clowns, some of which are sacred. Adding to the difficulty in identifying and classifying these groups, there are a number of kachinas whose actions are identified as clown antics. Barton Wright's
146:, from a revered ancestor to an element, a location, a quality, a natural phenomenon, or a concept; there may be kachinas for the sun, stars, thunderstorms, wind, corn, insects, as well as many other concepts.
247:, Taalawsohu), the dolls, or the people who dress as kachinas for ceremonial dances. These are all understood to embody all aspects of the same belief system. Some of the wuyas include:
1606:
Stewart, Tyrone. Dockstader, Frederick. Wright, Barton. "The Year of The Hopi: Paintings & Photographs by Joseph Mora, 1904-06." New York, Rizzoli
International Publications, 1979.
26:, Water-Drinking Maiden, Hopi 1899. She wears a headdress with stepped Earth signs and corn ears. Water Drinking Woman seems to be a name for the corn itself, one of many forms of the
227:, are ceremonial objects with religious meaning. Hopi carvers alter these, removing their religious meaning, to meet the demand for decorative commercial objects sought by non-Hopi.
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agrarian society. They revolve around the winter and summer solstices, incorporate the importance of weather, especially rain, and ensure successful crops. According to Tanner, "
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The Zuni believe that the kachinas live in the Lake of the Dead, a mythical lake which is reached through
Listening Spring Lake. This is located at the junction of the
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The underworld is a concept common to all the Pueblo
Indians. It is a place where the spirits or shades live: the newly born come from there and the dead return there.
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and costumes. When the other Hopi realized their mistake, they remorsefully turned to the kachinas' human substitutes, and the ceremonies have continued since then.
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is "the presence of life in all objects that fill the universe. Everything has an essence or a life force, and humans must interact with these or fail to survive."
199:. To the Hopis, kachinas are supernatural beings who visit the villages to help the Hopis with everyday activities and act as a link between gods and mortals.
250:
1062:
1054:
The most widely publicised of Hopi kachina rites is the "Snake Dance", an annual event during which the performers danced while handling live snakes.
1609:
Talayesua, Don C. "Sun Chief: The
Autobiography of a Hopi Indian." New Haven, Connecticut: Institute of Human Relations/Yale University Press, 1942.
1567:
Schaafsma, Polly; & Schaafsma, Curtis F. (1974). Evidence for the origins of the Pueblo katchina cult as suggested by
Southwestern rock art.
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213:, occurs in February and is associated with the bean planting, the growing season, and coming of age. The last katsina ceremony,
1690:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on kachinas
1687:
1593:
Sekaquaptewa, Helen. "Me & Mine: The Life Story of Helen
Sekaquaptewa." Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1969.
217:, occurs in July and is associated with the harvest, after which the katsinam return to their home in the San Francisco Peaks.
1612:
Titiev, Mischa. "Old Oraibi: A Study of The Hopi
Indians of the Third Mesa." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum, 1944.
206:
are "the spirits of all things in the universe, of rocks, stars, animals, plants, and ancestors who have lived good lives."
113:
cultures located in the south-western part of the United States. In the Pueblo cultures, kachina rites are practiced by the
1643:
Wright, Barton. "Hopi Kachinas: The Complete Guide to Collecting Kachina Dolls." Flagstaff, Arizona: Northland Press, 1977.
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a kachina when he wears the mask), and third the carved, painted, and dressed doll." The list of Zuni kachinas includes:
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19:
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Kennard, Edward A. & Edwin Earle. "Hopi Kachinas." New York: Museum of The American Indian, Hye Foundation, 1971.
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In many ways the Kachina rites are the most important ceremonial observances in the Hopi religious calendar. Within
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healing, fertility, or protection, for example. The central theme of kachina beliefs and practices as explained by
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1396:. Edited by E. C. Parsons. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology, 23, 2 volumes; 1936. P411-12.
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The Kachina & The White Man: A Study of The Influence of White Culture on The Hopi Kachina Cult,
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involves three basic concepts: first, a supernatural being; second, the masked dancer (and the Zuni
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1603:. Edited by E. C. Parsons. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology, 23, 2 volumes; 1936.
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The Kachina and the White Man: a study of the influences of White culture on the Hopi kachina cult
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The Kachina and the White Man: a study of the influences of White culture on the Hopi kachina cult
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The Kachina and the White Man: a study of the influences of White culture on the Hopi kachina cult
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Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, selected papers
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clowns getting ready for their ceremonial performance, Alexander Stephen was told, "We
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Native paths: American Indian art from the collection of Charles and Valerie Diker
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Anderson, Frank G. (1956). Early documentary material on the Pueblo kachina cult.
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Anderson, Frank G. (1960). Inter-tribal relations in the Pueblo kachina cult. In
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Anderson, Frank G. (1955). The Pueblo Kachina Cult: A Historical Reconstruction.
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identifies, classifies, and illustrates the extensive array of clown personages.
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Stephen, Alexander M. "Hopi Journal." New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.
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History and Background of Zuni Culture, in Patterns and Sources of Zuni Kachinas
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often refers to the spiritual beings themselves (said to be connected with the
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1345:. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cransbrook Institute of Science. pp. 28â29.
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1463:. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cranbrook Institute of Science. pp. 10â11.
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1364:(rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp.
1274:. Bloomsfield Hills, Mich.: Cransbrook Institute of Science. p. 9.
1207:(rev. ed.). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp.
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are venerated, as are the welcome kachinas who bring many blessings."
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Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology: Rainmakers From the Gods
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Drawings of kachina dolls, Plate 11 from an 1894 anthropology book
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Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law,
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Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law,
1527:
Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law,
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Hopi Nation: Essays on Indigenous Art, Culture, History, and Law
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Bloomfield Hills, Michigan: Cranbook Institute of Science, 1954.
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tribes, as well as in most Pueblo tribes in New Mexico.
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Wright, Barton (2008), "Hopi Kachinas: A Life Force",
1431:
Hopi Kachina Dolls: with a Key to their Identification
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Hopi Kachina Dolls: with a Key to their Identification
1203:
Hopi Kachina Dolls: with a Key to their Identification
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105:) is a spirit being in the religious beliefs of the
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Dolls of the Tusayan Indians by Jesse Walter Fewkes.
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1564:. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
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1320:. Hamsen Publishing Company. pp. 37â39, 155.
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16:Spirit being in western Pueblo religious beliefs
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235:The most important Hopi kachinas are known as
1664:, USA: Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons, 6.3
8:
1631:Wright, Barton (1965). Roat, Evelyn (ed.).
1292:. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 26â33.
1382:. Encyclopedia Britannica. 28 March 2008.
1547:Hopi Kachinas: History, Legends, and Art
644:Religious ceremonies are central to the
202:According to Susanne and Jake Page, the
1183:Sacred Women in North American Rock Art
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191:, the kachinas are said to live on the
1719:Indigenous woodcarving of the Americas
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1185:, August 20, 2011. Image is from the
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1601:Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen
1580:"Hopi Social Structure as Related to
1030:pueblo, Arizona, sometime before 1900
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1480:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
1394:Hopi Journal of Alexander M. Stephen
1311:
1309:
1283:
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209:The first ceremony of the year, the
1542:. Santa Fe: State Planning Office..
1516:The Pueblo Indians of North America
1639:. USA: Museum of Northern Arizona.
1549:. Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 2013.
1253:, UNP - Nebraska, pp. 383â405
14:
1459:Dockstader, Frederick J. (1954).
1341:Dockstader, Frederick J. (1954).
1270:Dockstader, Frederick J. (1954).
1099:are the fathers of all Kachina."
625:Native American tribes in Arizona
261:(Pahlikmana), late 19th century.
1560:Schaafsma, Polly (Ed.). (1994).
51:
1427:Colton, Harold Sellers (1959).
1356:Colton, Harold Sellers (1959).
1199:Colton, Harold Sellers (1959).
1648:"Hopi Kachinas: A Life Force,"
1518:. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
1:
1545:Pecina, Ron and Pecina, Bob.
1562:Kachinas in the pueblo world
1187:Bureau of American Ethnology
650:Father Sky and Mother Earth
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1514:Dozier, Edward P. (1970).
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257:Pueblo (Native American).
1507:Dockstader, Frederick J.
1491:Anthropological Quarterly
1409:. Northland Publishing;
921:Salimopia Itapanahnan'ona
1714:Native American religion
1619:. Northland Publishing;
1288:Pritzker, Barry (2011).
1316:Wright, Barton (1988).
936:Salimopia Thluptsin'ono
1635:This is a Hopi Kachina
1540:Rock Art in New Mexico
1164:Kachina Natural Bridge
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1392:Stephen, Alexander.
957:Shulawitsi An Tatchu
939:Sate'tshi E'lashokti
933:Salimopia Thlian'ona
930:Salimopia Shikan'ona
927:Salimopia Shelow'ona
846:Nahalish Awan Mosona
239:. In Hopi, the term
1557:; pp. 124â138
1504:(pp. 377â383).
1189:21st Annual Report.
1043:, particularly the
924:Salimopia Kohan'ona
704:Awan Pithlashiwanni
193:San Francisco Peaks
1729:New Mexico culture
1617:Clowns of the Hopi
1569:American Antiquity
1407:Clowns of the Hopi
1251:Hopi Katsina Songs
1159:Hopi Kachina dolls
1117:Hopi Kachina dolls
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197:Flagstaff, Arizona
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1026:Kachina dancers,
948:Shalako Anuthlona
882:Oky'enawe (Girls)
757:Ishan Atsan Atshi
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1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:0-87358-572-0
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1380:"Hopi people"
1375:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1327:9780960132249
1323:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:9781604137989
1295:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1247:"Appendix 3:"
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:Wright (2008)
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:Wright (1965)
1218:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1111:Kachina dolls
1110:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
849:Nahalish Okya
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
751:Hilili Kohana
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
698:Atoshle Otshi
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
666:According to
664:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
640:Zuni kachinas
639:
634:
631:and Northern
630:
626:
621:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
493:Söhönasomtaka
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
387:
385:
384:Kokyang Wuhti
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
359:Ketowa Visena
357:
355:
352:
349:
347:
346:Huruing Wuhti
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Hahay-i Wuhti
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
311:Angwushahai-i
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
216:
212:
207:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:Hopi religion
183:Hopi kachinas
182:
177:
173:
168:
164:
157:
155:
153:
152:Wright (2008)
147:
145:
136:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:Pueblo people
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
48:
41:
36:
29:
25:
24:Palahiko Mana
21:
1704:Hopi culture
1666:, retrieved
1660:
1651:
1634:
1616:
1600:
1587:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1546:
1539:
1526:
1521:Glenn, Edna
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1479:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1430:
1422:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1374:
1359:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1317:
1289:
1271:
1265:
1255:, retrieved
1250:
1241:
1236:, p. 4.
1229:
1224:, p. 4.
1217:
1202:
1194:
1178:
1154:Heard Museum
1137:
1129:
1120:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1053:
1038:
885:Ololowishkia
834:Mukikw' Okya
810:Kwamumu Okya
675:
671:
665:
654:
643:
629:Grand Canyon
538:Tsimon Maana
488:Shalako Mana
483:Shalako Taka
259:Kachina Doll
258:
240:
236:
234:
224:
219:
214:
210:
208:
203:
201:
186:
172:Heard Museum
161:
148:
140:
133:or sister).
131:
125:and certain
123:Zuni peoples
102:
98:
90:
86:
82:
46:
44:
39:
28:Corn Maidens
23:
1584:Symbolism,"
1523:"Kachinas,"
1133:Casa Grande
1093:Pai'yakyamu
990:Upikaiapona
876:Nepaiyatemu
861:Na'le Otshi
819:Mahedinasha
798:Komokatsiki
792:Kokothlanna
745:Hemushikiwe
742:Hemokatsiki
707:Awan Tatchu
701:Awan Pekwin
613:Wuyak-kuyta
503:Tanik'tsina
464:Pöqangwhoya
395:Kwasai Taka
388:Koshari or
245:Fifth World
1698:Categories
1668:2010-06-22
1538:. (1972).
1486:, 404â419.
1472:References
1257:2022-10-30
1115:See also:
1028:Shongopovi
1005:Wilatsukwe
987:Tsathlashi
984:Tomtsinapa
963:Shumaikoli
954:Shulawitsi
951:Shi-tsukia
918:Saiyathlia
915:Saiyatasha
897:Pakok'Okya
867:Natshimomo
858:Na'le Okya
801:Kothlamana
724:Chathlashi
689:Ainshekoko
657:Zuni River
533:Tsa'kwayna
454:Patsava HĂș
449:Polik-mana
445:Pahlikmana
276:Ahöl Maana
1017:Yeibichai
1014:Yamuhakto
1011:Wo'latana
978:Thlewekwe
972:Temtemshi
909:Potsikish
900:Pasikiapa
891:Paiyatamu
843:Nahalisho
837:Muluktaka
825:Mitsinapa
822:Mitotasha
763:Itsepasha
748:Hetsululu
717:Chakwaina
695:A'thlanna
558:Tukwinong
553:Tsowilawu
430:Nakiatsop
374:Kokopelli
119:Hopi-Tewa
101:, plural
1497:, 31â44.
1290:The Hopi
1143:See also
993:Upo'yona
864:Natashku
840:Muyapona
816:Lapilawe
804:Koyemshi
789:Kokokshi
782:Kianakwe
775:Kanilona
772:Kanatshu
760:Itetsona
713:Bitsitsi
659:and the
603:Wupa-ala
598:Wukoqala
583:Ursisimu
440:Ongtsomo
425:Muyingwa
379:Kokosori
354:Kaletaka
204:katsinam
137:Overview
103:katsinim
83:katchina
1417:. 1994.
1126:Origins
999:Wakashi
943:Shalako
912:Saiyapa
903:Pautiwa
870:Nawisho
852:Nalashi
831:Mukikwe
828:MĂłkwala
813:Kwelele
807:Kwamumu
795:Kokwele
769:Kalutsi
733:Hainawi
730:Eshotsi
727:Chilili
692:Anahoho
686:Ainawua
672:kachina
635:regions
633:Arizona
623:Map of
578:Tungwup
573:Tumuala
528:Tsaveyo
435:Nataska
405:Masau'u
390:Koyaala
301:Alosaka
291:Ahulani
127:Keresan
99:katsina
91:katsina
87:katcina
81:; also
47:kachina
1627:. 1994
1623:
1553:
1413:
1324:
1296:
1097:Koyala
1082:humor.
1058:Clowns
1002:Wamuwe
996:Wahaha
969:Suyuki
966:Siwolo
906:Posuki
894:Pakoko
873:Neneka
778:Kiaklo
766:Kakali
754:Hututu
739:Hehe'a
683:A'Hute
670:, "...
608:Wupamo
593:Wiharu
588:We-u-u
548:Tsiwap
543:Tsitot
523:Tokoch
513:Tiwenu
478:Saviki
473:Pahana
469:Pohaha
459:Patung
415:Maswik
410:Mastop
400:Lemowa
369:Kököle
364:Kötsav
350:Kalavi
331:He-e-e
321:Eototo
211:Powamu
144:cosmos
1654:2008.
1590:2008.
1529:2008.
1170:Notes
1149:Awelo
1074:Clown
1039:Many
888:Owiwi
879:Ohapa
855:Na'le
736:Hehea
568:Tumas
498:Soyal
306:Angak
296:Akush
281:Aholi
271:Ahöla
215:Niman
195:near
89:, or
1621:ISBN
1582:Tihu
1551:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1089:Kiva
1049:Zuni
1047:and
1045:Hopi
646:Zuni
518:Toho
508:Tawa
420:Mong
286:Ahul
255:Hopi
241:wuya
237:wuya
231:Wuya
225:tihĂŒ
121:and
115:Hopi
95:Hopi
1650:in
1586:in
1525:in
1437:5â6
1366:2â4
1209:1â3
945:(6)
471:or
447:or
174:in
97::
1700::
1573:39
1571:,
1495:29
1493:,
1484:11
1482:,
1308:^
1280:^
1249:,
676:is
341:Hu
223:,
117:,
109:,
93:;
85:,
68:iË
65:tÊ
45:A
30:.
1439:.
1368:.
1330:.
1302:.
1211:.
178:.
77:/
74:É
71:n
62:Ë
59:É
56:k
53:/
49:(
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