40:
330:
207:
257:
Faculty of
Medicine was a Turkish surgeon and anatomist, Urga, who taught medicine and surgery for a period of 17 years with 15 other Turkish physicians. Later on, some additional teaching staff, including French professor Pierre Bolange, attended as the dean of the Faculty of Medicine after the previous Turkish dean, Zuhtu Bey, left Kabul for Ankara in 1952. The first nine graduates of the Faculty of Medicine played significant roles in Afghanistan's university community reforms; two of them were Muhammad Yusuf (the prime minister) and Fattah Najeem.
532:
602:
442:, and believes he was installed for his loyalty to the Taliban. At least 70 faculty members at the university resigned following Ghairat's installation, with the remainder demanding the Taliban rescind the installation. Ghairat had pledged to "rid Kabul University of Western and infidel thoughts" and to impose a policy of segregation, stating, "As long as real Islamic environment is not provided for all, women will not be allowed to come to universities or work. Islam first."
477:
2489:
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253:. The first teaching-university hospital, the Aliabad Hospital, was also built here on the campus under the guidance and supervision of Turkish architects and teaching physicians. In 1936, the Faculty of Law & Political Sciences on the same campus was established by Turkish Mehmed Ali Dağpınar. The Faculty of Law started to enroll students of law.
562:
The
Faculty of Language and Literature has ten departments: Pashto Language and Literature Department, Dari Language and Literature Department, The English Department, Russian Language Department, German Language Department, Turkish Language Department, Department of French Language, Arabic Language
544:
The
Faculty of Agriculture has eight departments: Agronomy Department, Economics and Agricultural Extension Department, Forestry & Natural Resources Department, Department of Biotechnology and Seed Production, Department of Animal Sciences, Department of Soil Science and Irrigation, Horticulture
445:
In
October 2021, Ghairat was replaced by Osama Aziz, who holds a doctorate in Islamic Jurisprudence (Sharia law). As of December 2021 classes are still suspended and research at the university has come to a standstill. Faizullah Jalal, a university worker and a critic of the Taliban, was arrested in
558:
Faculty of Arts built at a cost of around $ 10 million by neighboring country
Pakistan, was established in 2010. The building contains 28 classrooms, two seminar halls, a library, two computer labs, and 20 faculty offices. It covers an area of 143,379 square feet (13,320.3 m). Afghan and
526:
The
Faculty of Engineering has six departments: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Department of Architectural Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Department of Urban Planning and Design. The
449:
Kabul
University reopened on 26 February 2022, with female students attending in the morning and males in the afternoon. Other than the closure of the music department, few changes to the curriculum were reported. Additionally, the new administration has not formally prohibited male teachers from
256:
The first attending
Turkish professors of medicine and surgery who had gone to Afghanistan under an official agreement between the governments of Afghanistan and the Turkish Republic served at Kabul University between 1932 and 1952. The first president (rector) of Kabul University and dean of the
519:
The
Faculty of Economics has two shifts students (day and night), five active departments, three future planned departments. The day shifts' departments are: Finance Department, Enterprise Management Department, Econometric and Statistic Department, National Economies Department, Management
540:
The
Faculty of Pharmacy has five departments: Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacognosy, Department of Microbiology and Department of Biochemistry-Nutrition. It has eight laboratories. An estimated 400 students are taking classes
520:
Information Systems Department, Counting Department (Future Plan), Money and Banking Department (Future Plan) and Economic Development Department (Future Plan). The night shifts' departments are: Finance Department, Enterprise Management Department and National Economics Department.
348:
in late 2001, the international community focused on rebuilding the educational institutions in Afghanistan. By January 2004 the campus had only 24 computers. As part of its recovery program, the university has established partnerships with four foreign universities, including
609:
In 1992, the library held 200,000 books, 5,000 manuscripts, 3,000 rare books, periodicals, photographs, and calligraphic specimens. Following a civil war, most materials were sold in book markets, burnt, destroyed, or lost. It served as the National Library of Afghanistan.
418:
the university on 2 November 2020, killing 35 and wounding 56. The attack occurred at around 11:00. Afghan security officials claimed they have arrested the person who instigated the attack. The three gunmen were killed by Afghan and American forces who came to the scene.
569:
The Faculty of Islamic Studies have eight departments: Religious Jurisprudence, Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, Belief and Philosophy, Narrations of Prophet, Interpretation of Quran, Manner and Eloquence, Preaching of Islam and Islamic
313:, Kabul University lost several lecturers and staff. The majority of the university's faculty left during the ten-year period of unrest or civil war that followed the fall of the PDPA government in 1992. The area around the university and
548:
The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine has five departments: Department of Animal Production, Department of Para Clinic, Department of Clinic, Department of Preclinical, and Department of Food Hygiene and Technology.
438:, a longtime KU professor and expert on medicinal plants, with Mohammad Ashraf Ghairat, a Taliban fighter and former journalism student. Critics noted that Ghairat had no qualifications beyond running a small
365:. The number of students in higher education had increased across the country from 22,717 in 2002 to 56,451 in 2008. By 2008, Kabul University was attended by 9,660 students, 2,336 (24%) of them being women.
462:
instead. Attendance was reportedly low on the first day, possibly due to lingering fears of the Taliban or the economic hardship affecting Afghans following foreign aid cuts and U.S. financial sanctions.
1096:
1345:
Faculty of environment science is established with three main departments, such as Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Management, and Natural Disaster Management. General Science
508:
The Faculty of Environment Science has three departments: Department of Environmental Protection, Department of Natural Resources and Management and Department of Natural Disaster Management.
566:
The Faculty of Fine Arts have six departments: Sculpture Department, Painting Department, Graphic Department, Theatre Department, Music Department, Playwright and Screenwriting Department.
1698:
Psychology and Educational Science Faculty has four departments: Education, Psychology, Administration and Management and in 2013 department of Advisor and Instruction will also be added.
513:
The Faculty of Law and Political Sciences has four departments: Department of Public Law, Department of Criminal Law, Department of Private Law and Department of International Relations.
516:
The Faculty of Computer Science has four departments: Software Engineering Department, Computer Science Department, Information Technology Department and Information System Department.
1068:
2646:
2300:
306:. In a clash between Ikhwanis and Sholayees, a poet named Saydal Sokhandan was killed by Hekmatyar in the 1970s. Saydal was fired upon and shot by Gulbuddin during an argument.
345:
372:
faculty and donated 25,000 books. The main library of Kabul University, which was built by the United States. It is equipped with computers, books and magazines.
972:
249:
The first Faculty of Medicine in Kabul was established by a group of Turkish professors of Medicine and Surgery led by Kamil Rıfkı Urga in 1932 in the region of
2143:
2651:
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310:
586:
171:
926:
2293:
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The Faculty of Science has four departments: Department of Biology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics.
198:, nearly half were female. The university reopened in February 2022, with classes separated by sex but relatively few changes to the curriculum.
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2543:
2523:
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1978:
982:
2219:
573:
The Faculty of Social Science have three departments: Archaeology and Anthropology Department, Philosophy Department and History Department.
39:
2636:
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2286:
1892:
576:
Psychology and Educational Science Faculty has six departments: Education, Psychology, Administration, Management, Advisor and Instruction.
329:
2309:
2183:
2088:
762:
387:
center of Kabul University (ITCK). Each building is connected to the campus network and is provided with the internet connection from a
2513:
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817:
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362:
358:
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230:, opening its doors one year later to students from across the country. It benefitted from partnerships with the governments of
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2018:
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At the beginning of 2020, Chancellor Babury has introduced a new program for the change and development of Kabul University.
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2013:
2003:
1963:
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998:
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274:
In the 1960s, foreign-educated scholars populated the campus. Notable students influenced during this era included
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2008:
1983:
1973:
1958:
1948:
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1993:
1910:
1885:
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The major academic libraries were established at the Kabul University, Pohantoon-e- Kabul (1932), and the (...)
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in 2003, and includes faculty in the departments of Law and Politics, Economics, and Social Science.
227:
188:
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260:
Initially, the university accepted only male students, but in 1950, it was opened to women as well.
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1805:"Twice a refugee from Afghanistan, Nasrin Husseini is now on BBC list of 100 influential women"
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1155:
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978:
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The Faculty of Journalism has two departments: Radio &TV Department and Press Department.
357:. Furthermore, the Information Technology Center was founded in 2002 with the cooperation of
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710:
674:
333:
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866:"نمایشگاه هنری شبکهکاری و معرقکاری اسلامی در دانشگاه کابل تدویر یافت | Kabul University"
740:
668:
656:
647:
383:
In 2008, the campus of Kabul University was provided with local network facilities by the
490:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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The National Centre for Policy Research was established at Kabul University by the
373:
337:
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194:
Approximately 22,000 students attend Kabul University. In August 2021, before the
458:
to attend, although the regulation enforcing them was vague, with some wearing a
270:
was the director of the Afghan Center at Kabul University (ACKU) starting in 1962
2267:
662:
163:
1238:
1221:
1181:"Women Banned from Working and Attending Kabul University - September 28, 2021"
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1858:
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1357:
673:
Afghan ambassador to Austria and former Afghan ambassador to Nordic countries
314:
283:
2607:
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1870:
1159:
1097:"Death toll from Kabul University attack rises to at least 35 as anger grows"
290:. Many different political groups were influenced by the university, such as
439:
369:
1247:
527:
Faculty offers a master program in Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
402:
1006:
974:
The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan
563:
Department, Spanish Language Department and Chinese Language Department.
295:
239:
450:
instructing female students. Female students are required to wear an
303:
235:
231:
184:
162:) is one of the major and oldest institutions of higher education in
368:
It was reported in 2007 that Iran donated funds to the university's
1711:"Activities of Policy Research National Center of Kabul University"
1532:
1507:
1482:
1457:
1432:
1382:
408:
outside the university. It killed 8 people and injured another 33.
999:"Glossary of Names and Terms mentioned in the Historical Overview"
618:
Notable graduates and former faculty of Kabul University include:
600:
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459:
455:
451:
328:
291:
262:
205:
167:
108:
1760:"The Situation of Kabul University Library: Its Past and Present"
1714:
653:
411:
380:, was the Director of the Afghanistan Center at the university.
2282:
1874:
1222:"Afghanistan's academics despair months after Taliban takeover"
898:"Resignations follow Taliban pick to run top Afghan university"
1207:"Who replaced the Taliban-appointed head of Kabul University?"
784:"Who replaced the Taliban-appointed head of Kabul University?"
470:
219:
Kabul University was established in 1932 during the reign of
1736:
1608:"Brief History of the Fine Arts Faculty of Kabul University"
788:
Who replaced the Taliban-appointed head of Kabul University?
1069:"Gunmen storm Kabul University, killing 19 and wounding 22"
395:(VoIP) technology was also part of the networking project.
1288:"Some universities reopen, in others professors have fled"
927:"Afghan students return to Kabul U, but with restrictions"
559:
Pakistani officials inaugurated the building in July 2010.
1785:
1358:"Brief history of the law and political sciences faculty"
134:
1825:
1146:
Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Faizi, Fatima (2 November 2020).
1040:"Explosion outside Kabul University kills 8, wounds 33"
808:
Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis, Donald G. Jr., eds. (1994).
1860:
Kabul University students to compete at DC moot court
1024:
1148:"Gunmen Storm Kabul University, Killing at Least 19"
2504:
2316:
2207:
2167:
1909:
1021:"Information Technology Center of Kabul University"
129:
119:
103:
95:
85:
67:
57:
1739:. National Centre for Policy Research. 2 July 2019
1303:"Afghan universities reopen, but few women return"
1067:Susannah George; Sharif Hassan (2 November 2020).
853:Pohantoon-e-Kabul. Aliabad, Kabul President: (...)
210:Biology class during the late 1950s or early 1960s
1270:"Taliban arrest Afghan professor after criticism"
892:
890:
888:
886:
841:. Macmillan Publishers Limited. 1993. p. 1.
1122:"Kabul University attack: 'We're tired of war'"
622:Former Dean of Islamic law at Kabul University
605:Inside the university's Central Library in 2008
311:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA)
971:Weiner, Myron; Banuazizi, Ali (1 March 1994).
920:
918:
661:Editor-in-Chief of national newspaper (1970s)
2647:Universities and colleges established in 1932
2294:
1886:
431:, the university fell under Taliban control.
8:
545:Department, and Plant Protection Department.
157:
28:
21:
1408:"A Brief Introduction to Economics Faculty"
727:Former Afghan guerilla and military leader
166:. It is in the 3rd District of the capital
2301:
2287:
2279:
1893:
1879:
1871:
1832:Education quality in Kabul University- VOA
1713:. Kabul University website. Archived from
38:
20:
1237:
1038:Amir Shah; Kathy Gannon (19 July 2019).
753:List of Islamic educational institutions
812:. Garland Publishing, Inc. p. 18.
774:
1848:Afghanistan Center at Kabul University
1786:"Dr. Hafiz Sahar Biographical website"
1220:Mallapaty, Smriti (17 December 2021).
838:International Handbook of Universities
1062:
1060:
182:at the time was his younger brother,
7:
1826:Official website of Kabul University
646:Former Afghan Marxist head of state
535:Kabul University Engineering Faculty
62:Excellence in Service to Afghanistan
1855:, 8 January 2014, USAIDAfghanistan.
1774:from the original on 31 March 2012.
1383:"Brief history of Computer Science"
954:"Tunes of hope at Kabul University"
763:List of universities in Afghanistan
581:National Centre for Policy Research
158:
29:
2652:1932 establishments in Afghanistan
2642:Universities and colleges in Kabul
1803:Leighton, Max (11 December 2021).
1758:Rahin, Abdul Rasoul (5 May 1998).
925:Kullab, Samya (26 February 2022).
782:Qazi, Shereena (4 November 2021).
14:
1867:, 6 March 2011, Voice of America.
1095:Hamid Shalizi (3 November 2020).
340:visiting Kabul University in 2005
2487:
2262:
2253:
2252:
1301:Wali, Qubad (26 February 2022).
721:Former President of Afghanistan
715:Former President of Afghanistan
703:Former President of Afghanistan
697:Former President of Afghanistan
475:
434:The Taliban replaced Chancellor
359:German Academic Exchange Service
317:was a major battleground in the
16:University in Kabul, Afghanistan
810:Encyclopedia of Library History
2220:British Indian Ocean Territory
1:
2657:Libraries established in 1932
1023:. 3 July 2011. Archived from
977:. Syracuse University Press.
640:Former Afghan Prime Minister
634:Former Afghan Prime Minister
628:Former Afghan Prime Minister
363:Technische Universität Berlin
309:During the governance of the
223:and during the government of
587:Ministry of Higher Education
319:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
174:. It was founded in 1931 by
172:Ministry of Higher Education
2637:Universities in Afghanistan
2310:Universities in Afghanistan
2675:
1239:10.1038/d41586-021-03774-y
739:Canadian refugee advocate
709:Afghan Marxist politician
636:Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal
591:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
159:دکابل پوهنتون/پوهنتون کابل
2482:
2441:National Military Academy
2248:
1583:"Language and Literature"
484:This section needs to be
344:After the removal of the
46:
37:
30:کابل پوهنتون/پوهنتون کابل
26:
1969:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
758:Education in Afghanistan
221:King Mohammed Nadir Shah
176:King Mohammed Nadir Shah
73: (91 years ago)
2461:Shaikh Zayed University
2230:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
691:American archaeologist
2466:Syed Jamaluddin Afghan
606:
536:
429:2021 Taliban offensive
385:Information Technology
341:
271:
211:
52:Universitas Cabulensis
51:
2608:34.51778°N 69.12806°E
1533:"Veterinary Medicine"
1330:"Educational Program"
624:Gholam Mohammad Niazi
604:
534:
436:Mohammad Osman Babury
355:University of Arizona
332:
266:
209:
2144:United Arab Emirates
1839:, 22 November 2018,
1683:"History of Faculty"
1308:Agence France-Presse
1185:The Daily News Brief
642:Mohammad Musa Shafiq
228:Mohammad Hashim Khan
189:Mohammad Hashim Khan
2604: /
2171:limited recognition
1187:. 28 September 2021
1074:The Washington Post
723:Burhanuddin Rabbani
717:Nur Muhammad Taraki
705:Mohammad Najibullah
401:On 19 July 2019, a
280:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
23:
2613:34.51778; 69.12806
2495:Afghanistan portal
1902:National libraries
1717:on 22 October 2012
1152:The New York Times
1027:on 17 August 2011.
960:. 6 December 2001.
729:Ahmad Shah Massoud
667:Afghan politician
607:
537:
346:Taliban government
342:
276:Ahmad Shah Massoud
272:
212:
71:November 1932
2587:
2586:
2406:Kabul Polytechnic
2276:
2275:
2213:other territories
1737:"About Us – NCPR"
984:978-0-8156-2609-1
505:
504:
351:Purdue University
147:
146:
2664:
2632:Kabul University
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2431:Logar University
2303:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2225:Christmas Island
1911:Sovereign states
1895:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1861:
1849:
1841:Voice of America
1833:
1813:
1812:
1809:CBC/Radio-Canada
1800:
1794:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1687:Kabul University
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1662:Kabul University
1658:"Social Science"
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1637:Kabul University
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1612:Kabul University
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1587:Kabul University
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1562:Kabul University
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1537:Kabul University
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1512:Kabul University
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1487:Kabul University
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1462:Kabul University
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1437:Kabul University
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1412:Kabul University
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1387:Kabul University
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1362:Kabul University
1354:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1334:Kabul University
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1241:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1009:on 16 July 2011.
1005:. Archived from
995:
989:
988:
968:
962:
961:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
932:Associated Press
922:
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881:
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876:
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856:
855:
833:
827:
826:
805:
799:
798:
796:
794:
779:
711:Anahita Ratebzad
685:Afghan activist
675:Manizha Bakhtari
500:
497:
491:
479:
478:
471:
334:Zalmay Khalilzad
288:Saydal Sokhandan
196:Taliban takeover
161:
160:
150:Kabul University
143:
140:
138:
136:
81:
79:
74:
42:
32:
31:
24:
22:Kabul University
2674:
2673:
2667:
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2622:
2621:
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2590:
2588:
2583:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2396:Kabul Education
2312:
2307:
2277:
2272:
2244:
2212:
2203:
2184:Northern Cyprus
2170:
2163:
1905:
1899:
1859:
1847:
1831:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1764:World Libraries
1757:
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1516:
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1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
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1715:the original
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1558:"Journalism"
1552:
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1274:Bangkok Post
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1189:. Retrieved
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791:. Retrieved
787:
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733:Afghan poet
693:Nancy Dupree
679:Afghan poet
617:
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584:
556:Allama Iqbal
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2029:South Korea
2024:North Korea
1919:Afghanistan
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1667:11 November
1642:11 November
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1567:10 November
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1392:10 November
1367:10 November
1339:10 November
1314:27 February
938:27 February
907:26 February
875:24 February
793:26 February
663:Hafiz Sahar
389:fiber optic
361:(DAAD) and
296:Parchamites
170:, near the
164:Afghanistan
114:Afghanistan
68:Established
2626:Categories
2331:Badakhshan
2149:Uzbekistan
2124:Tajikistan
2039:Kyrgyzstan
2019:Kazakhstan
1939:Bangladesh
1929:Azerbaijan
1743:4 November
1483:"Pharmacy"
1106:5 November
1080:2 November
1049:4 November
769:References
423:Since 2021
376:, wife of
315:Karte Char
304:Ikhwanists
284:Faiz Ahmad
242:, and the
91:Osama Aziz
87:Chancellor
2599:69°7′41″E
2596:34°31′4″N
2436:Nangarhar
2326:Al-Beroni
2235:Hong Kong
2189:Palestine
2114:Sri Lanka
2109:Singapore
1989:Indonesia
1721:2 January
1433:"Science"
1256:245262785
1191:1 October
1165:7 January
1160:0362-4331
1131:7 January
1003:maoism.ru
467:Structure
440:madrassah
370:dentistry
325:2001–2021
300:Sholayees
292:Khalqists
2579:Spinghar
2559:Khurasan
2514:American
2456:Samangan
2411:Kandahar
2258:Category
2179:Abkhazia
2129:Thailand
2084:Pakistan
2064:Mongolia
2059:Maldives
2054:Malaysia
1954:Cambodia
1772:Archived
1248:34916670
1126:BBC News
958:BBC News
747:See also
570:Culture.
416:attacked
406:exploded
403:car bomb
353:and the
178:, whose
121:Nickname
104:Location
96:Students
2544:Kaboora
2524:Bakhtar
2506:Private
2476:Uruzgan
2426:Laghman
2386:Jowzjan
2376:Helmand
2351:Bamiyan
2341:Baghlan
2336:Badghis
2154:Vietnam
2069:Myanmar
2049:Lebanon
1979:Georgia
1934:Bahrain
1924:Armenia
1904:of Asia
1865:YouTube
1853:YouTube
1837:YouTube
1101:Reuters
1044:AP News
597:Library
486:updated
414:gunmen
251:Aliabad
240:Germany
202:History
130:Website
78:1932-11
76: (
2554:Karwan
2549:Kardan
2519:Ariana
2471:Takhar
2451:Parwan
2446:Paktia
2421:Kunduz
2416:Kapisa
2366:Ghazni
2361:Faryab
2318:Public
2199:Taiwan
2134:Turkey
2099:Russia
2034:Kuwait
2014:Jordan
2004:Israel
1964:Cyprus
1949:Brunei
1944:Bhutan
1254:
1246:
1226:Nature
1158:
981:
845:
816:
541:there.
454:and a
446:2022.
302:, and
286:, and
282:, Dr.
236:France
232:Turkey
185:Sardar
99:22,000
2574:Salam
2564:Pamir
2534:Dawat
2391:Kabul
2381:Herat
2356:Farah
2346:Balkh
2240:Macau
2159:Yemen
2119:Syria
2094:Qatar
2074:Nepal
2009:Japan
1984:India
1974:Egypt
1959:China
1770:(2).
1252:S2CID
460:shawl
456:hijab
452:abaya
168:Kabul
109:Kabul
58:Motto
48:Latin
2569:Rana
2539:Hara
2529:Bost
2371:Ghor
2079:Oman
2044:Laos
1999:Iraq
1994:Iran
1745:2020
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1316:2022
1244:PMID
1193:2021
1167:2021
1156:ISSN
1133:2021
1108:2020
1082:2020
1051:2020
979:ISBN
940:2022
909:2022
877:2021
843:ISBN
814:ISBN
795:2022
589:and
554:The
412:ISIL
336:and
139:.edu
2211:and
1863:on
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654:KAM
141:.af
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135:www
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