777:, the percentage of wild boars in the diet decreasing constantly during Phase II and staying very low compared to the marine resources for the rest of the Kaizuka Period (including the Late Kaizuka Period). During Phases I and II the coral reefs are not yet very developed and the resources are scarce. Starting from Phase III the marine resources retrieved from the archaeological sites greatly increase, and their variety (dugongs, sea turtles, reef fishes and shellfishes...) show that the shallow parts of the coral reefs (inō), easily reached at low tide, are widely exploited. The appearance of artefacts interpreted as fishnet sinkers in Phase III hints at the development of the fishing techniques.
39:
20:
614:
681:
burials of humans and dogs or the burning of houses are in fact traits found in many north-east Asian cultures, while the elements that can only be found in the Jōmon
Culture are absent and the fact that the body ornaments (bracelets, pendants, beads, shark teeth, earrings, butterfly-shaped artefacts) are completely different in the two cultures. Hayashi insists on the difference in the way of life, with people of the Jōmon Culture having the habit of digging storage pits to store food, which is a trait that is hardly seen in the Kaizuka Culture.
835:(Murokawa and Murokawa-jōsō for Okinawa and Omonawa-seidō and Inutabu in Amami), they seem to constantly influence each other, with similarities in shapes but differences in decorative patterns. The convergence culminates by the middle of Phase V, with types such as Ushuku-jōsō / Uzahama or Kinen I common to Okinawa and Amami. At the end of Phase V, the Nakabaru type pottery introduces new shapes, such as shallow bowls and plates that will become more common in the following Aharen'ura-kasō type of the Late Kaizuka Period.
1197:
tropical shells that can be found in the coral reefs of the
Okinawa Islands. They exchanged them for pottery (possibly containing food), iron tools (axes, projectile points), bronze mirrors, glass beads, stone tools or coins. As much as 37 sites of this period (Aharen'ura, Anchi-no-ue...) have yielded hoards of such shells (for a total of 151 hoards) in the Okinawa Islands. Shell bracelets from Ryūkyū have been found in 60 sites in the island of Kyūshū.
1216:. Shell bracelets lost their popularity in Japan after a few centuries (by 100-300 CE) with the introduction of copper bracelets. Consequently, the quantity of Japanese pottery found in Amami and Okinawa Islands after this period drastically decreases. However, the quantity of Okinawan pottery found in Amami and Amami pottery found in Okinawa increases, showing a shift in the commercial relations. It is by this period as well that foreign pottery with
45:
665:
at least until the phase of the Sobata Type
Pottery and then gradually differed from the Early or Middle Jōmon, leading to the creation of an original culture in the Ryūkyū Archipelago. Chinen said that not only the pottery was similar, but also the lithics and bone artefacts. He said that other archaeologists insisted too much on the differences (absence of cord marking on pottery, absence of
794:
Nakabaru Site...), there are also some without the limestone lining, or stone-paved dwellings, not necessarily dug into the ground (the
Shinugudō Site in Miyagi Island has 42 pit dwellings, with and without stone liming, and 12 stone-paved ones). All those types are found during the Early Kaizuka Period Phase V and the fine chronology of their appearance is still discussed.
562: Economy is mainly based on gathering, fishing and hunting, the principal resources exploited being acorns, fishes and shellfishes. Settlements are limited in size, with the apparition of perennial villages by the end of the Early Kaizuka Period. The material culture is dominated by an important pottery production and very characteristic bone and shell artefacts.
1252:
on Kume Island. The sites from which large quantities of green turbans have been found are currently unevenly distributed, with a concentration in the northern part of Amami Island and on Kume Island, and the remainder scattered around the northern tip of
Okinawa Island, Ie Island and Yonaguni Island. Many Chinese
1251:
inlay for the trade with both Yamato and China. Green turbans have been excavated in large quantities from sites of the 6th to 8th centuries CE in Amami Island such as Domori
Matsunoto, Yōmisaki or Kominato Fuwaganeku. In the Okinawa Islands, green turbans have also been excavated in large quantities
903:
Needles, smaller drills and smaller artefacts appear by Phase III, probably linked to the refinement in the lithic tools. This is during Phase III too that the number and variety of ornaments greatly increase: beads, pendants, hair ornaments, bracelets... Most of the personal ornaments of the
Kaizuka
626:
This chronology, established by Hiroe
Takamiya in the 1960's to 1980's is very widely used by the Okinawan scholars. The term "Kaizuka Period" is sometimes replaced by "Okinawan Neolithic Period". The period is divided into the Early Kaizuka Period and the Late Kaizuka Period. The Late Kaizuka Period
1246:
Although conchs and cone shells were still exported to make bracelets and ornaments for the horses, between the second half of the Late
Kaizuka Period and its final stage, the trade turned mainly on green turban shells. Green turbans were used to product shell spoons and sake cups for the trade with
1180:
There are very little metallic artefacts unearthed from the Late
Kaizuka Period in the Okinawa Islands. In the Amami Islands, during the Late Kaizuka Period Phase II, they mainly include fishing implements (fish hooks and blades interpreted as tools to detach shells from rocks). Blades of the end of
1108:
By the very beginning of the period, until about the start of the common era, unadorned pots with pointy bases are also found in the Amami area, but by the beginning of the common era, under the influence of the northern agricultural communities, the pottery undergoes a drastic evolution toward pots
938:
Starting with Phase III, the artefacts become smaller, more refined and more polished. The shell beads in particular reach very small sizes. There is also a diversification of the type of shells used, probably due to the development of the coral reefs. Artefacts that have been interpreted as fishnet
834:
A common identity develops anew during Phase V and is even already visible in similarities between the late Ōyama pottery examples and the early Omonawa-seidō type of Amami at the very end of Phase IV. Although the pottery types produced in the two areas at the very beginning of Phase V are distinct
822:
As far as it is possible to deduce it from the diffusion of pottery styles, it seems that the cultural spheres in the Okinawa and Amami Islands fluctuate a lot. Starting with Phase III, local types with a strong identity (particular designs in the decorative patterns) develop (Murokawa-kasō pottery,
664:
This point of view used to be defended by, inter alia, Hiroe Takamiya and Isamu Chinen. Based on the first discoveries of prehistoric pottery in Okinawa (Matsumura in 1920, Tawada in 1956), the Kaizuka Period pottery was identified to Jōmon pottery. Takamiya said that the two cultures were identical
1231:
The development of commerce probably engendered changes in the Kaizuka society, with the frequent landing of brokers who came to buy shells, and people probably specializing in shell fishing, processing and transport. However, clues of a stratification of the society are mainly seen in the northern
1132:
In the Okinawa Islands, the Akajanga type is produced between the late 6th and 9th centuries and the Fensa-kasō type between the 9th and the beginning of the 11th century. The decorative patterns of the Fensa-kasō type gradually spread northward as far as Tokunoshima. As for the types in Amami, the
1125:
The Kaneku type is produced until the end of the 10th century in the northern part of the Amami Island, before it is replaced by Japanese-influenced Hajiki pottery, and until the beginning of the 11th century in the southern part of the Amami Islands (it seems the production even goes on during the
907:
Butterfly-shaped bone artefacts and beast-shaped bone artefacts, some of the most emblematic artefacts of the Kaizuka Period, appear in Phase IV. The butterfly-shaped ones seem to originate from butterfly-shaped stone artefacts of Phase III, while the beast-shaped ones are said to find their origin
1161:
Although the shell bracelets are mainly known as artefacts from the Okinawa Islands found in the Japanese Islands, they are frequently found in Okinawa as well, in sites of the Late Kaizuka Period Phase I. They do not seem to be present in the assemblage after the shell trade with Japan collapses.
1104:
Pottery becomes coarser, less adorned and the variety of types decreases, despite the long time-span of the period. It is nevertheless clearly technologically and stylistically derived from the pottery of the Early Kaizuka Period. During Phase I, the characteristic pottery types are unadorned pots
753:
before they could be eaten. Sites with physical remains of the ecofacts are scarce, but the extensive presence of hammers, anvils and grinding stones, related to the processing of the acorns on sites from the whole period tells the relative importance of the acorns in the diet. From these tools it
706:
There are many sites of the Palaeolithic Period in the Okinawa and Sakishima Islands that yielded fossil human remains. There is then an interregnum with no archaeological sites, from 10,000 to 8000 BCE in the Okinawa Islands and from 18,000 to 5000 BCE in the Sakishima Islands. It is not clear if
630:
The Early Kaizuka Period Phase I goes from 8000+ BCE to 4300 BCE, Phase II from 4300 BCE to 3200 BCE, Phase III from 3200 BCE to 2200 BCE, Phase IV from 2200 BCE to 1300 BCE, Phase V from 1300 BCE to 300 BCE. The Late Kaizuka Period Phase I goes from 300 BCE to 600 CE; Phase II from 600 CE to 1100
1141:
On Okinawa Island, green phyllite and schist, that were the main stones used to make stone axes during the Early Kaizuka Period, are practically abandoned in favour of dolerite. Dolerite is harder to obtain, but produces larger axes of better quality. At the same period, the number of large stone
1050:
The Late Kaizuka Period starts by 300 BCE and lasts until the adoption of agriculture in the Gusuku Period, by the 11th or 12th century. Its main characteristic is the development of trade, first with the Japanese Islands and then with China. This important trade is called the "Shell Road Trade".
830:
Regional characteristics appear again as soon as the second half of Phase IV, although the cultural spheres overlap: the Iha, Ogidō and Ōyama types are produced in the Okinawa Islands and the south of the Amami Islands, and the Katoku IB and Katoku II types in the north and the south of the Amami
785:
The oldest sites in the Early Kaizuka Period are mainly found in caves and on the sand hills by the coast (ex. Yabuchi Cave, Noguni Shellmound Group). In the Early Kaizuka Period Phase IV, the sites are rather concentrating more inland in the higher areas, and in the Early Kaizuka Period Phase V,
1370:
The Gusuku Site, on Kikai Island, seem to have been fundamental for the development of the Gusuku Culture. It seems that the culture started in the northern part of the Ryūkyū Archipelago and spread southward, before it bloomed on Okinawa Island by the 12th century. Ceramic studies show that the
1196:
Although exchanges with the northern Japanese islands existed in the Early Kaizuka Period, they developed to become a real large-scale trade in the Late Kaizuka Period. As suggested by the name of "Shell Road Trade", the main product sought by the agricultural populations of Japan were the large
1029:
There are very few tombs found for the first phases of the Early Kaizuka Period. A recent discovery in Sakitari Cave has been attributed to the Early Kaizuka Period Phase I. It is probably a simple earth pit burial. Discoveries are more common starting with Phase IV. They show a great variety in
915:
pendants, another very characteristic ornament of the Kaizuka Culture, appear in the assemblage. They can be made from fossil shark teeth (from the Shimajiri Stratum, found in the southern and central parts of the island) or fresh ones. From Phase IV, there are ornaments made from shell, bone or
815:
Recent tries at sorting and nomenclature have produced the following tentative chronology for the Early Kaizuka Period Phase I: Sekishoku-jōsenmon types (red with striated patterns, 10,000～7,400 BP) → yūken-oshibikimon types (shouldered with impressed patterns 8,900～8,000 BP) → mumon-usude types
811:
from Amami and Okinawa has long been thought to be the Iha and Ogidō types, currently dated of Early Kaizuka Phase IV. Then, with the successive excavations, the introduction of pottery in Amami and Okinawa appeared older and older, and recent discoveries have been dated around 10,000 BP both in
580:, the period parallel to the Okinawan Kaizuka Period is called the Sakishima Prehistoric Period. The Amami Islands, the northernmost part of the Ryūkyū Archipelago, first showed strong cultural relation with the Kaizuka Culture, before they shifted and got closer to the Japanese cultural sphere.
908:
in stone magatama beads. They can be made a of single piece of bone or by combining several. It seems the simple ones are older than the complex ones, and that the size as well increases with time. The bones used vary between wild boar, fish, whale and dugong, although dugong greatly dominates.
793:
Most settlements present a combination of smaller (2x2m or 3x3m) and larger (5x5m) dwellings, generally squared with rounded angles (circular ones also exist). Although most of the identified dwellings are pit-dwellings with a line of small limestone boulders on their periphery (Ufuta III Site,
1308:
In the final stages of the Late Kaizuka Period, by the 10th-11th centuries, settlements present patterns where each above-ground pillared habitation is coupled with another building interpreted as a raised floor granary (Kushikanekubaru Site in Chatan, Fukidashibaru Site in Yomitan...). In the
1171:
Perforated artefacts and shell spoons made of great turban shell are found in larger quantity in the Amami Islands during the Late Kaizuka Period Phase II. Large quantities of shells have also been unearthed from several sites of this period on Amami-Ōshima, probably used for trade with Japan.
1112:
The pots in the Okinawa Islands being unadorned, typologies are mainly based on differences in proportions and are less detailed than for the previous period. At the end of Phase I, the pots tend to become larger. It is possible that the influence of the last Amami-type is at the origin of the
680:
The first three insist on the differences in the spiritual culture, with the absence of dogū ritual statuettes or ritual stone sceptres from sites of the Kaizuka Period in Okinawa, the fact that what is considered as jōmon cultural traits in the Kaizuka Culture, such as pit dwellings, crouched
736:
is used as soon as the beginning of the Early Kaizuka Period: 30 types of different vegetal remains were identified in Aragusuku-shichabaru 2 Site (Ginowan-Chatan) from the Early Kaizuka Period Phase I, 60 types in Ireibaru Site (Chatan) from Phase II or in Mēbaru Site (Ginoza) from Phase IV.
639:
This chronology was established by the Editorial Committee of Okinawa Prefecture History in 2003. It is broadly based on the divisions established by Takamiya, but uses a Japanese terminology, naming the Early Kaizuka Period the "Jōmon Period" and the Late Kaizuka Period the "Period that is
593:
Kaizuka Period chronologies started being developed by the 1950's. The term of "Kaizuka Period" was introduced by the Okinawa Archaeological Society in 1978. Several chronologies and terminologies are currently in use, that make use of the term Kaizuka Period or of the Japanese terminology.
1149:
Stone tools are rare both in the Amami and Okinawa Islands for the Late Kaizuka Period Phase II. Most of them are mullers and grinding slabs, with a few ground stone axes in Okinawa only. This is probably due to the shift toward metallic implements that started during the preceding phase.
1077:
During the Late Kaizuka Period Phase I, the settlements once again come closer to the coast at the top of the sand dunes. It is not clear if this shift is linked to the establishment of the Shell Trade, a change in the diet, the necessity to be closer to the reefs to claim ownership...
1068:
are the main species consumed, while in the Amami Islands, the species are more varied. This could be due to differences in the development of the coral reefs in the two areas, or in differences in fishing techniques. Terrestrial mammals such as wild boars are also occasionally hunted.
692:
He says that despite the fact certain particularities can be observed in the shapes, the pottery of the northern part of the Ryūkyū during the Jōmon Period should be called the Ryūkyū Jōmon Pottery, that there is, as far as pottery is concerned, a frontier that can be seen between the
697:
and the Kumage Islands and that the Kaizuka Culture was born from the conjunction of three natural conditions (the existence of a subtropical forest, the existence of coral reefs that help provide a stable supply in marine resources, and an environment propitious to the wild boars).
1142:
axes also increases in sites of the Amami Islands, where dolerite is native. In Amami, most sites yield axes whose dolerite come from a single location, suggesting that each community had a monopoly over one dolerite source. Although the Kaizuka Culture populations do not practice
1081:
Pit-dwellings continue to exist but the habitations gradually shift to pillared buildings above the ground that become the most common type of dwellings in the Late Kaizuka Period Phase II. The pillared buildings are rectangular and are disclosed in excavations by alignments of
951:
Exchanges inside the Kaizuka Culture sphere are particularly well illustrated by the diffusion of common ceramic types through the whole area. There also seem to have been times when pottery was produced in a unique area and then distributed in the whole cultural sphere.
826:
At the beginning of Phase IV, the common cultural sphere seems to englobe all the Okinawa and Amami Islands, with very similar pottery produced in the whole area. Despite differences in the local earth available, all potteries present a very sandy component.
1343:, white porcelain and ash-glazed stoneware bowls from the 9th to 11th centuries. This may have brought societal changes to Kikai Island and its society, marking the end of the Kaizuka Period in the Okinawa Islands and the transition to the Gusuku Period.
609:
The Initial Kaizuka Period broadly goes from 8000+ BCE to 2200 BCE, the Early Kaizuka Period goes from 2200 BCE to 1200 BCE, the Middle Kaizuka Period from 1200 BCE to 300 BCE and the Late Kaizuka Period goes from 300 BCE to the 11th-12th centuries CE.
605:
The period is called the Kaizuka Period and is divided into Initial Kaizuka Period, Early Kaizuka Period, Middle Kaizuka Period and Late Kaizuka Period. The Initial Kaizuka Period is further divided into Early Phase, Middle Phase and Late Phase.
939:
sinkers, mostly made of pierced bivalve, appear during this phase as well, hinting at the development of new fishing techniques. Containers characteristic of the Kaizuka Culture, probably for boiling water, and named shell kettles, made from
740:
The use of acorns is documented as early as the Early Kaizuka Period Phase I in Amami (Hangō Site, 11400-11200 cal.BP) and Phase II in Okinawa (Ireibaru Site), and perdures throughout the period, with an extensive collect of chinquapin
723:
The fundamental components of the Kaizuka Culture though, mainly appear during the Early Kaizuka Period Phase III, which is considered as an essential stage for the development of the culture, when the coral reefs reach their maturity.
823:
Omonawa-zentei pottery...). This is during this phase as well that the characteristic closed "tsubo" shapes appear and that a specific ceramic culture area going from the Tokara Islands to the Okinawa Islands starts to be defined.
1016:
tools, mainly made of high-quality material from Koshi-dake, a mountain in western Kyūshū, are also found in Early Kaizuka Period sites in Amami and Okinawa starting in Phase IV. Obsidian is mainly used for projectile points.
1063:
Shellfishes are still an important component of the diet. They are acquired in the areas around the coral reefs. This is also the area from which the fishes found in archaeological context come from. In the Okinawa Islands,
627:
is sometimes called the Uruma Period. The Early Kaizuka Period is divided into Phases I to V, the Late Kaizuka Period in Phases I to IV. In recent articles, it is rather divided into two phases than four (Phases I and II).
1287:. In 699 the Yamato Court received visitors from 'Tane, Yaku, Amami and Tokan' (Tanegashima, Yakushima, Amami and Tokunoshima) and in 715 from 'Amami, Yaku, Tokan, Shinkaku and Kumi' (Amami, Yakushima, Tokunoshima,
1059:
There is not fundamental change in the livelihood during the Late Kaizuka Period, whether in Phase I or II. Subsistence is still based on the collect of acorns and the main protein source is still the marine resources.
559:). It is divided into Early and Late Kaizuka Period, the difference residing in a shift in the settlement location and the development of trade with the neighbouring cultures, first Japan, and then China and Korea.
870:
appear by Phase I in Amami and II in Okinawa, probably as an influence of the Japanese Jōmon Culture. They are very rare during the whole length of the period (one or two examples per site, when they are present).
1121:
The pottery produced during the Late Kaizuka Period Phase II is called "constricted flat bottom type" (in Japanese くびれ平底土器). This pottery is found both in Amami and Okinawa Islands, but with regional differences.
719:
Since the Kaizuka Period is defined as the period of the prehistory with pottery, its upper limit is regularly pushed earlier with the successive discoveries of older pottery. It is currently placed by 8000 BCE.
927:
During Phase I, shell implements that seem to be imitations of stone projectile points have been found in very old sites such as Yabuchi Cave or Bugeidō Cave. Those artefacts are not produced after Phase I.
955:
Very large quantities of unprocessed allogenous tool stones are retrieved from the sites, coming from various locations, sometimes from different islands as soon as the Early Kaizuka Period Phase I.
1295:
is said to have arrived at 'Akinaha Island' on his way to Japan, which is said to be the main island of Okinawa. After this, the Okinawan place names disappear from the Japanese records for a time.
1458:當眞, 嗣一 (1985). "沖縄の時代区分をめぐってー特に弥生時代相当期からグスク時代" [Concerning the Chronological Divisions in Okinawa - especially from the periode contemporaneous to the Yayoi Period to the Gusuku Period -].
790:
gathered in villages. At the very end of the period, the sites start to shift toward the sand dunes along the coast, that will be their preferred location during the following Late Kaizuka Period.
1710:新垣, 匠 (2023). "琉球列島における土器文化の起源～復帰後50年の研究成果を中心に～" [Origins of the ceramic culture of the Ryukyu Archipelago - with a focus on the research results of the 50 years after the reversion -].
1684:
Cultural Formation in the Prehistoric Period of the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands - A Study of Cultural Formation through Interregional Comparison of Site Attributes and Ecological Resource Use
1109:
with incised patterns and pedestals, that will be characteristic of the ceramic assemblage of Amami for the rest of Phase I. Those types of pottery are often referred to as "Amami-types".
1371:
Gusuku Culture was adopted quite quickly in some islands, and quite slowly in some others, maybe due to differences in areas with immigration-led adoption and areas with local diffusion.
640:
contemporaneous of the Yayoi to Heian Periods" (Japanese: 弥生～平安並行時代). It is mainly used in the publications by the Okinawa Prefectural Archaeological Center and the Prefectural Museum.
348:
338:
1615:木下, 尚子 (2005). "縄文時代二つの装身文化―九州・奄美・沖縄の装身具比較" [The Two Personal Ornaments Cultures of the Jomon Period - Comparison of the Personal Ornaments in Kyushu / Amami / Okinawa].
935:
or their opercula are very common. A great variety of shells are used to make beads and pendants, as well as shell bracelets, that are an emblematic item of the Kaizuka Culture.
1188:
have been found on sites from this period. It is thought that the techniques acquired in Amami at that time later spread southward to the Okinawa Islands in the Gusuku Period.
1000:
Archaeological sites have also yielded sherds from pottery imported from Jōmon Japan, showing that relations outside of the cultural sphere existed even at this early stage.
888:
Until Phase II, pendants are mainly made from boar bones, which is a common point with Jōmon Japan, even though the shapes differ. Starting with Phase II, pendants and large
1660:伊藤, 慎二 (2011). "先史琉球社会の段階的展開とその要困―貝塚時代前I期仮説―" [The Gradual Development of Prehistoric Ryukyu and its Origins - Hypothesis about the Early Kaizuka Period Phase I -].
1312:
Many sites of this period present very large concentrations of postholes from which it is very difficult to find any building plan (for instance Ireibaru D Site in Chatan).
1165:
The most common and most studied shell artefacts for the Late Kaizuka Period Phase II are the Hirota-josō type shell amulets (kaifu) and the green turban shell artefacts.
685:
The Kaizuka Pottery is Jōmon Pottery, but the Kaizuka Culture is not Jōmon Culture, a point of view accepting both the similarities and differences of the two cultures.
2215:
2033:與嶺, 有紀也 (2023). "貝塚時代後2期からグスク時代初期にかけての研究成果と課題" [Research Results and Problems from the Late Kaizuka Period Phase II to the Beginning of the Gusuku Period].
1129:
A local version of Hajiki pottery is also produced in Amami as soon as the end of the 9th century, and is said to be the ancestor of the later Gusuku pottery jars.
473:
1910:島袋, 春美 (2019). "装身具研究のこれまでとこれからー奄美・沖縄諸島を中心にー" [Personal Ornaments Research, until now and from now on - with a focus on the Amami and Okinawa Islands -].
1309:
following Gusuku Period, there will be a tendency to divide the villages between a residential area with the habitations and a storage area with the granaries.
1243:, Okinawan shells became once again popular. They fell out of fashion again by the Late Kofun Period, when the trend for bracelets shifted to bronze and stone.
1256:
cash coins were excavated from sites of the same period on Kume Island, and there are various theories about the Southern Islands Trade Routes of this period.
1596:岡村, 道雄 (2018). "日本列島における円筒土器文化―他文化圏と比較の視点" [The Cylindrical Pottery Culture in the Japanese Archipelago - Comparisons with other Cultural Spheres -].
1010:
Ichiki type pottery, produced in southern Kyūshū Island, is often found in sites of the beginning of the Early Kaizuka Period Phase IV in Amami and Okinawa.
1794:樋泉, 岳二 (2018). "遺跡出土脊椎動物遺体からみた奄美・沖縄の動物資源利用" [Animal Resource Use in Amami/Okinawa based on Vertebrate Remains Excavated from Archaeological Sites].
707:
the populations of the Shimotabaru Culture in the Sakishima Islands, or the ones of the Kaizuka Culture in the Okinawa Islands, are related to the previous
526:
1351:
The Gusuku Period is marked by the spread of agriculture and a remarkable increase in the population. Emblematic artefacts of the Gusuku Period include
555:. It lasts from 8000 BCE to the 11th or 12th centuries CE. The culture that develops during this period is called the Kaizuka Culture (Japanese: 貝塚文化,
1086:. At first the alignments of postholes and the building shapes are irregular. The pillars only start to be regularly spaced by the 8th century CE.
1158:
The use of shell ornaments persists in the Late Kaizuka Period, but their variety and number drastically decrease compared to the previous stage.
38:
993:, used for axes as well, is very rare on the main Okinawa Island, and must have been imported from the neighbouring Kerama Islands, or even from
1007:, is found in sites from Phase III and locally-produced Sobata type pottery also exists in Okinawa (Ufudōbaru, Toguchi-agaribaru, Irei-baru).
2061:
1994:
924:
Shell artefacts are very common as soon as the beginning of the Early Kaizuka Period. They are a very important component of the assemblage.
483:
1335:
seems to become a nodal point in the commercial relations between the Ryūkyū Islands and Japan. It yielded Kyūshū-style Hajiki earthenware,
1925:安座間, 充 (2014). "土器からみた貝交易開始期前後の地域間交流" [Inter-regional Exchanges around the Beginning of the Shell Trade, as seen through Pottery].
1184:
Local production of metallic implements started in the Amami Islands as soon as the Late Kaizuka Period Phase II, in the late 9th century.
1725:高宮, 広土 (2019). "貝塚時代前期を中心とした植物遺体研究の新視点" [New Perspectives on Vegetal Remains Studies with a focus on the Early Kaizuka Period].
847:: the lithic assemblage is practically complete by the end of Phase II, and only refines in the following phases. Most of the tools are
468:
1854:亀島, 慎吾; 瀬戸, 哲也 (2014). "貝塚時代前4・5期土器から見る沖縄と奄美" [Okinawa and Amami as seen through the Early Kaizuka Period Phases 4-5 Pottery].
2122:
2086:
1836:山崎, 真治 (2014). "先史土器の胎土分析から見た流通圏とその画期" [Distribution Zones and their Periods as seen from Prehistoric Pottery Clay Analysis].
660:
The Kaizuka Culture is a sub-culture of the Japanese Jōmon Culture, and the Japanese divisions of the Jōmon Period should be applied.
1778:
1113:
evolution of the pointy bottoms toward constricted flat bottoms, that will be characteristic of the Late Kaizuka Period Phase II.
1181:
the period are of a particular shape characteristic to the Okinawa and Amami Island, that will perdure during the Gusuku Period.
398:
358:
1581:知念, 勇 (2000). "沖縄先史時代の編年に関する二、三の問題点" [One or Two Problematic Points concerning the Chronology of Okinawan Prehistory].
749:
acorns. In Ireibaru (Phase II) and Mēbaru (Phase III) the acorns have been found in bamboo baskets placed in water to wash the
519:
2171:木下, 尚子 (2002). "貝交易と国家形成 9世紀から13世紀を対象に" [Shell Trade and State Formation as seen through the 9th to 13th Centuries].
1548:
1534:
1042:
with the body, that perdures throughout the whole length of the Kaizuka Period, is first documented from sites of Phase IV.
1235:
Although the popularity of the shell bracelets among the Japanese populations decreased in the latter half of the Japanese
769:
have also been found (arranged in lines in Futenma Kushibaru 2 Site, Early Kaizuka Phase IV). However, by 6000 yBP, as the
1890:
Prehistoric Tool Stone Acquisition: Regionalism and Tool Stone Acquisition, Movement and Use as seen through Lithic Styles
408:
289:
279:
269:
84:
74:
61:
30:
816:(thin unadorned 8,000～6,900 BP) → Nantō-tsumegatamon types (adorned with fingerprints or nail incisions 7,300～6,600 BP).
2147:安里, 進 (2013). "7～12世紀の琉球列島をめぐる３つの問題" [Three Problems with the Ryukyu Archipelago in the 7th to 12th Centuries].
985:
used for mullers / hammers and grinding slabs / anvils, are easily found in the northern part of Okinawa Island and the
493:
669:
ritual statuettes, absence of ritual stone sceptres, absence of storage pits) instead of focusing on the similarities.
2220:
1562:高宮, 廣衞 (1978). "沖縄列島における新石器時代編年（試案）" [(Tentative) Chronology of the Neolithic Period in the Okinawa Islands].
1146:, it is possible that the adoption of those large axes is an influence from the neighbouring agricultural populations
673:
The Kaizuka Culture and the Jōmon Culture are distinct cultures, focusing on the differences between the two cultures.
648:
There are at least three points of view concerning the relations between the Kaizuka Culture of Okinawa/Amami and the
551:
of the Okinawa and Amami Islands. It is defined as the period of the prehistory in the Amami and Okinawa Islands with
478:
512:
2210:
1324:, established in 960, took measures to promote trade with neighbouring countries. Trade between the Song, Japan,
677:
This point of view is defended by, inter alia, Shiichi Tōma, Michio Okamura, Naoko Kinoshita or Kensaku Hayashi.
488:
1220:
tempering appears in Okinawa. It is not clear if this type of pottery is from (or strongly influenced by) the
1208:
to Northern Kyūshū, where they were processed into bracelets and other ornaments and sent as far north as the
251:
757:
At the beginning of the Early Kaizuka Period, during Phase I, proteins are essentially obtained through the
1212:. Traces of shell bracelet processing have been found at the Takahashi site (Minamisatsuma City) on the
602:
The "Current Chronology" is based on the one established by Shinjun Tawada during the 1950's to 1980's.
217:
1961:具志堅, 清大 (2023). "貝塚時代後期研究の成果と課題" [Results and Problems of the Late Kaizuka Period Research].
207:
1364:
303:
422:
231:
1367:(Kyūshū Island). This assemblage is found as a set in the Amami, Okinawa and Sakishima Islands.
1168:
The shell amulets are found in the Amami and Okinawa Islands from the 6th to the 9th centuries.
1200:
At the beginning of the Late Kaizuka period Phase I, a commercial road was established to send
2118:
2082:
2057:
1990:
1774:
1542:
1213:
940:
880:
Recycling is common and it is not rare to repurpose a broken stone axe as a muller or hammer.
877:-shaped tools appear by Phase III, as well as thin blades and circular pedestal-like objects.
831:
Islands. The southern Amami Islands seems to mix the influences of both the cultural spheres.
613:
573:
312:
1512:木下, 尚子 (2019). "縄文文化と沖縄の貝塚文化" [The Jomon Culture and the Okinawan Kaizuka Culture].
1035:
965:
and is found in sites all over Okinawa Island as soon as the Early Kaizuka Period Phase II.
962:
932:
44:
1288:
1268:
1253:
121:
19:
649:
1360:
1232:
islands of the Ryūkyū Archipelago, such as Tokunoshima, during the following Phase II.
1225:
986:
694:
577:
368:
193:
111:
2204:
1272:
1264:
860:
644:
Relations between the Kaizuka Culture of Okinawa/Amami and the Jōmon Culture of Japan
566:
436:
378:
241:
145:
97:
67:
1105:
with pointy bases in Okinawa and pots with incised patterns and pedestals in Amami.
1321:
1240:
1236:
1031:
848:
766:
131:
1645:伊藤, 慎二 (2017). "縄文文化における南の範囲" [The Southern Extent of the Jomon Culture].
1442:
Where did Okinawans came from? Origin and evolution of Ryukyu and Okinawa Peoples
1336:
1280:
1260:
1143:
994:
970:
912:
808:
708:
90:
1284:
1065:
1039:
844:
770:
548:
1356:
1332:
1276:
1083:
982:
867:
787:
762:
388:
1630:伊藤, 慎二 (2008). "琉球縄文土器（前期）" [Ryukyu Jomon Pottery (Early Period)].
169:
1320:
By the final stage of the Late Kaizuka Period (10th century), the Chinese
754:
seems that the acorns were first cracked opened and then reduced to flour
1340:
1292:
1209:
1133:
Okinawan types continue to be produced during the Gusuku Period as well.
1013:
974:
966:
855:. Pressure flaking is almost not observed. The main components are stone
852:
1771:
Ryukyu Archaeology : from the Palaeolithic to the Battle of Okinawa
1352:
1205:
990:
666:
552:
159:
1325:
1185:
1004:
978:
897:
874:
773:
start to appear, the economy begins to shift towards a dependence to
750:
179:
1248:
1221:
1201:
958:
893:
889:
819:
During Phase II appear the Jōkonmon types (linear mark patterns).
765:. Bows and arrows are introduced, very probably from Jōmon Japan.
742:
653:
547:); literally the "Shellmound Period" is one of the periods of the
1217:
1018:
1038:. Sometimes the bones have been burnt. The habit of depositing
1816:上原, 靜 (2019). "住まいと貝塚" [Habitations and Shellmounds].
856:
746:
565:
From the 12th century, the Kaizuka Culture is followed by the
1328:
and the Ryūkyū Islands flourished from this time onwards.
1279:), in 677 there is the record of the visit of people from
1259:
By this period, Japanese historical documents such as the
569:, the first agricultural culture of the Okinawa Islands.
1987:
People and Environment in Prehistoric and Antique Ryukyu
2054:
Who Built the Ryukyu Kingdom? - Pirats and Trade Period
1399:]. カラー百科シリーズ⑨ (in Japanese). 新星図書. pp. 37–40.
1680:宮古・八重山諸島先史時代における文化形成の解明－遺跡属性と生態資源利用の地域間比較を通した文化形成の考察－
1030:
funerary practices, with human remains discovered in
1021:
from Japan is found on sites of this period as well.
689:
This point of view is mainly defended by Shinji Itō.
1271:and the islands of the Ryūkyū archipelago. In 616,
812:Amami (Shitabaru Cave) and Okinawa (Yabuchi Cave).
435:
421:
407:
397:
387:
377:
367:
357:
347:
337:
325:
311:
302:
288:
278:
268:
250:
240:
230:
216:
206:
192:
178:
168:
158:
144:
130:
120:
110:
96:
83:
73:
60:
916:stone that imitate the shape of the shark teeth.
981:, used for the stone axes, and the coarse grain
1299:Final Stage and transition to the Gusuku Period
16:Archaeological period of the Ryukyu prehistory
520:
8:
1363:from Tokunoshima Island and stone pots from
863:/ anvils. Mullers can be round or elongated
843:There is no such striking evolution in the
527:
513:
26:
612:
18:
2028:
2026:
1619:(in Japanese). 九州縄文研究会沖縄大会実行委員会: 44–52.
1380:
29:
2184:
2182:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1989:]. 考古学リーダー19 (in Japanese). 六一書房.
1976:
1974:
1972:
1956:
1849:
1847:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1686:] (in Japanese). 琉球大学大学院人文社会科学研究科.
1585:(in Japanese). 高宮廣衞先生古稀記念論集刊行会: 31–45.
1540:
598:Tawada Chronology / Current Chronology
461:
432:
334:
299:
227:
203:
155:
107:
57:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1886:先史時代の石材獲得―石器のスタイルからみた地域性と石材の獲得・流通と利用―
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1673:
1671:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1453:
1451:
1386:
1384:
7:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
2193:. 高等学校 世界史のしおり (in Japanese). 帝国書院.
904:Period are made of bone or shell.
14:
1417:安里, 進 (1996). "考古学からみた現代琉球人の形成".
1275:receives a delegation from Yaku (
1003:Sobata type pottery, produced in
2216:Prehistory of the Ryūkyū Islands
786:sites present concentrations of
43:
37:
1347:Transition to the Gusuku Period
931:Spoons and scrappers made from
576:, the southernmost part of the
2115:Green Turban Shell Archaeology
1927:先史時代の地域間交流を考えるー貝交易以前のモノの移動と流通ー
1856:先史時代の地域間交流を考えるー貝交易以前のモノの移動と流通ー
1838:先史時代の地域間交流を考えるー貝交易以前のモノの移動と流通ー
1773:] (in Japanese). 東京: 敬文舎.
1444:] (in Japanese). ボーダーインク社.
1:
2037:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 31–40.
1965:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 21–30.
1929:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 40–51.
1914:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 32–39.
1858:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 26–39.
1840:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 52–61.
1798:(in Japanese). 南方新社: 109–128.
1729:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 29–31.
1516:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 13–24.
1438:沖縄人はどこから来たか〈改訂版〉 琉球・沖縄人の起源と成立
1267:record exchanges between the
635:Okinawa Prefecture Chronology
1820:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 4–12.
1714:(in Japanese). 沖縄考古学会: 1–10.
1649:(in Japanese). 吉川弘文館: 47–68.
943:, also appear in Phase III.
474:Missions from Imperial China
1664:(in Japanese). 六一書房: 43–60.
617:Kaizuka period Chronologies
399:Okinawa Reversion Agreement
2237:
2117:] (in Japanese). 同成社.
2079:かごしま検定 鹿児島観光・文化検定公式テキストブック
2056:] (in Japanese). 七月社.
1767:琉球の考古学 : 旧石器時代から沖縄戦まで
1617:第15回九州縄文研究会沖縄大会 九州の縄文時代装身具
1547:: CS1 maint: url-status (
859:and mullers / hammers and
469:Missions to Imperial China
1239:, with the spread of the
911:Starting with Phase III,
464:
431:
333:
298:
226:
202:
154:
116:16616 BC?– 1186 AD?
106:
2191:11～12世紀初頭の日麗交流と東方ユーラシア情勢
2175:(in Japanese). 熊本大学文学部.
2173:先史琉球の生業と交易 奄美・沖縄の発掘調査から
1981:高宮, 広土; 伊藤, 慎二 (2011).
1634:(in Japanese): 814–821.
1436:安里, 進; 土肥, 直美 (2011).
1331:The site of Gusuku in
618:
24:
2081:(in Japanese). 南方新社.
2050:琉球王国は誰が作ったのか〜倭寇と交易の時代
1647:縄文時代その枠組・文化・社会をどう捉えるか
1322:Northern Song dynasty
892:can be made of boar,
732:A great diversity of
616:
494:Independence movement
22:
2077:大木, 公彦, ed. (2005).
1912:荻堂貝塚発掘調査100年貝塚研究の新視点
1892:] (in Japanese).
1818:荻堂貝塚発掘調査100年貝塚研究の新視点
1727:荻堂貝塚発掘調査100年貝塚研究の新視点
1604:. 青森県教育委員会: 170–190.
1514:荻堂貝塚発掘調査100年貝塚研究の新視点
1247:Japan (Yamato), and
851:, very few are just
715:Early Kaizuka Period
484:Missions from Joseon
437:Kagoshima Prefecture
349:Civil Administration
326:U. S. administration
75:Early Kaizuka Period
1397:Prehistoric Okinawa
1291:and Kume). In 753,
1046:Late Kaizuka Period
941:giant triton shells
933:green turban shells
622:Takamiya Chronology
339:Military Government
252:Japanese Annexation
85:Late Kaizuka Period
2221:Prehistory of Asia
2035:沖縄考古額50年の研究成果と研究課題
1983:先史・原始時代の琉球列島 ヒトと景観
1963:沖縄考古額50年の研究成果と研究課題
1712:沖縄考古額50年の研究成果と研究課題
1025:Funerary practices
619:
578:Ryūkyū Archipelago
479:Missions to Joseon
441:1953–present
427:1972–present
423:Okinawa Prefecture
218:Second Shō dynasty
126:1187?– 1259?
89:300 BC–1100
79:8,000–300 BC
25:
2063:978-4-909544-06-3
1996:978-4-947743-95-4
1214:Satsuma Peninsula
1036:secondary burials
997:or Amami Island.
734:vegetal resources
574:Sakishima Islands
543:(Japanese: 貝塚時代,
537:
536:
502:
501:
449:
448:
445:
444:
417:
416:
409:Okinawa Reversion
321:
320:
313:Battle of Okinawa
264:
263:
260:
259:
208:First Shō dynasty
188:
187:
140:
139:
136:1260?– 1349
66:pre–10,000
31:History of Ryukyu
2228:
2211:Ryukyuan history
2195:
2194:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2129:
2128:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2001:
2000:
1978:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1762:
1731:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1688:
1687:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1570:. 沖縄考古学会: 11–22.
1559:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1341:Yue ware celadon
1222:Korean peninsula
1126:Gusuku Period).
1090:Material Culture
1034:, in primary or
963:Motobu Peninsula
798:Material Culture
775:marine resources
529:
522:
515:
462:
433:
369:Tokara Reversion
335:
300:
290:Pre-World War II
232:Satsuma Invasion
228:
204:
184:1314?–1429
174:1314?–1429
164:1314?–1416
156:
108:
58:
47:
41:
27:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2151:(in Japanese).
2146:
2145:
2132:
2125:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2048:吉成, 直樹 (2020).
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2004:
1997:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1934:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1884:大堀, 皓平 (2014).
1883:
1882:
1863:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1765:宮城, 弘樹 (2022).
1764:
1763:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1691:
1678:山極, 海嗣 (2015).
1677:
1676:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1600:(in Japanese).
1595:
1594:
1590:
1583:琉球・東アジアの人と文化（上）
1580:
1579:
1575:
1566:(in Japanese).
1561:
1560:
1556:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1471:
1462:(in Japanese).
1457:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1421:(in Japanese).
1416:
1415:
1404:
1391:沖縄考古学会 (1978).
1390:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1353:Chinese celadon
1349:
1318:
1306:
1301:
1254:Kaiyuan Tongbao
1249:mother-of-pearl
1210:Hokkaidō Island
1194:
1178:
1156:
1154:Shell Artefacts
1139:
1119:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1075:
1057:
1048:
1027:
961:comes from the
949:
922:
920:Shell artefacts
886:
841:
805:
800:
783:
730:
717:
704:
646:
591:
586:
533:
504:
503:
498:
489:Missions to Edo
459:
451:
450:
379:Amami Reversion
363:1952–1972
353:1950–1972
343:1945–1950
329:1945–1972
294:1926–1945
284:1912–1926
274:1879–1912
246:1872–1879
222:1469–1879
212:1429–1469
198:1429–1879
150:1314–1429
122:Shunten dynasty
102:1187–1314
55:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2189:中村, 翼 (2014).
2178:
2158:
2130:
2124:978-4886213259
2123:
2109:高梨, 修 (2005).
2094:
2088:978-4861240713
2087:
2069:
2062:
2040:
2002:
1995:
1968:
1932:
1917:
1895:
1861:
1843:
1823:
1801:
1796:奄美・沖縄諸島先史学の最前線
1786:
1779:
1732:
1717:
1689:
1667:
1652:
1637:
1622:
1607:
1588:
1573:
1554:
1519:
1469:
1447:
1428:
1402:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1361:Kamuiyaki ware
1348:
1345:
1317:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1226:mainland China
1193:
1190:
1177:
1174:
1155:
1152:
1138:
1135:
1118:
1115:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1074:
1071:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1026:
1023:
987:Kerama Islands
948:
945:
921:
918:
885:
884:Bone artefacts
882:
861:grinding slabs
840:
837:
804:
801:
799:
796:
782:
779:
729:
726:
716:
713:
703:
700:
695:Tokara Islands
645:
642:
590:
587:
585:
582:
567:Gusuku Culture
541:Kaizuka Period
535:
534:
532:
531:
524:
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194:Ryukyu Kingdom
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112:Tenson dynasty
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2149:国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告
2143:
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2015:
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1273:Empress Suiko
1270:
1266:
1265:Shoku Nihongi
1262:
1257:
1255:
1250:
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1241:Kofun Culture
1238:
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1032:rock shelters
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1022:
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1015:
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1005:Kyūshū Island
1001:
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984:
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946:
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788:pit-dwellings
780:
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764:
760:
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748:
745:and Okinawan
744:
738:
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712:
711:populations.
710:
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690:
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682:
678:
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674:
670:
668:
662:
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657:
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650:Jōmon Culture
643:
641:
637:
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632:
628:
624:
623:
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611:
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603:
600:
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588:
583:
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579:
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563:
560:
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557:Kaizuka bunka
554:
550:
546:
545:Kaizuka jidai
542:
530:
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293:
291:
287:
283:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
255:
253:
249:
245:
243:
242:Ryukyu Domain
239:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
191:
183:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
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157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
135:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
98:Gusuku period
95:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
69:
65:
63:
59:
51:
50:
46:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
23:Nakabaru Site
21:
2190:
2172:
2152:
2148:
2114:
2110:
2078:
2072:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2034:
1986:
1982:
1962:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1889:
1885:
1855:
1837:
1817:
1795:
1789:
1770:
1766:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1683:
1679:
1662:先史・原史時代の琉球列島
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1513:
1463:
1459:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1418:
1396:
1392:
1369:
1350:
1333:Kikai Island
1330:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1269:Yamato Court
1258:
1245:
1237:Yayoi Period
1234:
1230:
1199:
1195:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1148:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1080:
1076:
1066:parrotfishes
1062:
1058:
1049:
1028:
1012:
1009:
1002:
999:
957:
954:
950:
937:
930:
926:
923:
910:
906:
902:
887:
879:
873:
865:
842:
833:
829:
825:
821:
818:
814:
806:
792:
784:
774:
758:
756:
739:
733:
731:
722:
718:
709:palaeolithic
705:
702:Introduction
691:
688:
684:
683:
679:
676:
672:
671:
663:
659:
658:
647:
638:
634:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:
608:
604:
601:
597:
596:
592:
571:
564:
561:
556:
544:
540:
538:
132:Eiso dynasty
62:Palaeolithic
1304:Settlements
1281:Tanegashima
1261:Nihon Shoki
1206:cone shells
1144:agriculture
1073:Settlements
1040:giant clams
995:Tokunoshima
971:Kume Island
969:comes from
913:shark teeth
845:stone tools
809:earthenware
807:The oldest
781:Settlements
771:coral reefs
2205:Categories
1375:References
1285:Asuka-dera
1055:Livelihood
868:arrowheads
763:wild boars
728:Livelihood
549:prehistory
359:Government
304:Militarism
2111:ヤコウガイの考古学
1357:porcelain
1277:Yakushima
1084:postholes
983:sandstone
767:Pit traps
589:Divisions
584:Divisions
389:Koza riot
1543:cite web
1365:Nagasaki
1337:Sue ware
1293:Jianzhen
1289:Ishigaki
1117:Phase II
1014:Obsidian
991:Dolerite
975:phyllite
973:. Green
967:Andesite
1535:"沖縄の編年"
1393:先史時代の沖縄
1263:or the
1186:Tuyeres
1100:Phase I
1095:Pottery
900:bones.
853:knapped
803:Pottery
572:In the
553:pottery
160:Hokuzan
54:Periods
2121:
2085:
2060:
1993:
1777:
1632:総覧縄文土器
1598:三内丸山遺跡
1326:Goryeo
1202:conchs
1137:Lithic
979:schist
898:dugong
890:drills
875:Chisel
866:Stone
849:ground
839:Lithic
751:tannin
458:Topics
280:Taishō
180:Nanzan
170:Chūzan
146:Sanzan
2113:[
2052:[
1985:[
1888:[
1769:[
1682:[
1460:考古学研究
1440:[
1395:[
1316:Trade
1192:Trade
1176:Metal
959:Chert
947:Trade
894:whale
743:beech
654:Japan
270:Meiji
2119:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2058:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1564:南島考古
1549:link
1466:(2).
1425:(3).
1419:地学雑誌
1355:and
1218:talc
1204:and
1019:Jade
977:and
857:axes
759:hunt
667:dogū
631:CE.
539:The
413:1972
403:1971
393:1970
383:1953
373:1952
317:1945
256:1879
236:1609
2153:179
1423:105
1283:in
1224:or
896:or
761:of
747:oak
652:of
2207::
2181:^
2161:^
2133:^
2097:^
2005:^
1971:^
1935:^
1898:^
1864:^
1846:^
1826:^
1804:^
1735:^
1692:^
1670:^
1602:44
1545:}}
1541:{{
1522:^
1472:^
1464:32
1450:^
1405:^
1383:^
1359:,
1339:,
1228:.
989:.
656:.
91:AD
68:BC
2155:.
2127:.
2091:.
2066:.
1999:.
1783:.
1568:6
1551:)
1537:.
528:e
521:t
514:v
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