578:
initiative of the kadi. The Porte appointed kadis and dismissed them at will, set the bounds of judicial administrative units, and kept in regular correspondence with its kadis. Not many kadis would have dared to tempt the imperial will, and fewer still could have withstood its wrath.” Kadis followed the orders of the sultan and his court while retaining autonomy in their rulings. Due to this autonomy, the kadis played an important role in initiating change in
Ottoman jurisprudence. A kadi's rulings did not extend beyond individual cases, but the way in which they applied laws often influenced the imperial authority's interpretation of the law. For example, judgments by kadi concerning certain cash endowments (
53:
488:, kadis relied on this dynastic secular law, local customs, and sharia to guide their rulings. Along with adjudicating over criminal and civil matters, the kadi oversaw the administration of religious endowments and was the legal guardian of orphans and others without a guardian. Although Muslims, in particular Muslim men, possessed a higher status in the kadi's court, non-Muslims and foreigners also had access to the judicial system. Under the Ottomans' initial system of feudal land grants, the
577:
The delegation of power to the kadi from the sultan gave the kadi certain freedoms, especially concerning their application of the law, but also reaffirmed the sultan's authority. As noted by Ronald
Jennings, “The imperial authority could easily have overshadowed or smothered the authority and
555:
from the military class carried out the sultan's executive authority while the kadi represented his legal authority. The division of power between these two authorities produced a delicate balance; the bey needed a kadi's judgement to punish a subject, and the kadi could not carry out his own
564:
and others.” Although the kadi also often abused their authority, the division of power allowed the tax paying class to have their grievances addressed without involving the far-away imperial authority. The power vested in the kadi allowed them to protect the legitimacy of the
584:), which came under scrutiny due to the connection with interest and usury, eventually helped legitimize the practice. The extent to which a kadi could assert his own independence remains unclear, but they had enough leeway to help guide the development of
532:
The
Ottoman Empire was governed through a top-down hierarchy with all authority ultimately residing with the sultan but, as the empire began aggressively acquiring vast territories with diverse populations, the imperial authority adopted the
539:("land grant") system to ensure it would continue to be able to field an adequate military force, to maintain local control, and to provide the central authority with a stable flow of local taxes. Choosing from members of the
494:
system, the kadi served as an important check on the power of the local and regional military lords. Despite the unquestioned authority of the sultan, kadis possessed a certain degree of autonomy in their rulings.
414:
901:
407:
1475:
1345:
864:
771:
400:
1587:
928:
1375:
1674:
938:
1480:
1901:
1778:
1275:
948:
1743:
1012:
708:
Local Court, Provincial
Society and Justice in the Ottoman Empire : Legal Practice and Dispute Resolution in Cankiri and Kastamonu (1652-1744)
1084:
923:
1827:
1619:
1607:
1524:
1206:
1079:
943:
1738:
1032:
1216:
1191:
1160:
835:
1002:
823:
764:
1911:
1872:
1832:
1806:
1760:
1501:
1248:
896:
358:
1130:
1047:
1037:
881:
1538:
52:
1470:
1768:
1733:
1639:
1597:
891:
498:
Some kadis worked at various positions within the imperial administration but typically a kadi oversaw a jurisdiction called a
1592:
1418:
1359:
965:
757:
40:
933:
1865:
1811:
1661:
1651:
1145:
788:
1429:
1211:
960:
1837:
1801:
1783:
1750:
1721:
1236:
1496:
801:
886:
1644:
1403:
1392:
874:
432:
278:
502:, usually consisting of a city and its surrounding villages. These territories were initially identical with
1879:
1385:
1228:
333:
273:
1906:
1699:
1453:
1054:
840:
816:
560:, “It was to them that peasants brought their complaints of abusive behavior suffered at the hands of the
557:
1545:
478:; under Ottoman rule, however, the kadi also became a crucial part of the imperial administration. After
378:
1460:
1175:
970:
31:
1555:
721:
Jennings, Ronald (1979). "Limitations of the
Judicial Powers of the Kadi in 17th C. Ottoman Kayseri".
293:
1684:
1669:
1413:
1170:
479:
845:
288:
283:
142:
102:
1408:
811:
192:
177:
313:
222:
202:
197:
1716:
975:
852:
828:
510:, and the kadi oversaw a great deal of administrative work. Over time and particularly after the
137:
87:
1241:
642:
Capitulations and the
Ottoman Legal System : Qadis, Consuls and Beraths in the 18th Century
207:
187:
112:
72:
1847:
1689:
1042:
658:
Jennings, Ronald (1979). "Limitations of the
Judicial Powers of the Kadi in 17th C. Kayseri".
343:
368:
1706:
1465:
1263:
1069:
796:
303:
232:
172:
132:
514:
reforms of the 19th century, the administrative tasks of the kaza were given to a separate
1711:
1565:
1506:
1268:
1027:
627:
Capitulations and the
Ottoman legal system: Qadis, Consuls and Beraths in the 18th Century
452:
67:
466:
437:
1793:
1773:
1726:
780:
448:
182:
167:
147:
44:
1895:
1694:
1634:
1448:
1331:
1119:
1106:
1074:
1064:
1059:
741:
Law, custom, and statute in the Muslim world : studies in honor of Aharon Layish
363:
353:
217:
212:
162:
92:
1165:
1580:
1550:
1440:
1280:
1258:
857:
806:
348:
1380:
1089:
955:
585:
484:
475:
323:
263:
157:
152:
107:
1629:
1253:
1096:
227:
1624:
1397:
1324:
1307:
1101:
318:
242:
980:
373:
82:
1575:
1423:
1180:
1155:
869:
515:
511:
471:) typically refers to judges who preside over matters in accordance with
442:
383:
338:
328:
127:
117:
1570:
1560:
1340:
1314:
995:
990:
499:
308:
298:
237:
122:
551:
of the sultan appointed a kadi to a district. Within each district, a
1842:
1319:
1302:
1150:
561:
507:
472:
268:
17:
541:
535:
527:
490:
247:
97:
77:
749:
1336:
580:
503:
458:
388:
30:
This article is about the
Ottoman official. For other uses, see
753:
552:
518:
and the kadi became solely occupied with legal matters.
456:
1820:
1792:
1759:
1660:
1606:
1523:
1489:
1439:
1367:
1358:
1295:
1227:
1189:
1128:
1117:
1020:
1011:
912:
787:
569:system while also securing the empire's tax base.
677:. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 183.
675:The Ottoman Empire The Classical Age 1300-1600
765:
546:
408:
8:
464:
1612:
1364:
1125:
1017:
916:
772:
758:
750:
695:. Cambridge University Press. p. 122.
693:Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials
415:
401:
36:
710:. Brill Academci Publishers. p. 101.
644:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 604.
743:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 85.
629:. Brill academic publishers. p. 43.
596:
255:
59:
39:
7:
734:
732:
686:
684:
653:
651:
620:
618:
602:
600:
545:(religious and legal scholars), the
436:
506:, the subdivisions of the empire's
1197:(reform and constitutional period)
359:Ottoman Public Debt Administration
25:
1085:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
1048:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
625:van den Boogert, Maurits (2005).
1902:Government of the Ottoman Empire
1080:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
640:van den Boogert, Maurits (205).
51:
1161:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
902:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
27:Official in the Ottoman Empire
1:
443:
1346:Vassal and tributary states
457:
1928:
525:
29:
1912:Law of the Ottoman Empire
1860:
1615:
919:
865:Decline and modernization
465:
447:) was an official in the
1393:Six Divisions of Cavalry
929:Foreign Affairs Ministry
739:Hoexter, Miriam (2007).
611:. EJ Brill. p. 606.
279:Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti
1386:Agha of the Janissaries
1033:List of Ottoman sultans
673:Inalcik, Halil (1973).
609:The Ottomans and Europe
607:Kafadar, Cemal (1994).
1588:Science and technology
1038:Roman succession claim
706:Ergene, Bogac (2003).
547:
1461:Dragoman of the Fleet
1176:Dragoman of the Porte
966:Armenian Constitution
853:Stagnation and reform
1181:Outer Palace Service
1097:Inner Palace Service
691:Singer, Amy (1994).
1376:Classic period army
1217:Chamber of Deputies
1192:Imperial Government
1003:Translation Office
887:2nd Constitutional
875:1st Constitutional
829:Sultanate of Women
1889:
1888:
1856:
1855:
1848:Star and crescent
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1354:
1353:
1291:
1290:
1043:Ottoman Caliphate
924:Foreign relations
425:
424:
16:(Redirected from
1919:
1620:Social structure
1613:
1466:Imperial Arsenal
1365:
1199:
1138:
1136:(classic period)
1131:Imperial Council
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233:Tekalif-i orfiye
55:
37:
21:
1927:
1926:
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1918:
1917:
1916:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1852:
1816:
1788:
1755:
1656:
1645:Ottoman Turkish
1602:
1511:
1485:
1435:
1430:Modernized army
1414:Sekban-i Djedid
1350:
1287:
1242:Shaykh al-Islām
1223:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1113:
1028:Ottoman dynasty
1007:
908:
783:
778:
748:
738:
737:
730:
723:Studia Islamica
720:
719:
715:
705:
704:
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690:
689:
682:
672:
671:
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660:Studia Islamica
657:
656:
649:
639:
638:
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624:
623:
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606:
605:
598:
594:
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530:
524:
433:Ottoman Turkish
421:
208:Resm-i mücerred
73:Adet-i deştbani
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1925:
1923:
1915:
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1909:
1904:
1894:
1893:
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1884:
1883:
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1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1409:Nizam-i Djedid
1400:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1332:Mutasarrifates
1329:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1312:
1311:
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1214:
1203:
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1190:
1187:
1186:
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1183:
1178:
1173:
1171:Reis ül-Küttab
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1107:Palace Schools
1104:
1094:
1093:
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1077:
1072:
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1062:
1055:Imperial Harem
1052:
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1050:
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1024:
1022:
1021:House of Osman
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843:
841:Decline thesis
836:Transformation
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832:
831:
821:
820:
819:
817:Constantinople
814:
809:
799:
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791:
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784:
781:Ottoman Empire
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762:
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746:
728:
713:
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571:
526:Main article:
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520:
449:Ottoman Empire
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289:Hazine-i Amire
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284:Hazine-i Hassa
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256:Implementation
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168:Resm-i arusane
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148:Muskirat resmi
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143:Mururiye resmi
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103:Cürm-ü cinayet
100:
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62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
45:Ottoman Empire
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1924:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Sharia judges
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1635:Ottoman court
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1482:
1479:
1477:
1476:Naval battles
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:Kapudan Pasha
1447:
1446:
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1431:
1427:
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1405:
1404:Reform period
1401:
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1068:
1066:
1065:Haseki sultan
1063:
1061:
1060:Valide sultan
1058:
1057:
1056:
1053:
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939:United States
937:
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851:
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844:
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839:
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834:
830:
827:
826:
825:
824:Classical Age
822:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
798:
797:Osman's Dream
795:
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786:
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1833:Coat of arms
1807:Christianity
1761:Demographics
1744:of Armenians
1685:Illumination
1670:Architecture
1551:Central bank
1502:Conscription
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1419:Mansure Army
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1281:Hakham Bashi
1249:Christianity
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1146:Grand Vizier
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961:Constitution
807:Ghaza thesis
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314:Kanun-i Raya
223:Selamet isni
198:Resm-i ganem
188:Resm-i dönüm
113:Gümrük resmi
68:Adet-i Ağnam
1700:Shadow play
1546:Agriculture
1539:Reformation
1535:Enlargement
1381:Janissaries
1090:Kizlar Agha
1075:Hanımefendi
1070:Kadınefendi
882:Dissolution
812:Interregnum
586:Ottoman law
476:Islamic law
455:, the term
183:Resm-i çift
158:Otlak resmi
108:Damga resmi
88:Bac-i pazar
1896:Categories
1717:Literature
1630:Ottomanism
1325:Sanjakbeys
1308:Beylerbeys
1296:Provincial
1013:Government
976:Family law
592:References
558:Amy Singer
354:Mütesellim
228:Tapu resmi
163:Rav akçesi
1769:Armenians
1734:Education
1690:Miniature
1640:Languages
1625:Devshirme
1598:Transport
1398:Timariots
1264:Bulgarian
1156:Kazaskers
1118:Central (
1102:Kapi Agha
971:Electoral
897:Abolition
892:Partition
556:rulings.
480:Mehmed II
349:Muqata'ah
319:Kanunname
243:Tuz resmi
1880:Category
1794:Religion
1707:Clothing
1593:Taxation
1556:Currency
1497:Aviation
1471:Admirals
1424:Hamidieh
1360:Military
1341:Kadiluks
1315:Vilayets
1269:Armenian
1207:Assembly
944:Treaties
913:Politics
870:Tanzimat
573:Autonomy
516:kaymakam
512:Tanzimat
384:Tanzimat
344:Muhassil
339:Muafiyet
329:Merdiban
324:Malikâne
264:Ahidnâme
128:Ispendje
41:Taxation
1866:Outline
1821:Symbols
1812:Judaism
1739:Schools
1712:Cuisine
1675:Mosques
1662:Culture
1652:Slavery
1608:Society
1571:Sultani
1532:By era
1525:Economy
1507:Weapons
1320:Sanjaks
1303:Eyalets
1276:Judaism
1229:Millets
1166:Nişancı
1151:Viziers
996:Halakha
991:Mecelle
934:Safavid
846:Köprülü
789:History
562:sipahis
508:sanjuks
500:kadiluk
369:Siyakat
299:Iltizam
238:Temettu
123:Ihtisab
43:in the
1843:Tughra
1828:Anthem
1774:Greeks
1727:Poetry
1212:Senate
981:Düstur
548:berats
473:sharia
453:Arabic
379:Tahrir
374:Sürsat
334:Millet
304:Istira
269:Defter
133:Istira
83:Avarız
1802:Islam
1784:Women
1751:Media
1722:Prose
1695:Music
1576:Kuruş
1490:Other
1481:Ships
1337:Kazas
1259:Ullah
1237:Islam
1120:Porte
858:Tulip
567:timar
542:ulema
536:timar
528:Timar
504:kazas
491:timar
485:Kanun
451:. In
248:Zakat
153:Nüzül
138:Maktu
118:Haraç
98:Cizye
78:Ashar
60:Taxes
1838:Flag
1779:Jews
1681:Art
1581:Lira
1566:Para
1561:Akçe
1454:List
1441:Navy
1368:Army
949:Wars
802:Rise
581:waqf
467:قاضي
459:qāḍī
444:kadı
438:قاضی
429:kadi
389:Waqf
309:Kadı
294:Hane
274:Emin
32:Kadi
18:Kadı
1254:Rūm
956:Law
553:bey
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