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threatened him with exile to New Guinea and dispatched nightly military patrols on Jaluit. In
January 1910, the authorities issued a new decision that compromised between Kabua and Litokwa. Kabua retained most of the land, but Litokwa kept the lands he had worked during Loiak's lifetime. Loiak's children also received land parcels.
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The dispute remained peaceful for twelve years, but in
September 1876, the conflict nearly erupted into violence. While both chiefs were staying on Ebon, copra trader James Lyle Young reported witnessing a mob of Loiak's followers wielding muskets and preparing to attack Kabua's followers across the
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Loiak died in 1904, and his brother-in-law
Litokwa claimed his lands. Kabua claimed that he was entitled to Loiak's lands as iroijlaplap. A German tribunal took up the dispute in 1907. During the three-week trial, the German authorities feared that violence would break out between supporters of the
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docked at Jaluit to obtain signatures on a treaty of protection. On
October 15, Kabua, Loiak, and three other iroij signed a treaty in German and Marshallese. While the Marshallese text made no distinction of rank between the five chiefs, the German text recognized Kabua as the King of the Marshall
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outbreak in 1863. Kabua's elder cousin, Ebon iroij Loiak traditionally would have acceded to the paramount chieftainship, but Kabua married
Kaibuke's widow, making him the step-uncle and guardian of his elder cousin. Both chiefs sought support from foreigners by befriending missionaries and working
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In May 1880, Loiak's followers invaded Jaluit to challenge Kabua, possibly because of the German recognition of Kabua as king. The two armies met and carried firearms but did not fight, and there were no casualties. Loiak's followers returned to Ebon several days later; Kabua fled to his home at
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ordered his men to give a military demonstration featuring a bayonet charge, a rapid firing demonstration, and use of artillery blanks, which he later said was intended to "show the islanders, who have not seen anything like it before, the power of the
Europeans." German accounts recall that the
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to maintain order. In June 1907, the tribunal decided in Kabua's favor but rescinded the decision in
October after finding that Kabua had coerced witnesses into making false statements. Kabua threatened to go to war with Litokwa over the reversal, but backed down when the German authorities
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lagoon. Kabua fled to his land on Jaluit rather than engaging in battle. In the following months, rumors circulated that Kabua would return and start a war. Loiak staged frequent military drills on Ebon and stockpiled weapons in late 1876, but Kabua's invasion never occurred.
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traders to expand his wealth and political power. He was also one of the several
Marshallese iroij to sign treaties with the German Empire, first granting Germans exclusive trading rights in the Marshalls in 1878 and then legitimizing German annexation of the islands as a
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at Jaluit and free use of the atoll's harbor for German vessels. The German authorities also recognized Kabua as the "King of the Ralik
Islands," though the treaty required that disputes between Marshallese and Germans would be arbitrated by German ship captains.
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islanders were terrified and that Kabua refused to dine with the German captain for the remainder of negotiations. On
November 29, Werner signed a treaty with Kabua and several other Ralik Chain iroij which granted the
124:. Kabua's followers performed a traditional Marshallese martial dance during a feast to welcome the Germans. During the second day of negotiations, Captain
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in 1885. The German treaties recognized Kabua as King of the Marshall Islands, though the German anthropologist
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The First Taint of Civilization: A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-colonial Days, 1521–1885
144:" status in the Ralik Chain and required iroij to guarantee the rights of German citizens. Germany secured a
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recognized as the king of the Marshall Islands. From 1863 until his death in 1910, he claimed to be the
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in 1852. Only one crew member survived, and Kabua may have personally killed the ship's captain.
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Strangers in their Own Land: A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands
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Kabua died on July 4, 1910, at the approximate age of 90. He was buried at Ailinglaplap.
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Kabua had two sons: Laelan and Jeimata. Through Jeimata, Kabua is the ancestor of three
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600:. Pacific Islands Monograph Series. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
581:. Pacific Islands Monograph Series. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
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In 1885, the German Empire maneuvered to annex the Marshall Islands as a
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anchored at Jaluit to begin treaty negotiations with the iroij of the
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Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. (2022). "11: The Kaiser's Birthday Present".
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Islands, despite the ongoing dispute between Kabua and Loiak.
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noted that "Kabua is king only by the grace of the Germans."
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He was the younger of two nephews of iroijlaplap Kaibuke of
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Fortune, Kate (2000). Lai, Brij V.; Fortune, Kate (eds.).
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The Kaiser and the Colonies: Monarchy in the Age of Empire
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with German copra traders in order to maintain influence.
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498:Philippo, Jim (December 5, 2016).
191:presidents of the Marshall Islands
160:. On October 13, 1885, the German
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562:. University of Hawaii Press.
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82:Kabua's home island was the
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596:Hezel, Francis X. (2003).
577:Hezel, Francis X. (1983).
504:. Xlibris Corporation.
126:Bartholomäus von Werner
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101:, who died during a
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142:most favored nation
625:Marshallese chiefs
84:Ailinglaplap Atoll
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511:978-1-4990-6255-7
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203:David Kabua
199:Imata Kabua
195:Amata Kabua
129: [
122:Ralik Chain
59:iroijlaplap
42:Marshallese
38: 1820
619:Categories
462:Hezel 2003
411:Hezel 2003
384:Hezel 1983
360:Hezel 1983
348:Hezel 1983
336:Hezel 2003
324:Hezel 1983
288:Hezel 1983
276:Hezel 1983
261:Hezel 1983
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209:References
99:Ebon Atoll
88:Sea Nymph
78:Biography
49:whom the
166:Nautilus
162:corvette
117:Ariadne
29:, also
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185:Family
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63:copra
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602:ISBN
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164:SMS
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537:doi
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