471:
74:
544:
Tsaritsyn and
Saratov. This was the kind of exchange relationship between nomads and urban craftsmen and traders in which the Kalmyks traditionally engaged. Political contacts consisted of a series of treaty arrangements for the nominal allegiance of the Kalmyk Khans to Russia, and the cessation of mutual raiding by Kalmyks on the one hand and Cossacks and Bashkirs on the other. A few Kalmyk nobles became russified and nominally Christian who went to Moscow in hope of securing Russian help for their political ambitions on the Kalmyk steppe. Russian subsidies to Kalmyk nobles, however, became an effective means of political control only later. Yet gradually the Kalmyk princes came to require Russian support and to abide by Russian policy.
528:. These campaigns highlighted the strategic importance of the Kalmyk Khanate which functioned as a buffer zone, between Russia and the Muslim world, as Russia fought wars in Europe. To encourage the release of Oirat cavalrymen in support of its military campaigns, the Tsarist government increasingly relied on the provision of monetary payments and dry goods to the Oirat Khan and the Oirat nobility. In that respect, the Tsarist government treated the Oirats as it did the Cossacks. The provision of monetary payments and dry goods, however, did not stop the mutual raiding, and in some instances, both sides failed to fulfil their promises.
561:
1183:
1234:
84:
567:
1300:
1110:
2122:
47:
1245:, approximately 200,000 Kalmyks began the journey from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga River to Dzungaria. Approximately five-sixths of the Torghut tribe followed Ubashi Khan. Most of the Khoshuts, Choros and Khoits accompanied the Torghuts on their journey to Dzungaria. The Dörbet tribe, by contrast, elected not to go at all. The Kalmyks who resettled in Qing territory became known as
1249:. While the first phase of their movement became the Old Torghuts, the Qing called the later Torghut immigrants "New Torghut". Various estimates put the size of the departing group at about 169 000 humans, with perhaps as many as six million animals (cattle, sheep, horses, camels and dogs). Beset by raids, thirst, cold and starvation, approximately 70,000 survivors made it to Dzungaria.
1159:) have relied on Muslim sources who traditionally used the word Kalmyk to describe the Oirats in a derogatory manner. But the Oirats of China and Mongolia have regarded that name as a term of abuse (Haslund, 1935:214–215). Instead, they use the name Oirat or go by their respective tribal names, e.g., Khoshut, Dörbet, Choros, Torghut, Khoit, Bayid, Mingat, etc. (Anuchin, 1914:57).
1230:, contacted to request his blessing and to set the date of departure, consulted the astrological chart and set the return date, but at the moment of departure, the weakening of the ice on the Volga River permitted only those Kalmyks who roamed on the eastern bank to leave. Those on the right bank were forced to stay behind.
1269:
548:
During the era of Ayuka Khan, the Kalmyk
Khanate reached its peak of military and political power. The Khanate experienced economic prosperity from free trade with Russian border towns, Qing China, and their Muslim neighbors. During this era, Ayuka Khan also kept close contact with his Oirat kinsmen
531:
The
Tsarist government provided the Oirats with tariff-free access to the markets of Russian border towns, where the Oirats were permitted to barter their herds and the goods they had obtained from Asia and their Muslim neighbors for Russian goods. Trade also occurred with neighboring Turkish tribes
543:
There were few sustained interrelations between
Kalmyks and Russians in the frontier period. Routine contacts consisted in the main of seasonal commodity exchanges of Kalmyk livestock and the products thereof for such nomad necessities as brick tea, grain, textiles and metal articles, at Astrakhan,
73:
1260:. The title of Khan was abolished. The highest native governing office remaining was the Vice-Khan, also recognized by the government as the highest ranking Kalmyk prince. By appointing the Vice-Khan, the Tsarist government was now permanently the decisive force in Kalmyk government and affairs.
1198:
in 1724, the political situation among the
Kalmyks became unstable as various factions sought the office of Khan. The Tsarist government also gradually chipped away at the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate. The policies of Saint Petersburg, for instance, encouraged the establishment of Russian and
1040:. They kill 11,460 Nogais, drown 5,060 others and return with 2,000 camels, 39,200 horses, 190,000 cattle, 220,000 sheep and 22,100 human captives, of whom only 700 were adult males. On the way home they meet and defeat a returning Nogai war party and free 2,000 Russian captives.
455:(Muslim vassals of the Russians) of Oirat encampments were commonplace. Numerous oaths and treaties were signed to ensure the Oirat's loyalty and military assistance. Although the Oirats became subjects of the Tsar, such allegiance by the Oirats was deemed to be nominal.
420:
River. The
Tsarist government was not ready to colonize the area and was in no position to prevent the Oirats from encamping in the region, but it had a direct political interest in ensuring that the Oirats would not become allied with their Turkic-speaking neighbors.
1897:"The Kalmyk Khanate reached its peak of power in the period of Ayuka Khan (1669–1724). Protected the southern borders of Russia and conducted many military expeditions against the Crimean Tatars, Ottoman Empire and Kuban Tatars. He also waged wars against the
1140:
neighbors and later used by the
Russians to describe them. The Oirats used this name in their dealings with outsiders, viz., their Russian and Muslim neighbors. But they continued to refer to themselves by their tribal, clan, or other internal affiliations.
458:
In reality, the Oirats governed themselves pursuant to a document known as the Great Code of the Nomads (Iki
Tsaadzhin Bichig). The Code was promulgated in 1640 by them, their brethren in Dzungaria and some of the Eastern Mongols who all gathered near the
470:
532:
under
Russian control, such as the Tatars and the Bashkirs, with whom intermarriage became common. This trading arrangement provided substantial benefits, monetary and otherwise, to the Oirat tayishis, noyons and zaisangs.
490:, the Oirats rose to political and military prominence as the Tsarist government sought the increased use of Oirat cavalry in support of its military campaigns against the Muslim powers in the south, such as
1117:
Historically, the West
Mongolian tribes identified themselves by their respective tribal names. Most likely in the 15th century, the four major West Mongolian tribes formed an alliance, adopting "
539:
under Kho Orluk in 1630 to the end of the great Khanate of Kho Orluk's descendant, Ayuka Khan, in 1724, a phase accompanied by little discernible acculturative change (Adelman, 1960:14–15):
1121:" as their collective name. After the alliance dissolved, the West Mongolian tribes were simply called "Oirat." In the early 17th century, a second great Oirat State emerged, called the
1203:
government imposed a council on the Kalmyk Khan, thereby diluting his authority, while continuing to expect the Kalmyk Khan to provide cavalry units to fight on behalf of Russia. The
2169:
486:
In securing their position, the Oirats became a borderland power, often allying themselves with the Tsarist government against the neighboring Muslim population. During the era of
2164:
2125:// Международная научная конференция «Сетевое востоковедение: образование, наука, культура», 7-10 декабря 2017 г.: материалы. Элиста: Изд-во Калм. ун-та, 2017. с. 286–289.
1144:
The name Kalmyk, however, was not immediately accepted by all of the Oirat tribes in the lower Volga region. As late as 1761, the Khoshut and Dzungars (refugees from the
1734:
1148:) referred to themselves and the Torghuts exclusively as Oirats. The Torghuts, by contrast, used the name Kalmyk for themselves as well as the Khoshut and Dzungars.
560:
1362:
799:
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2001:
Les mystères de la Russie: Tableau politique et moral de l'Empire russe ... Ouvrage rédigé d'après les manuscits d'un diplomate et d'un voyageur
1797:
416:. The region was lightly populated, from south of Saratov to the Russian garrison at Astrakhan, and on both the east and the west banks of the
447:
At first, an uneasy relationship existed between the Russians and the Oirats. Mutual raiding by the Oirats of Russian settlements and by the
1162:
Over time, the descendants of the Oirat migrants in the lower Volga region embraced the name Kalmyk, irrespective of their locations, viz.,
2174:
1727:
1211:. By the mid-17th century, Kalmyks were increasingly disillusioned with settler encroachment and interference in their internal affairs.
467:
sect. Although the goal of unification was not met, the summit leaders did ratify the Code, which regulated all aspects of nomadic life.
2099:
957:
1784:
1256:
abolished the Kalmyk Khanate in October 1771, transferring all governmental powers over the remaining Kalmyks to the governor of
2179:
1720:
428:. Large groups of Nogais fled southeast to the northern Caucasian plain and west to the Black Sea steppe, lands claimed by the
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279:
265:
251:
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2043:
1970:
1928:
1136:
After encamping, the Oirats began to identify themselves as "Kalmyk." This name was supposedly given to them by their Muslim
83:
1687:
1125:. While the Dzungars (initially Choros, Dörbet and Khoit tribes) were establishing their empire in Western Inner Asia, the
1309:
2184:
1314:
1151:
Generally, European scholars have identified all West Mongolians collectively as Kalmyks, regardless of their location (
1218:, the great-grandson of Ayuka Khan and the last Kalmyk Khan, decided to return his people to their ancestral homeland,
1280:
2204:
1901:, subjugated the Mangyshlak Turkmens, and made multiple expeditions against the highlanders of the North Caucasus."
2209:
847:
2214:
1204:
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107:
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The Kalmyks attacked the Astarabad region (northeastern Iran), and sent messengers to the Shah of Persia.
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479:
424:
The Oirats quickly consolidated their position by expelling the majority of the native inhabitants, the
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375:, neighboring Muslim tribes, and the highlanders of the North Caucasus. The Khanate was annexed by the
1779:
1199:
German settlements on pastures the Kalmyks used to roam and to feed their livestock. In addition, the
1129:
were establishing the Khoshut Khanate in Tibet, protecting the Gelugpa sect from its enemies, and the
1152:
992:
The Kalmyks' city was captured by Sairam. Ayuka Khan made a successful campaign against the Kazakhs,
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460:
1816:
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1329:
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53:
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both raided and allied with Russia in turn, engaging in numerous military expeditions against the
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1966:
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1208:
1027:
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ruler Esim Sultan united a strong army to fend off the Kalmyks and capture their territory in
765:
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413:
409:
284:
256:
1885:
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1962:
1954:
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936:
At the request of the Russian government, troops of Kalmyks participated in the fighting in
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132:
122:
566:
1873:
For over a hundred years the Kalmyk alternately raided the southern borderlands of Russia.
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829:
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582:
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344:
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26:
1118:
1919:. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University. pp.
1675:
1614:
1578:
1482:
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1200:
911:
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825:
692:
659:
535:
Fred Adelman described this era as the Frontier Period, lasting from the advent of the
525:
495:
376:
372:
368:
352:
297:
214:
1109:
976:
repulsed the Kalmyks and Cossacks, then defeated the army of Crimean Khan Murad Giray.
966:
The Kalmyks ally with the Kabardians to stop the advance of Turkish-Crimean troops to
2158:
1955:
1861:
1834:
1626:
1434:
1422:
1344:
615:
433:
1913:
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the Kalmyks killed many men and captured more than seven hundred women and children.
1506:
1446:
1276:
1237:"Exodus of 500.000 Kalmyks to China in 1771". Engraving by Charles Michel Geoffroy.
1223:
1187:
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46:
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1805:
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1215:
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997:
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140:
2063:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864
2032:
Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004).
463:
in Dzungaria to resolve their differences and to unite under the banner of the
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1602:
1242:
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487:
179:
65:
1748:
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1257:
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437:
436:. Smaller groups of Nogais sought the protection of the Russian garrison at
360:
356:
167:
2035:
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
1863:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990
1699:
1590:
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1170:, Stavropol, the Terek and the Urals. Another generally accepted name is
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1130:
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947:
895:
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452:
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Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600–1771
1957:
Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600–1771
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The Kalmyks launch successful campaigns in the Kuban and the Crimea.
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503:
469:
417:
136:
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After her forces failed to stop the flight, the Russian Empress
1083:
Kalmyks received 477 awards and 246 people were awarded medals "
1016:
Kalmyks raids Crimean Tatars in the south of Russia and Ukraine.
1007:
967:
524:, and made multiple expeditions against the highlanders of the
2123:Данные фольклора для изучения путей этногенеза ойратских групп
1283:
collection). Oil painting, Reiss Museum Mannheim, Germany
1058:
Kalmyks detachments took part in the Russian-Swedish War.
2117:Этническая история ойратских групп. Элиста, 2015. 199 с.
2091:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
930:
June 11, the Kalmyks went to war with the Crimean Khan.
482:, 1769. The Torghuts were the ancestors of the Kalmyks.
828:), and after a while some of the areas devastated the
1133:
formed the Kalmyk Khanate in the lower Volga region.
1113:
Porcelain figurine of a Kalmyk man, late 18th century
1046:
The Kalmyks were involved in the Russian-Turkish War.
404:
Upon arrival in the lower Volga region in 1630, the
2066:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press.
211:
201:
189:
173:
161:
147:
128:
114:
103:
93:
21:
1961:. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. pp.
1912:
1860:
549:in Dzungaria, as well as the Dalai Lama in Tibet.
1186:Portrait of Kalmyk serf girl in western dress by
1070:The Kalmyk Khanate accept being annexed by Russia
856:To make up for their loss to Esim Sultan and the
838:The Kalmyks have a major military clash with the
1174:, or the "red buttoned ones" (Adelman, 1960:6).
1064:The Kalmyks participate in the Seven Years' War.
1207:, by contrast, pressured many Kalmyks to adopt
2094:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press.
884:The Kalmyks went to war in winter against the
2170:States and territories disestablished in 1771
1728:
956:A part of the Kalmyks led Mazan Batyr in the
8:
1006:The Kalmyks participated in the capture of
804:The Kalmyk Khanate and main Asian polities
408:encamped on land that was once part of the
2165:States and territories established in 1630
1735:
1721:
1286:
82:
18:
1943:Khodarkovsky, Where Two Worlds Meet, p149
1036:20,474 Kalmyks and 4,100 Russians attack
950:took part in the campaign against Crimea.
513:. Ayuka Khan also waged wars against the
2004:(in French). Pagnerre. pp. 440–441.
1851:
1289:
1867:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1022:Kalmyks were actively involved in the
440:. The remaining nomadic tribes became
940:against the Tatars, Turks and Polish.
210:
200:
196:
172:
160:
156:
56:to Donduk Dashi as a Khan of Kalmykia
7:
2018:. University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
1155:, 1935: v–vi). Such scholars (e.g.
1094:took part in the capture of Paris.
14:
946:The united forces of Kalmyks and
860:, the Kalmyks moved south toward
553:List of invasions, wars and raids
363:. During their independence, the
2016:In the Footsteps of Genghis Khan
1298:
1178:Reduction in autonomy, 1724–1771
910:Successful campaign against the
565:
559:
302:
277:
263:
249:
72:
45:
1076:Kalmyk joined the patrotic war.
2136:Khodarkovsky, Michael (1992).
1953:Khodarkovsky, Michael (1992).
412:, but was then claimed by the
394:Period of self-rule, 1630–1724
1:
1911:Halkovic, Stephen A. (1985).
1757:Puntsug (Monchak) (1661–1672)
805:
432:, itself a vassal or ally of
351:and surrounding areas in the
329:
30:
1222:, then under control of the
1214:In the winter of 1770–1771,
2175:1630 establishments in Asia
2060:Millward, James A. (1998).
1754:Shukhur Daichin (1644–1661)
1688:Mongolian People's Republic
2231:
1998:Lacroix, Frédéric (1845).
1166:, the Don Cossack region,
1102:
832:("History of Uzbekistan").
397:
386:
347:. It extended over modern
874:The Kalmyks attacked the
820:The Kalmyks attacked the
228:
224:
197:
185:
157:
88:Map of the Kalmyk Khanate
81:
62:
42:
37:
2088:Perdue, Peter C (2009).
1888:. Kommersant. 2004-03-10
1085:For the capture of Paris
848:West Kazakhstan Province
1915:The Mongols of the West
1205:Russian Orthodox Church
478:and his wife (土爾扈特台吉).
474:Tayiji (prince) of the
2180:1771 disestablishments
2140:. Cornell University.
1886:"Republic of Kalmykia"
1284:
1238:
1191:
1114:
898:in the North Caucasus.
483:
389:Timeline of the Oirats
108:Ayuka Khan's residence
1567:Northern Yuan dynasty
1423:Khamag Mongol Khanate
1271:
1236:
1185:
1112:
894:The Kalmyks attacked
703:TSARDOM OF RUSSIA
480:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu
473:
115:Common languages
1824:As Saray Khan (1781)
1264:List of Kalmyk Khans
1241:Under Ubashi Khan's
1099:From Oirat to Kalmyk
800:class=notpageimage|
461:Tarbagatai Mountains
2185:History of Kalmykia
1194:After the death of
958:Russian-Turkish war
203:• Established
152:Hereditary monarchy
54:Elizabeth of Russia
2014:DeFrancis, John.
1767:Tseren Donduk Khan
1543:Jalairid Sultanate
1285:
1239:
1192:
1157:Sebastian Muenster
1115:
1074:1812 Patriotic War
484:
414:Tsarist government
213:• Annexed by
52:Banner granted by
2205:Former monarchies
1793:Donduk Dashi Khan
1745:
1744:
1028:Battle of Poltava
864:and captured the
517:, subjugated the
410:Astrakhan Khanate
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
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285:Astrakhan Khanate
257:Tsardom of Russia
175:• 1669–1724
163:• died 1644
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1859:Forsyth, James.
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1780:Donduk Ombo Khan
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1459:Chagatai Khanate
1454:
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1405:
1394:
1393:
1382:
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1026:, including the
886:Astrakhan Tatars
822:Khanate of Khiva
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2130:Further reading
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1857:
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1840:Dzungar Khanate
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1741:
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1664:Dzungar Khanate
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1652:Khoshut Khanate
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1495:Yarkent Khanate
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1390:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:Khereid Khanate
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:Mongol khanates
1358:
1290:History of the
1275:(1744–1774) in
1266:
1180:
1123:Dzungar Khanate
1107:
1101:
982:Kalmyks raided
830:Bukhara Khanate
814:
813:
812:
811:
808:
802:
796:
795:
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784:
777:
775:
773:
768:
766:
764:
762:
757:
755:
753:
751:
746:
744:
742:
740:
735:
733:
731:
729:
724:
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718:
713:
711:
709:
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691:
689:
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662:
660:
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651:
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629:
627:
625:
623:
618:
616:
614:
612:
607:
605:
603:
601:
596:
594:
592:
590:
585:
583:
581:
579:
574:
572:
570:
555:
511:Crimean Khanate
444:of the Oirats.
430:Crimean Khanate
402:
396:
391:
385:
345:Eurasian steppe
334:Xal'mg xana uls
330:Хальмг хана улс
303:
278:
264:
250:
217:
204:
176:
164:
89:
77:
70:
58:
57:
50:
33:
31:Хальмг хана улс
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2215:Kalmyk Khanate
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2101:978-0674042025
2100:
2085:
2072:
2057:
2044:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2007:
1990:
1978:
1971:
1945:
1936:
1929:
1903:
1877:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1676:Bogd Khaganate
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1640:Kalmyk Khanate
1637:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1615:Arghun dynasty
1612:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1579:Timurid Empire
1576:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1483:Turpan Khanate
1480:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1411:Naiman Khanate
1408:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1387:Merkit Khanate
1384:
1377:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1295:
1294:
1265:
1262:
1179:
1176:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1031:
1017:
1011:
1001:
987:
977:
971:
961:
951:
941:
931:
925:
915:
912:Crimean Tatars
905:
899:
889:
879:
869:
851:
840:Kazakh Khanate
833:
803:
798:
797:
785:
774:
763:
752:
741:
730:
719:
708:
699:
694:KAZAKH KHANATE
690:
679:
668:
657:
646:
635:
624:
613:
602:
591:
580:
571:
564:
558:
557:
556:
554:
551:
546:
545:
526:North Caucasus
496:Ottoman Empire
395:
392:
384:
381:
377:Russian Empire
373:Ottoman Empire
369:Crimean Tatars
353:North Caucasus
322:Kalmyk Khanate
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
300:
298:Russian Empire
291:
288:
287:
282:
274:
273:
268:
260:
259:
254:
242:
241:
236:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
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194:
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186:
183:
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177:
174:
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165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
130:
126:
125:
116:
112:
111:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
71:
64:State Seal of
60:
59:
51:
44:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
25:
23:Kalmyk Khanate
22:
16:Historic state
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2227:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Mongol states
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:Kalmyk people
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2038:. Routledge.
2037:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Kalmyk people
1833:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1698:
1689:
1686:
1677:
1674:
1665:
1662:
1653:
1650:
1641:
1638:
1628:
1627:Mughal Empire
1625:
1616:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1592:
1589:
1580:
1577:
1568:
1565:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1541:
1532:
1529:
1520:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1496:
1493:
1484:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1460:
1457:
1448:
1445:
1436:
1435:Mongol Empire
1433:
1424:
1421:
1412:
1409:
1400:
1399:Tatar Khanate
1397:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1345:Proto-Mongols
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
988:
985:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
965:
962:
959:
955:
952:
949:
945:
942:
939:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
919:
916:
913:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
893:
890:
887:
883:
880:
877:
873:
870:
867:
863:
859:
855:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:
815:
801:
793:
791:
782:
780:
771:
760:
749:
738:
727:
716:
705:
696:
687:
676:
665:
654:
643:
632:
621:
610:
599:
588:
577:
568:
562:
552:
550:
542:
541:
540:
538:
533:
529:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
477:
472:
468:
466:
462:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
434:Ottoman Turks
431:
427:
422:
419:
415:
411:
407:
401:
393:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
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342:
339:
335:
327:
323:
301:
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283:
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237:
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219:
216:
206:
192:
188:
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153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
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120:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
85:
80:
75:
69:
67:
61:
55:
48:
41:
36:
28:
20:
2137:
2105:. Retrieved
2090:
2077:. Retrieved
2062:
2049:. Retrieved
2034:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1993:
1981:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1914:
1906:
1890:. Retrieved
1880:
1872:
1862:
1854:
1705:1992-present
1639:
1507:Golden Horde
1447:Yuan dynasty
1277:Qing dynasty
1254:Catherine II
1251:
1240:
1224:Qing dynasty
1213:
1193:
1188:Ivan Argunov
1171:
1161:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1119:Dörbet Oirat
1116:
1091:
1081:1812 to 1814
1080:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1024:Northern War
1019:
1013:
1003:
989:
979:
973:
970:and Chuguev.
963:
953:
943:
933:
927:
917:
907:
901:
891:
881:
871:
853:
835:
826:V. V. Bartol
817:
789:
778:
721:
547:
534:
530:
485:
457:
446:
423:
403:
355:, including
333:
321:
319:
239:Succeeded by
238:
233:
63:
1986:Perdue 2009
1821:(1771–1781)
1815: [
1808:(1761–1771)
1806:Ubashi Khan
1802:(1741–1761)
1796: [
1789:(1735–1741)
1783: [
1776:(1723–1735)
1770: [
1763:(1672–1723)
1751:(1633–1644)
1471:Moghulistan
1273:Ubashi Khan
1216:Ubashi Khan
1172:Ulan Zalata
1146:Qing Empire
998:Karakalpaks
914:and Nogais.
809: 1710
426:Nogai Horde
400:Four Oirats
271:Nogai Horde
234:Preceded by
141:Karma Kagyu
110:(1697–1724)
2159:Categories
2147:0801473403
2121:Хойт С.К.
2115:Хойт С.К.
2073:0804729336
2045:1134362226
2026:References
1972:0801425557
1930:0933070160
1892:2007-04-06
1812:Dodbi Khan
1761:Ayuka Khan
1657:1640s-1717
1629:(in India)
1603:Four Oirat
1488:1487-1660?
1464:1225-1340s
1243:leadership
1228:Dalai Lama
1196:Ayuka Khan
1103:See also:
1062:1756–1761:
842:, but the
519:Mangyshlak
488:Ayuka Khan
398:See also:
387:See also:
180:Ayuka Khan
148:Government
66:Ayuka Khan
1988:, p. 295.
1749:Kho Orluk
1693:1924–1992
1681:1911-1924
1669:1634-1758
1645:1630-1731
1633:1526–1857
1620:1479-1599
1608:1399-1634
1596:1383-1513
1584:1370–1507
1572:1368-1691
1560:1335-1357
1548:1335-1432
1536:1335-1357
1531:Chobanids
1524:1256-1335
1519:Ilkhanate
1512:1240-1502
1500:1514-1705
1476:1346-1462
1452:1271-1368
1440:1206-1368
1279:costume (
1258:Astrakhan
1220:Dzungaria
1209:Orthodoxy
1164:Astrakhan
790:Altishahr
438:Astrakhan
379:in 1771.
361:Astrakhan
357:Stavropol
336:) was an
168:Kho Orluk
129:Religion
38:1630–1771
2195:Khanates
2107:22 April
2079:10 March
2051:10 March
1829:See also
1700:Mongolia
1591:Kara Del
1404:IX – XII
1335:Language
1325:Nobility
1310:Timeline
1247:Torghuts
1168:Orenburg
1153:Ramstedt
1131:Torghuts
1127:Khoshuts
1105:Torghuts
994:Turkmens
948:Cossacks
896:Kabardia
876:Bashkirs
779:Khalkhas
522:Turkmens
502:and the
476:Torghuts
453:Bashkirs
451:and the
449:Cossacks
349:Kalmykia
1899:Kazakhs
1555:Injuids
1340:Mongols
1330:Culture
1315:History
1292:Mongols
1201:Russian
938:Ukraine
862:Derbend
858:Kazakhs
725:KHANATE
714:KHANATE
712:CRIMEAN
685:KHANATE
683:BUKHARA
674:KHANATE
661:OTTOMAN
650:SAFAVID
628:MADURAI
608:DYNASTY
597:KHANATE
595:KHOSHUT
586:KHANATE
584:DZUNGAR
537:Torghut
515:Kazakhs
465:Gelugpa
442:vassals
383:History
365:Kalmyks
343:on the
341:khanate
190:History
123:Russian
104:Capital
98:Khanate
2144:
2098:
2070:
2042:
1969:
1927:
1428:X-1206
1392:XI–XII
1380:X-1203
1356:States
1320:Rulers
1281:紫光阁功臣像
1226:. The
1190:, 1767
1138:Kazakh
866:Nogais
844:Kazakh
723:KALMYK
663:EMPIRE
652:EMPIRE
630:NAYAKS
619:EMPIRE
617:MUGHAL
507:Tatars
500:Nogays
498:, the
494:, the
492:Persia
406:Oirats
371:, the
326:Kalmyk
215:Russia
193:
119:Kalmyk
94:Status
27:Kalmyk
1923:–54.
1846:Notes
1819:]
1800:]
1787:]
1774:]
1416:-1204
1068:1771:
1056:1741:
1050:1735:
1044:1735:
1038:Kuban
1034:1711:
1020:1700:
1014:1698:
1004:1696:
990:1684:
984:Penza
980:1680:
974:1678:
964:1676:
954:1676:
944:1668:
934:1666:
928:1661:
922:Tomsk
918:1660:
908:1658:
902:1650:
892:1645:
882:1635:
872:1620:
854:1619:
836:1607:
818:1603:
747:THAYA
745:AYUT-
672:KHIVA
639:CHAM-
504:Kuban
418:Volga
338:Oirat
137:Gelug
2142:ISBN
2109:2014
2096:ISBN
2081:2014
2068:ISBN
2053:2014
2040:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1368:IX-X
1092:1814
1008:Azov
996:and
968:Kiev
758:VIET
736:SEON
606:QING
575:1710
509:and
359:and
320:The
220:1771
207:1630
1869:118
1087:".
920:In
767:LAN
756:DAI
734:JO-
2161::
1965:.
1921:41
1871:.
1817:ru
1798:mn
1785:kk
1772:fr
806:c.
769:NA
641:PA
332:,
328::
139:,
121:,
29::
2150:.
2111:.
2083:.
2055:.
1975:.
1963:8
1933:.
1895:.
1736:e
1729:t
1722:v
1030:.
1010:.
1000:.
986:.
960:.
888:.
878:.
868:.
850:.
824:(
324:(
143:)
135:(
68::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
