289:(domestic animals) are somewhat detailed, with an emphasis on the fact that they are hump-less and have large-sized horns. Other animals represented include white giraffes with outstretched necks, a tortoise, an antelope, a grazing pig-like animal, a bi-chrome mole-like animal, an unidentified long-necked polychrome figure and six-legged figures and elephants. Tools including spears, arrows, shields, and a boat are also represented. A relatively high number of schematic representations include, all-white concentric circles (some hooked with radial lines), single circles, spirals, heart shaped objects, dots and rayed figures. The rock art has not been directly dated but is thought to have been drawn between 2000 and 4000 years ago based by representations of the different art.
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training and built a cultural center to ensure the conservation of the site. There were two seasons of archaeological research: in 2012, there were test excavations at the site, rock painting analysis, and collection of samples for environmental reconstruction and expansive excavations in 2015. Excavations resumed in the region in 2018, as part of collaborative research between the
National Museums of Kenya and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany. Notably, is the investigation of the importance of shape and size of grain to distinguish
213:, published the first report on Kakapel in 1977. The site was exposed following the clearing of the impenetrable bushes in the region. The paintings can be divided into three panels, and each of them described with regard to artistic representation, space attributed to particular paintings, color, identity of the painting, preservation, and destruction status. Cattle are the main domestic animals present and are part of the figures which indicate skillful use of perspective. In 1978, Odak organized an expedition dubbed the
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The site is dated to two time periods. First, using radiocarbon dating on human remains also sampled for aDNA, a date of 3900 BP was obtained, placing the site in the Later Stone Age of East Africa, also identified as
Kansyore. Two other individuals (human remains) also used in the aDNA study, dated
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A team from the
National Museums of Kenya and TARA returned to the site in 2002 only to find it vandalized. The second phase of research was carried out first by RARI and the National Museums of Kenya where the art of Kakapel was retraced. Through community engagement, TARA and the NMK carried out
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of Kenya
Project in western Kenya and carried out a regional survey. There were no comparable rock art sites that were found within the Chelemuk Hills, prompting the team to conclude that the site was an important location for the earlier inhabitants. TARA re-documented the site in 1997.
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of white figures that overlay those in red. The differences in physical conditions and color suggest use of the site by different groups of people, with those who used the red paint having inhabited the area earlier. White human figures are marked and highly stylized compared to other
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to 900 and 300 BP (two late Iron Age dates). A direct radiocarbon date of 690–904 cal BP was also obtained from an isolated molar. Charcoal and botanical remains from features that were dated by radiocarbon show that the site also had a later Iron Age occupation (670–914 cal BP).
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Soil samples collected during the excavation were floated to separate heavy and light fractions in order to extract the archaeobotanical remains. Only a small percentage of the seeds were identified beyond family level. The site also yielded the first evidence for finger millet
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Wang, Ke; Goldstein, Steven; Bleasdale, Madeleine; Clist, Bernard; Bostoen, Koen; Bakwa-Lufu, Paul; Buck, Laura T.; Crowther, Alison; Dème, Alioune; McIntosh, Roderick J.; Mercader, Julio; Ogola, Christine; Power, Robert C.; Sawchuk, Elizabeth; Robertshaw, Peter (2020-06-12).
318:. They therefore, in partnership with the NMK, raised funds to conserve the site. The community is involved at all levels of the projects at Kakapel with the goal of conserving the rock art. Additionally, a fence was installed in 2015 to protect the rock art panels.
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Kakapel rock art is arguably the most elaborative art work of past populations in the region that might belong to different groups of people. There are both schematic and naturalistic representations in white, red and brown. There are single executions as well as
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The southward orientation of the panels protects the art from the east–west winds that blow in the area naturally conserving the site. TARA, while following up on an earlier study, found that the site had been destroyed with
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in western Kenya. The site is located on the western slopes of Mt. Elgon at an altitude of 1420 meters asl. The area has been continuously occupied, first by
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The shelter walls have rock art (people, animals, and geometric representations). The excavations yielded a sizable collection that includes
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565:"Variability and preservation biases in the archaeobotanical record of Eleusine coracana (finger millet): evidence from Iron Age Kenya"
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184:. The site was declared a national monument by the government of Kenya in 2004. It is one of the twenty-nine site museums of the
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exploitation in the region. aDNA has revealed relatedness between past people in the region and those in west Africa. The site's
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438:"Merging research, conservation and community engagement: Perspectives from TARA's rock art community projects in Kenya"
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is thought to be the most intricate piece of artwork in the region that had multiple occupations.
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representations. Also, there are red figures that could possibly be human figures or snakes. The
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Mueller, Natalie G.; Goldstein, Steven T.; Odeny, Damaris; Boivin, Nicole (2022-06-01).
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The ancient DNA of individuals from
Kakapel shows a stronger genetic connection to the
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as well as collaborations between the
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continue to bring the lifeways of ancient people in this region to life.
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624:"29 Museums & Site Museums Across Kenya- National Museums Of Kenya"
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named after the village where it is located on the western slopes of
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Journal of
Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development
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Archeological site protected by national museums of kenya
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607:Odak, Osaga (1980). "Prehistoric Art in Kenya".
436:Borona, Gloria; Ndiema, Emmanuel (2014-01-01).
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164:Kakapel (formerly Kakapeli) is a granitic
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374:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
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622:Kenya, H&S Magazine (2018-12-12).
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647:Mangat, Rupi (2020-07-05).
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368:Odak, Osaga (1977-01-01).
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186:National Museums of Kenya
160:Archeological site kenya
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649:"Kakapel rock art"
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322:References
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174:Kalenjins
166:inselberg
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