565:
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802:, there was besides the development in medical science, the progress of the comprehension of the Dutch language. Also, it is important to note that Japan, even under its extreme isolationist policies, still had some foundation to understand the products of Western culture. It also helped to give a chance for promotion for such talents as those of Ōtsuki Gentaku.
305:. Sugita, marveling at the accuracy of the work while comparing it by eye with his autopsies, proposed to Maeno that it be translated. For some time, Sugita had a desire to translate something from Dutch; now he would get approval for this. He met with Maeno the very next day (5 March) and began translation. The one who recommended
577:
625:
The book is not a mere translation; the translation was done mostly by Maeno Ryōtaku and then transponed into classical
Chinese by Sugita. There are notes in various places left by Sugita, as leftovers from the work. All those lengthy footnotes that cover more than 50% of Kulmus' book were left out.
397:
said, "I am sickly and numbered in years as well. I do not know when I will die." While he knew the translation was imperfect in places, he rushed to publish. The publication of "Anatomic
Illustrations" was also Sugita's design; in regard to this, Maeno is said to have had shown dislike for it.
398:
However, the man would actually go on to live an extremely long life for the time (he lived to the age of eighty-five). Unsure of when he would die and unsure of whether the government would approve the distribution of the
Western ideas, it could be said this was a risky but important move.
392:
for the fulfillment of his studies, he vowed not to study in order to raise his own name, so he abstained from submitting it. By another account, since he knew that the completed works were not completely perfect, the academic Maeno could not submit his name in good conscience.
338:, and naturally there were no dictionaries at the time. A translation from any other Western language would have been out of the question, as the government of the time did not allow contact with any other Western nation. Therefore, in a process comparable to
1043:
Ontleedkundige tafelen, benevens de daar toe behoorende afbeeldingen en aanmerkingen, waarin het zaamenstel des menschelyken lichaams, en het gebruik van alle des zelfs deelen, afgebeeld en geleerd word
458:
was the son of the hōgen
Katsuragawa Hosan, and would become a hōgen himself later on. He is said to have been involved with the translation work from early on. Afterwards, he would serve to develop
442:. He was not a direct influence on the translation work itself, though his son Hoshū did participate. Also, he provided for the supplementary materials that amounted to three volumes of
867:
are still used to this day as a result. A great number of anatomical terms were transliterated using
Chinese characters. They disappeared quickly during the following decades.
1185:
805:
In translation, some words had to be coined (that is, there were no
Japanese words that existed for them prior to the work). Some of them, such as the terms for "
556:
s first edition, it took the short time of half a year. It was his first time working in Edo, and yet it was historical record-setting work for
Japanese science.
353:(1773), as they arrived at a translation goal, in order to ascertain society's and above all the authorities' response, they released the "Anatomical Diagrams"
1046:, door Johan Adam Kulmus, ... In het Neederduitsch gebragt door Gerardus Dicten, chirurgyn te Leyden. Te Amsterdam, by de Janssoons van Waesberge, 1734.
870:
The fact that this was a first translation means that misunderstandings were practically unavoidable. There are many mistranslations in the
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Maeno Ryōtaku was at the center of the translation work, but his name is only mentioned in the dedication written by the famous interpreter
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Illustrations from the original text. Historical
Anatomies on the Web, National Library of Medicine.
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1058:"Johann Adam Kulmus, "Tabulae Anatomicae", Gdańsk 1722 – Sugita Genpaku, "Kaitai Shinsho", Edo 1774"
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428:. Katsuragawa Hosan was a same-generation friend of Sugita's. With his status as a
184:. The body comprises four volumes, the illustrations, one. The contents are written
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388:. By one account, Maeno was on the way to study at Nagasaki; when he prayed at a
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Present Day in the middle of Edo – Akita Dutch
Pictures and "Kaitai Shinsho"
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Japan
Extolled and Decried: Carl Peter Thunberg and the Shogun's Realm
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622:'s. Of course, Asian sources and opinions also had an influence.
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In his last years, Sugita Genpaku would write about the work on
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There are others that had to do with the translation work, like
274:, by studying performing autopsies on criminals executed at the
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874:; later on, Ōtsuki Gentaku retranslated it and released the
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was at this facility as well, but from the description in
516:, visited the home of Sugita Genpaku. The translation of
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Japanese anatomical text translated from Dutch and Latin
652:; skeletal structure: detailed exposition about joints.
322:
At first, Sugita and Nakagawa could not actually read
223:, published before 1722 (exact year is unknown) in
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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876:Authoritative and Revised New Text on Anatomy
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790:The illustrations only comprise one volume.
408:’s publication, also continued his study of
549:s figures off the original pictures. Until
473:, whose name appears in the opening pages,
218:
193:
1186:History of science and technology in Japan
629:The contents are split into four volumes:
1021:Learn how and when to remove this message
590:is generally said to be a translation of
174:, and was published by Suharaya Ichibee (
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
984:This article includes a list of general
583:. From the National Library of Medicine.
160:, roughly meaning "New Text on Anatomy")
1034:
594:. However, other than the work itself,
446:medical texts. Upon the publishing of
485:(among others) whose names appear in
231:. As a full-blown translation from a
7:
1137:Johann Adam Kulmus. Kaitai shinsho.
1062:Annales Academiae Medicae Gedanensis
493:(posthumously Yoshio Nagaaki) was a
250:On 4 March 1771, the eighth year of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
990:it lacks sufficient corresponding
278:(now, there is a possibility that
238:, it was the first of its kind in
162:is a medical text translated into
14:
975:
23:
542:'s referral, he got to drawing
217:, of Johann Adam Kulmus’ Latin
34:needs additional citations for
330:translations and translators (
229:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
798:After the publication of the
276:Kozukappara execution grounds
180:) in 1774, the third year of
958:(an educational program on
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636:General remarks; forms and
363:
211:
188:-style. It is based on the
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1206:Translations into Japanese
1056:Szarszewski, Adam (2009).
500:. He wrote the preface to
198:, often known in Japan as
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648:: general remarks about
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1161:1774 non-fiction books
592:Ontleedkundige Tafelen
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349:In the second year of
299:Ontleedkundige Tafelen
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195:Ontleedkundige Tafelen
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893:in the ninth year of
888:Chōtei Kaitai Shinsho
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538:, and the artist. By
512:of the third year of
369:, a five-page flyer.
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170:. It was written by
43:improve this article
1086:Carl Peter Thunberg
921:Rangaku Koto Hajime
572:, published in 1774
487:Rangaku Koto Hajime
344:Rangaku Koto Hajime
285:Rangaku Koto Hajime
1171:History of anatomy
906:The Beginnings of
646:skeletal structure
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416:, and took on the
254:, the students of
220:Tabulae Anatomicae
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1196:Illustrated books
1166:1770s in medicine
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794:Effect afterwards
642:parts of the body
479:Kiriyama Shōtetsu
456:Katsuragawa Hoshū
432:, he served as a
414:Katsuragawa Hoshū
317:Katsuragawa Hosan
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544:Kaitai Shinsho
518:Kaitai Shinsho
502:Kaitai Shinsho
475:Toriyama Shōen
471:Ishikawa Genjō
464:Ōtsuki Gentaku
448:Kaitai Shinsho
406:Kaitai Shinsho
395:Sugita Genpaku
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374:Kaitai Shinsho
307:Kaitai Shinsho
260:Sugita Genpaku
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190:Dutch-language
172:Sugita Genpaku
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424:according to
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386:Yoshio Kōsaku
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364:Kaitai Yakuzu
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340:cryptanalysis
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54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1115:
1108:Yōrō Takeshi
1089:
1066:. Retrieved
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764:gall bladder
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536:Akita Domain
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491:Yoshio Kōgyū
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1003:introducing
722:portal vein
604:Schamberger
462:along with
166:during the
1155:Categories
986:references
967:References
693:Volume III
612:Veslingius
596:Bartholini
532:Kakunodate
380:Influences
246:Background
206:ターヘル・アナトミア
168:Edo period
127:A copy of
99:April 2021
69:newspapers
1114:, et al.
1112:Haga Tōru
829:cartilage
780:pregnancy
776:genitalia
751:Volume IV
738:mesentery
702:diaphragm
655:Volume II
600:Blankaart
390:Tenman-gū
372:In 1774,
258:medicine
1118:, 1996.
1092:, 2005.
930:See also
897:(1826).
842:nankotsu
770:and the
746:pancreas
742:lacteals
714:arteries
700:and the
633:Volume I
620:Valuerda
510:Shōgatsu
426:Thunberg
404:, after
336:Nagasaki
236:language
164:Japanese
152:Kyūjitai
133:Tekijuku
1176:Rangaku
999:improve
908:Rangaku
862:dōmyaku
847:, and "
820:shinkei
784:muscles
772:bladder
768:kidneys
734:stomach
726:abdomen
616:Palfijn
560:Content
534:in the
460:rangaku
436:to the
309:to the
303:Holland
256:Rangaku
233:Western
83:scholar
1201:Kanbun
1122:
1096:
1068:24 May
988:, but
895:Bunsei
882:重訂解体新書
849:artery
782:; the
774:; the
766:; the
758:; the
756:spleen
744:; the
736:; the
730:bowels
728:; the
724:; the
720:; the
708:; the
704:; the
688:tongue
686:; the
682:; the
678:; the
674:; the
672:nerves
666:; the
662:; the
650:joints
608:Koyter
524:was a
481:, and
439:shōgun
422:Sweden
312:shōgun
272:et al.
225:Gdańsk
186:kanbun
177:須原屋市兵衛
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
807:nerve
760:liver
718:veins
710:heart
706:lungs
698:chest
668:brain
664:mouth
638:names
554:'
547:'
530:from
527:bushi
514:An'ei
508:, on
498:tsūji
495:Dutch
444:Dutch
430:hōgen
410:Dutch
351:An'ei
334:) in
332:Tsūji
328:Dutch
324:Dutch
252:Meiwa
240:Japan
182:An'ei
90:JSTOR
76:books
1120:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1084:and
1070:2019
915:蘭学事始
762:and
754:The
740:and
732:and
696:The
684:nose
680:ears
676:eyes
670:and
660:head
658:The
610:’s,
606:’s,
602:'s,
598:'s,
568:The
452:Ōoku
358:解体約図
315:was
292:蘭学事始
157:解體新書
147:解体新書
62:news
960:NHK
904:in
827:, "
614:',
489:.
477:,
454:.
420:of
131:at
45:by
1157::
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885:,
859:,
856:動脈
839:,
836:軟骨
817:,
814:神経
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