Haida people - Knowledge

910:

family waiting in the afterlife to be reborn. Masks worn during ceremonial dances were designed with strings to open the mask, transforming the spiritual animal into a carving of the ancestor underneath. There was also an emphasis on the idea of metamorphosis and reincarnation. With the banning of potlatches by the Canadian government in 1885, many masks were confiscated. Masks and many other objects are considered sacred and designed only for specific people to see. It was unknown who the wearer of the mask was as each mask was made for each individual's soul and spirit animal. Due to the confiscation of the masks and the sacred meaning to each individual who wore the mask, it is unknown if the masks in museums are truly meant to be seen or if they are an aspect of European colonialism and the rejection of Haida religious and spiritual traditions.

1015:, the Raven and the Eagle. Marriages between two people from the same moiety were prohibited. Due to this any children that were born after the marriage would officially become part of the moiety that the mother had come from. Each group provided its members with entitlement to a vast range of economic resources such as fishing spots, hunting or collecting areas, and housing sites. Each group also had rights to their own myths and legends, dances, songs, and music. Eagles and Ravens were very important to the Haida families as they would identify with one or the other and this would signify what side on the village they would reside on. The family would also own their own property, had specific areas for food gathering. These categories of Eagles and Ravens divided them on an even larger scale, specifying their land, history, and customs. 483: 769:. The Haida Nation asserts Haida title over all of Haida Gwaii and is pursuing negotiations with the provincial and federal governments. Haida authorities continue to pass legislation and manage human activities in Haida Gwaii, which includes making formal agreements with the Canadian communities established on the islands. Haida efforts are largely directed at the protection of land and water and functioning ecosystems and this is expressed in the protected status for nearly 70% of the million-hectare archipelago. The protected status applies to the landscape and water as well as smaller culturally significant areas. They have also forced a reduction of large-scale industrial activity and the careful regulation of access to resources. 991: 621:. At the time thousands of indigenous people lived in villages outside the walls of Fort Victoria. The disease broke out amongst Tsimshian people in their community near Fort Victoria. This quickly spread into a pandemic. European public health standards at the time were well practiced and adhered-to official health standards, including vaccinations and victims isolation. Instead, as the disease spread, Victoria Police burned some one dozen homes, deliberately displacing 200 Haida on May 13. They went on to burn some 40–50 more indigenous villages the following day. 1226: 1122:, warfare on Haida Gwaii was primarily motivated by revenge. Many Northwest coast legends tell of Haida communities raiding and fighting with neighbouring communities because of insults or other disputes. Other causes included conflicts over property, territory, resources, trade routes, and even women. However, a battle between a Haida community and another often did not have simply one cause. In fact, many battles were the result of decades old disputes. 2948: 3660: 1160:

battles, though it is not known if this act was done after each battle or only after battles in which they were victorious. The Haida believed that fallen warriors went to the House of Sun, which was considered a highly honorable death. For this reason, a specially made military suit was prepared for chiefs if they fell in battle. The slaves belonging to the chiefs who died in battle were burned with them.

1538: 36: 758: 174: 807:. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Haida was de facto banned with the introduction of residential schools and the enforcement of the use of English language. Haida language revitalization projects began in the 1970s and continue to this day. It is estimated that there are only 3 or 4 dozen Haida-speaking people with almost all of them being the age of 70 or older. 1084:

it was not a regular occurrence in the archeological record until the subsequent millennium. Though the Haida were more likely to participate in sea battles, it was not uncommon for them to engage in hand-to-hand combat or long-range attacks. Hostilities were not always violent, often ritualized and some resulting in Peace Treaties still in force hundreds of years later.

1393: 696:. The elimination of the potlatch system destroyed financial relationships and seriously interrupted the cultural heritage of coastal people. As the islands were Christianized, many cultural works such as totem posts were destroyed or taken to museums around the world. This significantly undermined Haida's self-knowledge and further diminished morale. 811: 190: 457: 1100:

show that Northwest coast nations, particularly in the North where most Haida communities were situated, began more frequently engaging in battles of some sort from 1800 BC to AD 500, though the number of battles is unknown. This rise in the incidence of battles during the Middle Pacific period also

833:

Haida host Potlatches which were intricate economic and social-political processes that include acquisition of incorporeal wealth like names and the circulation of property in the form of gifts. They are often held when a citizen wishes to commemorate an event of importance. For example, deaths of a

469:

Haida history begins with the arrival of the primordial ancestresses of the Haida matrilineages in Haida Gwaii some 14,000 to 19,000 years ago. These include SGuuluu Jaad (Foam Woman), Jiila Kuns (Creek Woman), and KalGa Jaad (Ice woman). The Haida canon of oral histories and archaeological findings

1125:

The Haida, like several other Northwest coast Indigenous communities, engaged in slave raiding as slaves were highly sought after for their use as labor as well as bodyguards and warriors. During the 19th century, the Haida fought physically with other Indigenous communities to ensure domination of

1083:

Prior to contact with Europeans, other Indigenous communities regarded the Haida as aggressive warriors and made attempts to avoid sea battles with them. There is some archeological evidence that the Northwest coast tribes, to which the Haida belong, engaged in warfare as early as 2200 BC, although

1027:

The roles of the family varied between men and women. Men were responsible for all of the hunting and fishing, building homes and carving canoes and totem poles. The women's responsibilities were to stay close to home doing a majority of their work on the land. Women were responsible for all of the

1185:

came across during his exploration of Haida Gwaii, was used both for fights and to hold the medicine man's hair up. Another dagger that Mackenzie obtained from a Haida village was said to be connected to a Haida legend; many daggers had individual histories which made them unique from one another.

1159:

Battles between a group of Haida warriors and another community sometimes resulted in the annihilation of either one or both of the groups involved. Villages would be burned down during a battle which was a common practice during Northwest coast battles. The Haida burned their warriors who died in

1043:

Although not commonly practiced today, it was once customary for young boys and girls entering puberty to embark on vision quests. These quests would send them out alone for days. They would travel through the forests, in hopes of finding a spirit to guide them through their lives. It was believed

513:

waiting for the currents to settle down enough to allow them to dock and set foot on land. While they waited, several canoes of Haida sailed out to greet them, and ultimately to trade with Pérez and his men. After two days of poor conditions, however, the Santiago was ultimately unable to dock and

1074:

Nang Kilsldaas is merely one of many dozens of supernatural beings who personify a wide variety of forces, objects, places, and phenomena. A few of the most prevalent include K_ing.gii, a deity who presides over the seas; X_yuu, the northeast wind; and Sin SG_aanuwee, a cosmological "super-being"

1055:

are varied and diverse. Modern Haida ascribe to a wide variety of faiths including Protestantism, Catholicism, and Bahá'i. Nihilist, atheist, agnostic, and absurdist perspectives also attend the nation's post-colonial context. Pre-colonial beliefs, however, may still be most popular, and potlatch

1039:

The aunts on the father's side of a young Haida woman would teach her about her duties to her tribe once she first began to menstruate. The young woman would go to a secluded space in her family home. They believed that by making her sleep on a stone pillow and only allowing her to eat and drink

557:

British colonial authorities formally annexed Haida Gwaii in 1853 by establishing the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands. It was later integrated into the Colony of British Columbia in 1858. Colonial authorities backed their claims using gunboat diplomacy, both in Haida Gwaii and more broadly

1146:

describes having seen a Haida fleet of around forty canoes. However, he does not provide the number of warriors in these canoes, and there are no other known accounts that describe the number of warriors in a war party. The structure of a Haida war party generally followed that of the community

909:

Transformation masks were worn ceremonially, used by dancers and represented or illustrated the connection between various spirits. The masks usually depicted an animal transforming into another animal or a spiritual or mythical being. Masks were representations of the souls of the mask owner's

741:. A standoff between protesters, police and loggers lasted two weeks, during which 72 Haidas were arrested. Images of elders being arrested gained media traction, which raised awareness and support for the Haida across Canada. In 1987, the governments of Canada and British Columbia signed the 779:

In a deal negotiated between the government and the Haida nation over the preceding decades, British Columbia in 2024 transferred the title of more than 200 islands off Canada's west coast to the Haida people, recognizing the nation's aboriginal land title across all of Haida Gwaii.

1134:, most of which included drying linen. Kendrick seized two Haida chiefs and threatened to kill them via cannon-fire if they did not return the stolen items. Though the Haida community complied at the time, less than two years later 100 to 200 of its people attacked the same ship. 1210:

under their armour and wooden helmets. Arrows could not penetrate this armour, and Russian explorers found that bullets could penetrate the armour only if shot from a distance of less than 6.1 metres (20 ft). The Haida rarely used shields because of their developed armour.

1031:

Once a boy hit puberty, his uncles on his mothers' side would educate him on his family history and how to behave now that he was a man. It was believed that a special diet would increase his abilities. For example, duck tongues helped him hold his breath under water, whereas

663:

The disease quickly spread throughout Haida Gwaii, devastating entire villages and families, and creating an influx of refugees. The pre-epidemic population of Haida Gwaii was estimated to be 6,607, but was reduced to 829 in 1881. The only two remaining villages were

1018:

The Haida social system changed significantly by the end of the nineteenth century. At this point a majority of the Haida had taken nuclear family forms, and members of families belonging in the same moiety (Ravens and Eagles) were permitted to marry each other.

1117:

There were multiple motivations for the Haida people to engage in warfare. Various accounts explain that the Haida went to battle more for revenge than anything else, and would acquire slaves from their enemies in the process. According to the anthropologist

1683: 624:

First Nations from further north had been camping periodically outside the city limits of Victoria to take advantage of trade, and at the time of the epidemic numbered almost 2000, many of whom were Haida. The colonial government made no effort to

470:

agree that Haida ancestors lived alongside glaciers and were present at the time of the arrival of the first tree, a lodgepole pine, on Haida Gwaii. For thousands of years since Haida have participated in a rigorous coast-wide legal system called

1176:

acquired from Europeans in the 19th century, but other traditional weapons were still preferred. The weapons that the Haida used were often multi-functional; they were used not only in battle, but during other activities as well. For instance,

653:

under command of Captain McAlmond. The boat took 12 passengers in December. One of these passengers carried smallpox to Haida Gwaii. This might not have been a disaster should the infected miner have stayed in isolation at the mining site on

2417:

In the wake of the war canoe: a stirring record of forty years' successful labour, peril, and adventure amongst the savage Indian tribes of the Pacific coast, and the piratical head-hunting Haida of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British

2377:

474:. After the Island's wide arrival of red cedar some 7,500 years ago Haida society transformed to centre around the coastal "tree of life". Massive carved cedar monuments and cedar big houses became widespread throughout Haida Gwaii. 568:

was sent from Seattle to nearby Port Gamble, where indigenous raiding parties made up of Haida (from territory claimed by the British) and Tongass (from territory claimed by the Russians) had been attacking and enslaving the

1661: 1028:

chores in relation to the keeping of the home. Women were also in charge of curing cedarwood to use for weaving and making clothes. It was also the duty of the women to gather berries and dig for shellfish and clams.

2885: 633:

anyone infected. In June, the encampments were forcibly cleared by police, and 20 canoes of Haidas, many of whom were likely already infected with smallpox, were forced back to Haida Gwaii, escorted by gunboats HMS

521:

and whalers. According to sailing records, they diligently maintained strong trade relationships with Westerners, coastal people, and among themselves. Trade for sea-otter pelts was initiated by British Captain

881:

rather than representations of the family histories that wove Haida society together. Chiefly families showed their histories by erecting totems outside their homes, or on house posts forming the building.

2463:

Journal of a tour on the north west coast of America in the year 1829, containing a description of a part of Oregon, California and the north west coast and the numbers, manners and customs of the native

1749:

932:), was released, with an all-Haida cast. The actors learned Haida for their performances in the film, with a two-week training camp followed by lessons throughout the five weeks of filming. Haida artist 776:. All people of Haida ancestry are entitled to Haida citizenship, including the Kaigani, who as Alaskans are also part of the Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska government. 2135: 746: 728: 2878: 437:, United States; Haida from K'iis Gwaii in the Duu Guusd region of Haida Gwaii migrated north in the early 18th century. Federally recognized Haida tribes in the United States include the 448:

In a first-of-its-kind deal negotiated over the preceding decades, British Columbia in 2024 transferred the title over more than 200 islands off Canada's west coast to the Haida nation.

1635: 534: 1044:

that boys and girls who were destined for greatness could find unique spirit guides. A successful vision quest was celebrated by the wearing of masks, face paints, and costumes.

1109:'s discovery of one such hilltop fortification in a Haida village. Numerous other sightings of such fortifications were recorded by other European explorers during this century. 2871: 401:

In Haida Gwaii, the Haida government consists of a matrix of national and regional hereditary, legislative, and executive bodies including the Hereditary Chiefs Council, the

1181:

were very common and almost always the weapon of choice for hand-to-hand combat, and were also used during hunting and to create other tools. One medicine man's dagger that

482: 708:

as early as 1911. Haida children were sent as far away as Alberta to live among English-speaking families where they were to be assimilated into the dominant culture.

1943: 733:

In November 1985, members of the Haida nation protested the ongoing logging of old-growth forests on Haida Gwaii, establishing a blockade to prevent the logging of

526:

with the Haida in 1787. The Haida did well for themselves in this industry and until the mid-1800s they were at the centre of the profitable China sea-otter trade.

1130:

with European merchants. Haida groups also had feuds with these European merchants that could last years. In 1789, some Haidas were accused of stealing items from

593:, in retaliation for the killing of a respected Kake chief in the raid the year before. Ebey's scalp was purchased from the Kake by an American trader in 1860. 3410: 533:, at first they had minimal confrontations with Europeans. Between 1780 and 1830, the Haida came into conflict with European and American traders. Among the 3941: 3936: 438: 711:

In 1911, Canada and British Columbia rejected a Haida offer whereby in exchange for full rights of British citizenship Haidas would formally join the

705: 969: 602: 2314: 2146: 2447:

Ancient warriors of the north Pacific: the Haidas, their laws, customs and legends, with some historical account of the Queen Charlotte Islands

1327:

The name Masset, received from pre British contact between Haidas and the Spanish, actually includes three separate and adjoining communities,

3634: 2652: 1888: 1713: 1202:

for the thighs and lower back and slats (a long strip of wood) in the side pieces to allow for more flexibility during movement. They wore

1131: 990: 772:

In British Columbia, the term "Haida Nation" often refers to the Haida people as a whole however, it also refers to their government, the

3946: 3711: 1955: 2894: 2820: 2563: 348: 502: 2802: 2767: 2749: 2731: 2706: 2688: 2670: 2610: 2241: 1318: 523: 491: 119: 3764: 672:. The population collapse caused by the epidemic weakened Haida sovereignty and power, ultimately paving the way for colonization. 834:

loved one, marriages, and other civil proceedings. The more important potlatches take years to prepare and can continue for days.

3629: 1147:

itself, the only difference being that the chief took the lead during battles; otherwise his title was more or less meaningless.

3750: 2947: 1360: 422: 2295: 2110: 3879: 2540: 1182: 57: 100: 3591: 53: 72: 1542: 765:

In December 2009, the government of British Columbia officially renamed the archipelago from Queen Charlotte Islands to

3854: 3578: 2275: 2193: 2142: 1466: 1256: 773: 406: 402: 179: 79: 3597: 3436: 3228: 2647:, Masterworks of the classical Haida mythtellers, vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Douglas & McIntyre, p. 541, 1923: 1519: 1305: 1285: 985: 955: 894: 610: 581:

communities, a battle ensued in which 26 natives and one government soldier were killed. In the aftermath of this,

395: 1105:

in Haida communities. These fortifications continued to be in use during the 18th century as evidenced by Captain

2857: 2602: 1588: 1093: 3664: 3299: 2319: 1831: 1640: 1440: 1324: 1127: 890: 854:, or ornate jewellery, in the 21st century, younger people are also making art in a popular expression such as 577:) warriors refused to acknowledge American jurisdiction and to hand over those among them who had attacked the 562: 761:

Haida drummers and singers greet guests on the shores of Ḵay Linagaay, a millennia-old village in Haida Gwaii.

86: 3792: 3349: 3294: 2992: 1593: 1378: 738: 642:. Those infected did not make it home, according to the plans of the colonial governments, and passed on at 46: 2505:

Descriptive notes on certain implements, weapons, &c., from Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C

1225: 3806: 3778: 2476: 2000: 1220: 964: 410: 2528: 1919: 1783: 68: 1625: 1269: 1229: 1063:, spelt Nang Kilsdlaas in Skidegate dialect, which can manifest through the form and antics of a Raven. 920: 442: 3686: 2852: 1151:

were often brought along raids or before battles to "destroy the souls of enemies" and ensure victory.

2070: 3931: 3534: 3511: 3279: 3213: 2010: 2006: 1301: 1245: 1119: 3344: 2404:

Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841

2391:

Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841

3554: 3223: 3218: 1598: 951: 843: 570: 3481: 861:

The Haida also created "notions of wealth", and Jenness credits them with the introduction of the

501:

The first recorded contact between the Haida and Europeans was in July 1774 with Spanish explorer

3339: 3238: 3233: 3187: 2927: 2259: 842:

Haida society continues to produce a robust and highly stylized art form, a leading component of

712: 582: 530: 518: 379: 2233: 2227: 1549:

This is an incomplete list of anthropologists and scholars who have done research on the Haida.

2009:(1890) This enormous source, photocopied, including p.137, is more easily accessible online at 3539: 3284: 2982: 2898: 2863: 2816: 2798: 2763: 2745: 2727: 2702: 2684: 2666: 2648: 2606: 2237: 2201: 1884: 1839: 1709: 1583: 1563: 1513: 1477: 1428: 1410: 945: 1963: 3584: 3456: 3369: 3264: 3152: 3047: 1805: 1452: 1143: 1071:

has a generous inclination, they also includes a darker, indulgent, and trickster quality.

1012: 941: 804: 626: 434: 426: 360: 298: 230: 2560: 3544: 3395: 3359: 3177: 2997: 2912: 2567: 1630: 1613: 1603: 1578: 1097: 1052: 995: 851: 391: 242: 93: 3828: 3132: 2578:

Boelscher, M. (2011). The curtain within: Haida social and mythical discourse. UBC Press.

944:

directed, with Edenshaw and his brother being co-screenwriters, with Graham Richard and

545:. The tribe made use of European weapons they acquired, using cannons and canoe-mounted 3324: 3269: 3167: 3097: 3092: 3037: 2967: 2937: 2917: 1553: 1404: 1289: 1275: 937: 933: 925: 800: 794: 685: 586: 418: 322: 270: 226: 1764:

Ames, Kenneth M. (2001). "Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast".

958:, has created a number of Haida centered films. In 2017 he directed the animated film 3925: 3736: 3549: 3501: 3334: 3254: 3182: 3117: 3102: 3082: 3072: 3057: 3017: 2977: 2932: 2922: 1471: 1462: 1446: 1416: 1356: 1309: 1260: 1169: 1102: 898: 614: 371: 2257:

Porter, Catherine (June 12, 2017). "A Language Nearly Lost is Revived in a Script".

1989:, Laura Arksey, Columbia, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma, Spring, 1988. 3562: 3400: 3390: 3354: 3314: 3259: 2987: 1608: 1434: 1396: 1346: 1148: 734: 724: 693: 590: 246: 3901: 3112: 2315:"Now Is the Time for the Haida Renaissance: an interview with Christopher Auchter" 1392: 749:, which is cooperatively managed by the Canadian government and the Haida Nation. 2596: 814:

Haida wait for their Heiltsuk hosts to welcome them to sing and dance at a peace

3639: 3471: 3461: 3405: 3274: 2775: 2300: 1906:

Emerging from out of the Margins: Essays on Haida Language, Culture, and History

1573: 1537: 1525: 1489: 1331: 981: 855: 847: 766: 578: 510: 387: 354: 280: 35: 2716:

Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774-1890.

660:, or Skincuttle Island. Instead the disease was spread throughout Haida Gwaii. 517:

The Haida conducted regular trade with Russian, Spanish, British, and American

3613: 3529: 3519: 3364: 3087: 1832:"Canada hands 'long-overdue' title over more than 200 islands to Haida Nation" 1684:"2015: ACS 5-Year Estimates American Indian and Alaska Native Detailed Tables" 1568: 1558: 1501: 1106: 862: 757: 630: 546: 375: 2699:

The Haida Gwaii Lesson : A Strategic Playbook for Indigenous Sovereignty

2205: 1984: 1843: 505:, who was sailing north on an expedition to find and claim new territory for 3524: 3451: 3446: 3431: 3374: 3289: 3197: 3172: 3077: 2645:

A Story as Sharp as a Knife: The Classical Haida Mythtellers and Their World

1908:. New York: Peter Lang AG International Academic Publishers. pp. 25–45. 1495: 1314: 886: 669: 643: 487: 1067:

revealed the world and was an active player in the creation of life. While

173: 589:, was shot and beheaded on August 11, 1857, by a small Tlingit group from 456: 3793:"Tsimshian Society and Culture – Wealth and Rank – Feasts and Potlatches" 3496: 3476: 3466: 3319: 3309: 3304: 3162: 3107: 3032: 3022: 2724:

All that we say is ours: Guujaaw and the re-awakening of the Haida Nation

2045:"Smallpox Epidemic of 1862 among Northwest Coast and Puget Sound Indians" 1422: 1352: 1033: 878: 874: 846:. While artists frequently have expressed this in large wooden carvings ( 828: 815: 681: 618: 471: 2813:

Shaping the future on Haida Gwaii : life beyond settler colonialism

2044: 649:

Later on a group of copper miners travelled from Bella Coola aboard the

143: 3829:"The Northwest Coastal People – Religion / Ceremonies / Art / Clothing" 3486: 3426: 3329: 3157: 3147: 3142: 3042: 3007: 1458: 1295: 1173: 810: 574: 383: 189: 17: 2742:

This is our life: Haida material heritage and changing museum practice

2406:(First Edition). Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, p. 165-166. 2111:"How a smallpox epidemic forged modern British Columbia – Macleans.ca" 558:

throughout northeastern Pacific coastal indigenous title territories.

3491: 3441: 3192: 3127: 3122: 3067: 3002: 2760:

The force of family: repatriation, kinship, and memory on Haida Gwaii

1372: 1240: 1199: 1195: 1178: 665: 364: 1999:

Bancroft says they were Stikines and makes no mention of the Haida.

2393:(First Edition). Montreal: Mcgill-Queen's University Press, p. 174. 514:

they were forced to depart without having set foot on Haida Gwaii.

3137: 3062: 3052: 3027: 2972: 2962: 1536: 1507: 1483: 1391: 1224: 1207: 989: 809: 756: 506: 481: 455: 439:

Central Council of the Tlingit & Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska

417:

live north of the Canadian and U.S. border which cuts through the

2507:. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche series. Royal Society of Canada, p. 50-51. 2433:(7th ed.). Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, p. 333. 2339:

Peoples of the northwest coast: their archaeology and prehistory.

2226:

Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina von Hagen; Edward C. Wolf (1997).

1733:

Peoples of the northwest coast: their archaeology and prehistory.

2366:. Harvard University. Washington, Govt. print. Off., p. 371-390. 2867: 2229:

The Rain Forests of Home: Profile of a North American Bioregion

1868:. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 76–78. 441:

and the Hydaburg Cooperative Association. Some citizens of the

2842: 1203: 29: 2848:

Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska website

704:

The government began forcibly sending some Haida children to

2276:"Exclusive – The Mountain Of SGaana By Christopher Auchter" 2194:"On Small Islands Off Canada's Coast, a Big Shift in Power" 509:. For two days in a row, the Santiago sat off the shore of 313: 307: 2847: 2795:

The golden spruce: a true story of myth, madness and greed

2630:

During My Time: Florence Edenshaw Davidson, a Haida Woman.

729:

Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site

378:. They are known to have frequently carried out raids and 2529:

Canadian Museum of Civilization webpage on Haida villages

2171: 2637:

The Curtain Within: Haida Social and Mythical Discourse.

2598:

Native North American Armor, Shields, and Fortifications

1636:

Colonial police action against the people of Haida Gwaii

2172:"Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska" 918:

In 2018, the first feature-length Haida-language film,

1866:

Memoirs: Part 1 – the Haida of Queen Charlotte Islands

2681:

Potlatch as Pedagogy : Learning Through Ceremony

1752:. New York city: Reprinted for C. F. Heartman, p. 45. 962:, inspired by Haida mythology. His short documentary 3807:"Civilization.ca – Haida – Haida villages – Warfare" 2503:

Mackenzie, Alexander; Dawson, George Mercer (1891).

2477:"Civilization.ca – Haida – Haida villages – Warfare" 2466:. New York city: Reprinted for C. F. Hartman, p. 47. 2002:

History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana: 1845–1889

1101:

correlates with the erection of the first defensive

310: 3648: 3622: 3606: 3571: 3510: 3419: 3383: 3247: 3206: 2955: 2905: 2541:"FirstVoices: Hlg̱aagilda X̱aayda Kil : words" 1760: 1758: 1545:) and master carver gud san glans (Robert Davidson) 1092:Analyses of skeletal injuries dating from the late 1056:maintains its elevated situation in Haida society. 585:, a U.S. military officer and the first settler on 304: 301: 276: 266: 256: 236: 220: 212: 204: 199: 142: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2679:Davidson, Sara Florence; Davidson, Robert (2018), 2663:Athlii Gwaii - Upholding Haida Law at Lyell Island 2337:Ames, Kenneth M.; Maschner, Herbert D. G. (1999). 2192:Onishi, Norimitsu; Bracken, Amber (July 4, 2024). 1731:Ames, Kenneth M.; Maschner, Herbert D. G. (1999). 1465:), artist and politician, former President of the 994:Model of House of Contentment, late 19th century, 573:there. When the Haida and Tongass (sea lion tribe 1480:, hereditary chief of Stasstas Eagle Clan, artist 2639:Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 529:Although they had gone on expeditions as far as 2296:"Burnaby filmmaker brings Haida tale to screen" 1366:Sukkwan (Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island) 1059:Many Haida believe in an ultimate being called 877:box. Missionaries regarded the carved poles as 413:, and the Secretariat of the Haida Nation. The 1369:Howkan (Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island) 885:Well known contemporary Haida artists include 2879: 2628:Blackman, Margaret B. (1982; rev. ed., 1992) 1088:Archeological and written evidence of warfare 8: 2780:He Who Hunted Birds in His Father's Village. 137: 27:Indigenous group in British Columbia, Canada 2449:. London: H. F. & G. Wetherbee, p. 153. 1036:tongues helped him to be a strong climber. 867: 655: 352: 342: 336: 330: 162: 156: 150: 144: 3902:"Tlingit & Haida – About Us – History" 2886: 2872: 2864: 2787:Haida Culture in Custody: The Masset Band. 2415:Collison, W. H.; Dillard, Charles (1981). 2375:Collison, W. H.; Lillard, Charles (1981). 2012:, if desired. Retrieved February 21, 2012. 1883:. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 126–129. 1727: 1725: 605:began on March 26 when a steamship called 188: 136: 2364:Haida texts and myths, Skidegate dialect; 2022:"Daily British Colonist". March 26, 1862. 1881:Haida Gwaii Human History and Environment 1778: 1776: 1774: 1706:Haida Gwaii Human History and Environment 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 2789:Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2632:Seattle: University of Washington Press. 2341:London: Thames & Hudson, p. 195-213. 1743: 1741: 1040:small amounts she would become tougher. 970:2019 Toronto International Film Festival 603:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic 3678: 1652: 1375:(Kaigani Haida, Prince of Wales Island) 1011:The Haida nation was split between two 629:the First Nations in the region nor to 359:, an archipelago just off the coast of 2740:Krmpotich, Cara; Peers, Laura (2013), 2274:Wiesner, Darren (September 18, 2017). 382:. The Haida have been compared to the 351:group who have traditionally occupied 253: 3753:. American Museum of Natural History. 2661:Collison; Jisgang Nika, eds. (2018), 2516: 2499: 2497: 2457: 2455: 2441: 2439: 2350: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2099:"British Colonist". October 20, 1862. 1708:. Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 128. 1541:L–R: Haida lawyer gi7ahl g-udsllaay ( 617:containing a passenger infected with 7: 3882:. American Museum of Natural History 2828:Yahgulanaas, Michael Nicoll (2008), 1825: 1823: 1735:London: Thames & Hudson, p. 196. 200:Regions with significant populations 58:adding citations to reliable sources 3630:Bridge of the Gods (geologic event) 1510:, historian and storytelling expert 2380:. Victoria, B.C: Sono Nis, p. 138. 2136:"Constitution of the Haida Nation" 535:dozens of ships the tribe captured 194:Map of traditional Haida territory 25: 3942:Native American history of Alaska 3937:First Nations in British Columbia 2420:. Victoria, B.C: Sono Nis, p. 89. 2033:"British Colonist". May 14, 1862. 1830:Cecco, Leyland (April 15, 2024). 1808:. Visit Sitka. September 22, 2017 1786:. Canadian Museum of Civilization 403:Council of the Haida Nation (CHN) 394:, an early anthropologist at the 3658: 3535:Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War 2946: 1660:Government of British Columbia. 1236:Historical Haida villages were: 297: 172: 34: 2762:, University of Toronto Press, 1944:Puget Sound Herald Nov 19, 1858 396:Canadian Museum of Civilization 45:needs additional citations for 3853:Council, Old Massett Village. 2782:San Francisco: Grey Fox Press. 2071:"For those of us at Bones Bay" 1662:"Haida Nation, Council of The" 1498:, carver, sculptor and jeweler 370:The Haida are known for their 1: 3592:Delgamuukw v British Columbia 2832:, Vancouver; Greystone Books. 2643:Bringhursrt, Collins (2011), 2080:. Council of the Haida Nation 1682:United States Census Bureau. 1455:, carver, jeweler and painter 1075:that encompasses all others. 367:, for at least 12,500 years. 3855:"A Relationship with Nature" 3665:Pacific Northwest portal 2701:, San Francisco: Inkshares, 2683:, Portage & Main Press, 1543:Terri-Lynn Williams-Davidson 1533:Anthropologists and scholars 1345:Hlk'yah GaawGa (Windy Bay) ( 1194:The Haida wore rod-and-slat 460:Houses and totem poles, 1878 3795:. Canada Museum of History. 3781:. Canada Museum of History. 2797:, Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2635:Boelscher, Marianne (1988) 2461:Green, Jonathan S. (1915). 2362:Swanton, John Reed (1905). 2143:Council of the Haida Nation 1747:Green, Jonathan S. (1915). 1467:Council of the Haida Nation 774:Council of the Haida Nation 407:Old Massett Village Council 180:Council of the Haida Nation 3963: 3947:Native Americans in Alaska 3809:. Canada Museum of History 2944: 2726:, Douglas & McIntyre, 1924:Canadian Museum of History 1904:White, Fredericke (2014). 1520:Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas 1474:, artist, fashion designer 1218: 986:Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas 979: 956:Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas 895:Michael Nicoll Yahgulanaas 826: 792: 747:Gwaii Haanas National Park 722: 656: 353: 3691:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2858:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2830:Flight of the Hummingbird 2785:Stearns, Mary Lee (1981) 2603:University of Texas Press 2566:January 16, 2013, at the 2429:Jennens, Diamond (1977). 1614:Marianne Boelscher Ignace 1172:until it was replaced by 692:) was outlawed under the 597:Smallpox epidemic of 1862 380:to have practised slavery 241: 225: 187: 171: 3833:firstpeoplesofcanada.com 3572:Court cases and treaties 2815:, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2758:Krmpotich, Cara (2014), 2744:, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2595:Jones, David E. (2004). 2232:. Island Press. p. 1864:Swanton, John R (1905). 1641:Haida Argillite Carvings 743:South Moresby Agreement, 445:are of Haida heritage. 3411:Tseax Lava Bed Memorial 3350:August Jack Khatsahlano 3168:Tsilhqotʼin (Chilcotin) 2843:Council of Haida Nation 2793:Vaillant, John (2005), 1594:Robert Bruce Inverarity 1379:Tlell, British Columbia 1164:Weapons used in battles 929: 868: 803:is considered to be an 739:Western Forest Products 689: 486:Young Haida woman with 430: 343: 337: 331: 326: 163: 157: 151: 145: 3765:"Transformation masks" 3635:Reservations in Oregon 3093:Nlaka'pamux (Thompson) 2811:Weiss, Joseph (2018), 2402:Gibson, James (1992). 2389:Gibson, James (1992). 1546: 1431:, artist and memoirist 1413:, artist, basketweaver 1400: 1383:Dadens, Langara Island 1361:Prince of Wales Island 1233: 1221:List of Haida villages 998: 960:The Mountain of SGaana 819: 762: 498: 496:Voyage autour du monde 461: 423:Prince of Wales Island 411:Skidegate Band Council 374:, trading skills, and 3779:"Social Organization" 3739:. Petroglyph Gallery. 2714:Fisher, Robin (1992) 2445:Harrison, C. (1925). 2431:The Indians of Canada 2323:, September 29, 2019. 2069:Weir-White, Candace. 1879:Fedje, Daryl (2005). 1704:Fedje, Daryl (2005). 1626:Haida Heritage Centre 1540: 1399:, Haida basket weaver 1395: 1230:Haida Heritage Centre 1228: 993: 921:The Edge of the Knife 813: 760: 719:Lyell Island protests 485: 459: 443:Sitka Tribe of Alaska 3295:Randy'L He-dow Teton 3280:Annie Miner Peterson 3133:Stʼatʼimc (Lillooet) 3103:Nuxalk (Bella Coola) 2906:Archaeological sites 2697:Dowie, Mark (2017), 2561:Parks Canada website 2481:www.historymuseum.ca 2007:Hubert Howe Bancroft 1960:, February 29, 2008" 1768:33 (1): 1–17., p. 3. 905:Transformation masks 519:maritime fur traders 54:improve this article 3113:Secwépemc (Shuswap) 2049:www.historylink.org 1599:Charles F. Newcombe 1298:aka Koona or Q'una. 1183:Alexander Mackenzie 1168:The Haida used the 1002:Social organization 952:Christopher Auchter 844:Northwest Coast art 706:residential schools 680:In 1885, the Haida 571:Coast Salish people 139: 3452:'Yalis (Alert Bay) 3420:Towns and villages 2928:Marmes Rockshelter 2895:Indigenous peoples 2722:Gill, Ian (2009), 2304:, October 3, 2017. 2260:The New York Times 2198:The New York Times 1966:on August 26, 2014 1920:"Canoes and Trade" 1547: 1401: 1234: 999: 820: 763: 713:Dominion of Canada 583:Colonel Isaac Ebey 561:Also in 1857, the 499: 462: 3675: 3674: 3540:Fraser Canyon War 3285:Coquelle Thompson 3043:Kutenai (Ktunaxa) 2899:Pacific Northwest 2665:, Locarno Press, 2654:978-1-55365-839-9 2519:, p. 106–107 1890:978-0-7748-0921-4 1766:World Archaeology 1715:978-0-7748-0921-4 1584:Charles Hill-Tout 1564:Robert Bringhurst 1514:Evelyn Vanderhoop 1429:Florence Davidson 1411:Delores Churchill 1317:(Sgang Gway, aka 1120:Margaret Blackman 1113:Causes of warfare 968:premiered at the 946:Leonie Sandercock 745:establishing the 646:near Alert Bay. 286: 285: 252: 251: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 3954: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3859:virtualmuseum.ca 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3716:Encyclopedia.com 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3683: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3585:Sohappy v. Smith 3370:Chief Dan George 3265:Sarah Winnemucca 3229:Plateau Penutian 3003:Dakelh (Carrier) 2950: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2865: 2825: 2807: 2772: 2754: 2736: 2711: 2693: 2675: 2657: 2616: 2579: 2576: 2570: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2537: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2473: 2467: 2459: 2450: 2443: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2413: 2407: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2381: 2373: 2367: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2335: 2324: 2311: 2305: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2145:. Archived from 2140: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2075: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2013: 1997: 1991: 1987:Beheaded Pioneer 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1962:. Archived from 1952: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1827: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1780: 1769: 1762: 1753: 1745: 1736: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1657: 1459:Gidansda Guujaaw 1453:Charles Edenshaw 1280:Ḵaysuun Llnagaay 1144:William Collison 1132:Captain Kendrick 1098:Formative period 954:, the nephew of 942:Helen Haig-Brown 930:SG̲aawaay Ḵʹuuna 901:amongst others. 871: 676:The Potlatch Ban 659: 658: 607:Brother Jonathan 531:Washington State 435:Southeast Alaska 361:British Columbia 358: 357: 346: 340: 334: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 296: 254: 192: 176: 166: 160: 154: 148: 140: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3906:www.ccthita.org 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3767:. Khan Academy. 3763: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3659: 3657: 3644: 3618: 3602: 3567: 3545:Puget Sound War 3512:Armed conflicts 3506: 3415: 3396:Cascades Rapids 3379: 3360:Harriet Nahanee 3243: 3202: 2951: 2942: 2913:Bald Point Site 2901: 2892: 2839: 2823: 2810: 2805: 2792: 2770: 2757: 2752: 2739: 2734: 2721: 2709: 2696: 2691: 2678: 2673: 2660: 2655: 2642: 2625: 2623:Further reading 2613: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2568:Wayback Machine 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2502: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2453: 2444: 2437: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2370: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2312: 2308: 2294: 2290: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2152:on June 6, 2017 2149: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2115:www.macleans.ca 2109: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2073: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2016: 1998: 1994: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1756: 1746: 1739: 1730: 1723: 1716: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1631:Haida mythology 1622: 1609:Nancy J. Turner 1604:John R. Swanton 1579:Christie Harris 1535: 1441:Robert Davidson 1419:, art historian 1390: 1232:at Ḵay Llnagaay 1223: 1217: 1192: 1166: 1157: 1155:Death in battle 1142:The missionary 1140: 1115: 1090: 1081: 1050: 1025: 1009: 1004: 996:Brooklyn Museum 988: 980:Main articles: 978: 965:Now Is the Time 916: 907: 891:Robert Davidson 852:Chilkat weaving 840: 831: 825: 797: 791: 786: 755: 731: 723:Main articles: 721: 702: 678: 599: 555: 490:, portrayed in 480: 467: 454: 392:Diamond Jenness 300: 294: 293: 195: 183: 167: 135: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3960: 3958: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3893: 3871: 3845: 3820: 3798: 3784: 3770: 3756: 3742: 3728: 3703: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3607:Current issues 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3598:Nisga'a Treaty 3595: 3588: 3581: 3579:Boldt Decision 3575: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3345:Chief Tonasket 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3325:Simon Gunanoot 3322: 3317: 3312: 3310:Chief Concomly 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3270:Chief Kamiakin 3267: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3098:Nuu-chah-nulth 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2993:Coeur d' Alene 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2918:Fort Rock Cave 2915: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2837:External links 2835: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2822:978-0774837583 2821: 2808: 2803: 2790: 2783: 2773: 2768: 2755: 2750: 2737: 2732: 2719: 2712: 2707: 2694: 2689: 2676: 2671: 2658: 2653: 2640: 2633: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2611: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2571: 2553: 2532: 2521: 2509: 2493: 2468: 2451: 2435: 2422: 2408: 2395: 2382: 2368: 2355: 2343: 2325: 2306: 2288: 2266: 2249: 2242: 2218: 2184: 2163: 2127: 2102: 2091: 2078:haidanation.ca 2061: 2036: 2025: 2014: 1992: 1977: 1947: 1936: 1911: 1896: 1889: 1871: 1856: 1819: 1797: 1770: 1754: 1737: 1721: 1714: 1696: 1674: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1554:Marius Barbeau 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1405:Primrose Adams 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1350: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1322: 1319:Anthony Island 1312: 1299: 1293: 1290:Moresby Island 1283: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1219:Main article: 1216: 1213: 1191: 1188: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1139: 1136: 1114: 1111: 1103:fortifications 1094:Archaic period 1089: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1049: 1046: 1024: 1021: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 977: 974: 934:Gwaai Edenshaw 915: 912: 906: 903: 839: 836: 827:Main article: 824: 821: 801:Haida language 795:Haida language 793:Main article: 790: 787: 785: 782: 754: 751: 720: 717: 701: 698: 677: 674: 598: 595: 587:Whidbey Island 554: 551: 492:George Dixon's 479: 476: 466: 463: 453: 450: 419:Dixon Entrance 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 258: 250: 249: 239: 238: 234: 233: 223: 222: 218: 217: 214: 210: 209: 206: 202: 201: 197: 196: 193: 185: 184: 177: 169: 168: 133: 128: 127: 69:"Haida people" 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3959: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3751:"Haida masks" 3746: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623:Miscellaneous 3621: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3551: 3550:Chilcotin War 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3502:Old Man House 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3482:X̱wemelch'stn 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3457:Lax Kw'alaams 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3255:Spokane Garry 3253: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3128:Sinixt (Lake) 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3048:Kwakwakaʼwakw 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2933:Paisley Caves 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2923:Kennewick Man 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2804:9780676976465 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2769:9781442646575 2765: 2761: 2756: 2753: 2751:9780774825405 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2733:9781553651864 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2708:9781942645559 2704: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2690:9781553797739 2686: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2672:9780995994669 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2614: 2612:9780292701700 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2353:, p. 101 2352: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2320:Point of View 2316: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2243:1-55963-480-4 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2219: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2095: 2092: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2029: 2026: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2003: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985:Beth Gibson, 1981: 1978: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1958:Juneau Empire 1951: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1857: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1697: 1685: 1678: 1675: 1663: 1656: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472:Dorothy Grant 1470: 1468: 1464: 1463:Gary Edenshaw 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447:Freda Diesing 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1417:Marcia Crosby 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1388:Notable Haida 1387: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1357:Kaigani Haida 1354: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1310:Louise Island 1307: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1261:Graham Island 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1198:. This meant 1197: 1190:Battle armour 1189: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1170:bow and arrow 1163: 1161: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1128:the fur trade 1123: 1121: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1069:Ne-kilst-lass 1066: 1065:Ne-kilst-lass 1062: 1061:Ne-kilst-lass 1057: 1054: 1053:Haida beliefs 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1029: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1006: 1001: 997: 992: 987: 983: 975: 973: 971: 967: 966: 961: 957: 953: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922: 913: 911: 904: 902: 900: 899:Freda Diesing 896: 892: 888: 883: 880: 879:graven images 876: 872: 870: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 837: 835: 830: 822: 817: 812: 808: 806: 802: 796: 788: 783: 781: 777: 775: 770: 768: 759: 752: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 730: 726: 718: 716: 714: 709: 707: 699: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 675: 673: 671: 667: 661: 657:Sḵʼin G̱aadll 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 632: 628: 622: 620: 616: 615:San Francisco 612: 608: 604: 596: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 566: 565:Massachusetts 559: 552: 550: 548: 544: 543:Susan Sturgis 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 520: 515: 512: 508: 504: 497: 493: 489: 484: 477: 475: 473: 464: 458: 451: 449: 446: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:Kaigani Haida 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 372:craftsmanship 368: 366: 362: 356: 350: 345: 339: 333: 328: 324: 318: 291: 282: 279: 275: 272: 269: 265: 262: 259: 255: 248: 244: 240: 235: 232: 228: 224: 219: 215: 213:United States 211: 207: 203: 198: 191: 186: 181: 175: 170: 165: 159: 153: 147: 141: 132: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 3911:December 11, 3909:. Retrieved 3905: 3896: 3886:December 11, 3884:. Retrieved 3874: 3864:December 11, 3862:. Retrieved 3858: 3848: 3838:December 11, 3836:. Retrieved 3832: 3823: 3813:December 11, 3811:. Retrieved 3801: 3787: 3773: 3759: 3745: 3731: 3721:December 11, 3719:. Retrieved 3715: 3706: 3696:December 11, 3694:. Retrieved 3690: 3681: 3656: 3655: 3590: 3583: 3563:Nicola's War 3555: 3401:Kettle Falls 3391:Celilo Falls 3355:Joe Capilano 3315:Wickaninnish 3300:Chief Nicola 3260:Chief Joseph 3012: 2988:Coast Salish 2856: 2829: 2812: 2794: 2786: 2779: 2776:Snyder, Gary 2759: 2741: 2723: 2715: 2698: 2680: 2662: 2644: 2636: 2629: 2619: 2597: 2589:Bibliography 2584: 2574: 2556: 2544:. Retrieved 2535: 2524: 2517:Jones (2004) 2512: 2504: 2486:November 29, 2484:. Retrieved 2480: 2471: 2462: 2446: 2430: 2425: 2416: 2411: 2403: 2398: 2390: 2385: 2376: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2351:Jones (2004) 2346: 2338: 2318: 2313:Pat Mullen, 2309: 2299: 2291: 2279:. Retrieved 2269: 2263:. p. 1. 2258: 2252: 2228: 2221: 2209:. Retrieved 2197: 2187: 2175:. Retrieved 2166: 2154:. Retrieved 2147:the original 2130: 2118:. Retrieved 2114: 2105: 2094: 2084:November 15, 2082:. Retrieved 2077: 2064: 2052:. Retrieved 2048: 2039: 2028: 2017: 2001: 1995: 1986: 1980: 1968:. Retrieved 1964:the original 1957: 1950: 1939: 1927:. Retrieved 1914: 1905: 1899: 1880: 1874: 1865: 1859: 1847:. Retrieved 1836:The Guardian 1835: 1810:. Retrieved 1800: 1788:. Retrieved 1765: 1748: 1732: 1705: 1699: 1687:. Retrieved 1677: 1665:. Retrieved 1655: 1548: 1435:Reg Davidson 1397:Lisa Telford 1347:Lyell Island 1279: 1235: 1193: 1167: 1158: 1149:Medicine men 1141: 1124: 1116: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1051: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1010: 963: 959: 950: 919: 917: 908: 884: 866: 860: 841: 832: 818:in Waglisla. 798: 778: 771: 764: 753:21st century 742: 735:Lyell Island 732: 725:Lyell Island 710: 703: 700:20th century 694:Potlatch Ban 679: 662: 650: 648: 639: 635: 623: 606: 600: 591:Kake, Alaska 564: 560: 556: 553:19th century 542: 538: 528: 524:George Dixon 516: 500: 495: 478:18th century 468: 447: 414: 400: 369: 289: 287: 260: 247:Christianity 178:Flag of the 134:Ethnic group 131: 116: 110:October 2007 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 3932:Haida Gwaii 3640:Raven Tales 3614:Land claims 3462:Lax Ksiluux 3406:Siwash Rock 3275:Chief Moses 3188:Walla Walla 2956:Ethnicities 2301:Burnaby Now 2281:October 24, 2120:October 11, 2054:October 11, 1929:January 14, 1689:October 15, 1574:Wilson Duff 1526:Don Yeomans 1490:Gerry Marks 1332:Old Massett 1138:War parties 982:Haida manga 976:Haida manga 938:Tsilhqot'in 856:Haida manga 848:totem poles 767:Haida Gwaii 609:arrived in 579:Puget Sound 547:swivel guns 511:Haida Gwaii 465:Pre-contact 388:Scandinavia 355:Haida Gwaii 281:Haida Gwaii 3926:Categories 3880:"Basketry" 3737:"About Us" 3530:Yakima War 3520:Cayuse War 3365:Annie York 3214:Athabaskan 2718:UBC Press. 1970:August 25, 1647:References 1569:Emily Carr 1559:Franz Boas 1502:Jay Simeon 1107:James Cook 1096:and early 940:filmmaker 873:) and the 863:totem pole 631:quarantine 503:Juan Pérez 376:seamanship 349:Indigenous 295:English: 80:newspapers 3525:Modoc War 3447:Skidegate 3432:Ninstints 3375:Bill Reid 3290:Sacagawea 3224:Chinookan 3219:Chimakuan 3207:Languages 3198:Wuikinuxv 3173:Tsimshian 3153:Tillamook 3078:Nez Perce 2855:entry in 2206:0362-4331 1844:0261-3077 1806:"Culture" 1790:March 17, 1784:"Warfare" 1589:Bill Holm 1496:Bill Reid 1330:Atewaas ( 1315:Ninstints 1257:Skidegate 887:Bill Reid 690:waahlgahl 670:Skidegate 644:Bones Bay 627:vaccinate 563:USS 537:were the 488:lip plate 421:south of 347:) are an 271:Haida kil 221:Languages 3649:See also 3558:incident 3497:Opitsaht 3477:Kitwanga 3472:Ging̱olx 3437:Cumshewa 3320:Cumshewa 3305:Maquinna 3239:Wakashan 3234:Salishan 3178:Umatilla 3163:Tsetsaut 3108:Quileute 3033:Kalapuya 3023:Heiltsuk 2998:Colville 2963:Aleutian 2938:X̱á:ytem 2564:Archived 2418:Columbia 2378:Columbia 2177:June 23, 2156:June 26, 1620:See also 1528:, artist 1522:, artist 1516:, weaver 1504:, artist 1492:, artist 1478:Jim Hart 1449:, carver 1443:, carver 1437:, carver 1423:Cumshewa 1407:, artist 1353:Klinkwan 1337:Jaahguhl 1306:New Clew 1286:Cumshewa 1274:Kaisun ( 1215:Villages 1174:firearms 1048:Religion 1034:blue jay 1013:moieties 1007:Moieties 875:bentwood 869:ǥyaagang 865:(Haida: 829:Potlatch 823:Potlatch 816:potlatch 789:Language 682:potlatch 636:Grappler 619:smallpox 611:Victoria 541:and the 494:(1789): 472:Potlatch 267:Language 237:Religion 3712:"Haida" 3687:"Haida" 3556:Tonquin 3487:Kiix-in 3427:Skedans 3330:Slumach 3158:Tlingit 3148:Takelma 3143:Tahltan 3088:Nisga'a 3038:Klamath 3008:Gitxsan 2983:Chinook 2968:Bannock 2897:of the 2778:(1979) 2546:July 8, 2211:July 5, 2004:, p.137 1849:July 5, 1812:May 21, 1667:July 5, 1486:, chief 1425:, chief 1296:Skedans 1266:Cha'atl 1253:Hiellan 1200:greaves 1179:daggers 1079:Warfare 805:isolate 784:Culture 666:Massett 651:Leonede 640:Forward 575:Tlingit 539:Eleanor 452:History 427:Tlingit 384:Vikings 332:X̱aadas 327:X̱aayda 277:Country 231:English 152:X̱aadas 146:X̱aayda 94:scholar 18:Kaigani 3492:Yuquot 3442:Masset 3384:Places 3340:Leschi 3335:Sealth 3248:People 3193:Yakama 3183:Umpqua 3123:Sinixt 3118:Shasta 3083:Nicola 3073:Naukan 3068:Molala 3058:Methow 3018:Haisla 2978:Cayuse 2819: 2801: 2766: 2748: 2730: 2705: 2687: 2669: 2651: 2609: 2464:tribes 2240: 2204: 1887: 1842: 1750:tribes 1712: 1373:Kasaan 1340:Kayung 1325:Masset 1241:Kiusta 1208:tunics 1196:armour 1023:Gender 897:, and 365:Canada 257:People 205:Canada 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 3467:'Ksan 3138:Syilx 3063:Miwok 3053:Makah 3028:Inuit 3013:Haida 2973:Cahto 2853:Haida 2150:(PDF) 2139:(PDF) 2074:(PDF) 1508:Skaay 1484:Koyah 1276:Haida 1270:Haina 1206:hide 926:Haida 686:Haida 613:from 507:Spain 433:) in 344:X̱aat 338:X̱aad 323:Haida 290:Haida 261:Haida 243:Haida 227:Haida 216:5,977 208:6,525 182:(CHN) 164:X̱aat 158:X̱aad 138:Haida 101:JSTOR 87:books 3913:2019 3888:2019 3866:2019 3840:2019 3815:2019 3723:2019 3698:2019 2817:ISBN 2799:ISBN 2764:ISBN 2746:ISBN 2728:ISBN 2703:ISBN 2685:ISBN 2667:ISBN 2649:ISBN 2607:ISBN 2548:2012 2488:2018 2283:2021 2238:ISBN 2213:2024 2202:ISSN 2179:2016 2158:2018 2122:2020 2086:2022 2056:2020 1972:2014 1931:2014 1885:ISBN 1851:2024 1840:ISSN 1814:2024 1792:2009 1710:ISBN 1691:2020 1669:2024 1302:Tanu 1246:Kung 984:and 936:and 914:Film 799:The 727:and 668:and 638:and 601:The 431:Taan 288:The 73:news 2234:257 1308:), 1250:Yan 1204:elk 850:), 838:Art 737:by 390:by 386:of 56:by 3928:: 3904:. 3857:. 3831:. 3714:. 3689:. 2605:. 2601:. 2496:^ 2479:. 2454:^ 2438:^ 2328:^ 2317:. 2298:. 2236:. 2200:. 2196:. 2141:. 2113:. 2076:. 2047:. 1922:. 1838:. 1834:. 1822:^ 1773:^ 1757:^ 1740:^ 1724:^ 1359:, 1278:: 972:. 948:. 928:: 893:, 889:, 858:. 715:. 688:: 549:. 429:: 409:, 405:, 398:. 363:, 341:, 335:, 329:, 325:: 321:, 308:aɪ 245:, 229:, 161:, 155:, 149:, 3915:. 3890:. 3868:. 3842:. 3817:. 3725:. 3700:. 2887:e 2880:t 2873:v 2615:. 2550:. 2490:. 2285:. 2246:. 2215:. 2181:. 2160:. 2124:. 2088:. 2058:. 1974:. 1956:" 1933:. 1893:. 1853:. 1816:. 1794:. 1718:. 1693:. 1671:. 1461:( 1363:) 1355:( 1349:) 1334:) 1321:) 1304:( 1292:) 1288:( 1282:) 1263:) 1259:( 924:( 684:( 425:( 317:/ 314:ə 311:d 305:h 302:ˈ 299:/ 292:( 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index