122:
exhibits a further constraint on condition 5, concerning the unstressed syllable in the pair of syllables that are to resolve. When the two potentially resolving syllables immediately follow a stressed syllable, resolution does not happen if:
224:
was composed, poetic varieties of Old
English still distinguished between long and short vowels in unstressed syllables. There is no precise evidence for when these distinctions were lost, but there is a range of evidence for other kinds of
170:' respectively) resolve, and in these cases they consistently end in an etymologically short vowel, with no consonant. (These are sometimes known as 'Kaluza Type I verses' and there are sixty-two examples in the poem.)
213:') and might in theory resolve. If they did, however, the line would contain only three syllables, too few to meet the four-syllable minimum requirement of Old English alliterative metre. In such verses in
217:, the unstressed syllable consistently includes a consonant and/or has an etymologically long vowel. (These are sometimes known as 'Kaluza Type II verses' and there are forty-four examples in the poem.)
270:
reflect a phonological constraint in early Old
English poetic metre. However, several scholars have argued that the appearance of Kaluza's law patterns in
139:
299:
and Rafael J. Pascual contend that these alternative explanations are weaker than the phonological explanation preferred by Kaluza and Fulk.
292:
A tendency of words suitable for Kaluza Type I verses to denote different kinds of things from words suitable for Kaluza Type II verses.
226:
371:
56:. The name 'Kaluza's law' itself appears to have been bestowed by Fulk. The significance of Kaluza's observations for the dating of
274:
specifically may not reflect the continued distinction between long and short vowels in unstressed syllables at the time of
278:'s composition, but a residual conformity to older patterns arising from any of a range of postulated factors, including:
494:
114:
If the syllable before the stressed syllable in question was itself heavily stressed, resolution might not take place.
330:
289:, which may have led to the retention of verse patterns conforming to Kaluza's law after the language had changed.
401:
131:
248:
229:. This evidence suggests that vowel-length distinctions in unstressed vowels could not have persisted beyond
76:
282:
Knowledge that certain inflexions were appropriate to Kaluza Type I verses and others to Type II verses.
95:
489:
326:
Festschrift zum
Siebzigsten Geburtstage Oskar Schade, dargebracht von seinen Schülern und Verehrern
366:. The Middle Ages Series. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. §§170–183, 376–178.
320:
465:
418:
377:
84:
72:
69:
44:, who made an influential observation on the metrical characteristics of unstressed syllables in
367:
499:
457:
410:
439:
296:
286:
237:
220:
R. D. Fulk developed Kaluza's observations to argue that they show that at the time when
324:
359:
87:, whereby, under certain conditions, two syllables count as one for metrical purposes.
483:
469:
448:
422:
102:
27:
414:
31:
461:
316:
53:
49:
41:
258:
No other Old
English poem coheres to Kaluza's law to any significant degree.
381:
23:
266:
Most linguists who have considered Kaluza's law hold that the patterns in
36:
395:
Weiskott, Eric (2012). "A Semantic
Replacement for Kaluza's Law in
111:... and then by an unstressed vowel that is part of the same word.
208:
202:
196:
190:
184:
178:
165:
159:
153:
147:
108:
The stressed syllable must be followed by only one consonant...
189:') the potentially resolving syllables (in these examples '
134:
as having been long in the earliest stages of Old
English.
101:
The vowel (or diphthong) of the stressed syllable must be
227:
unstressed vowel reduction in the history of Old
English
158:'), the second and third syllables (in these examples '
442:; Pascual, Rafael J. (October 2014). "The Language of
48:. His insight was developed further in particular by
434:
432:
127:
The unstressed syllable ends in a consonant; and/or
201:') follow a stressed syllable (in these examples '
333:, Germany: Hartungsche Verlag. pp. 101–133.
321:"Zur Betonungs- und Verslehre des Altenglischen"
285:The poem's extensive deployment of traditional
8:
251:. This implies a relatively early date for
348:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. §§34–37, 118–121.
173:Yet in lines of type D2 and D*2, such as
130:The vowel of the unstressed syllable is
446:and the Conditioning of Kaluza's Law".
308:
94:The first of the two syllables must be
118:Kaluza's observations suggested that
7:
140:Sievers' theory of Anglo-Saxon meter
16:Observation about the poem Beowulf
14:
364:A History of Old English Meter
60:has been extensively debated.
1:
241:
230:
138:Thus in lines categorised in
415:10.1080/0013838X.2012.721237
409:(8). Routledge. Footnote 1.
83:exhibits the phenomenon of
516:
98:and the second unstressed.
462:10.1007/s11061-014-9400-x
40:. It takes its name from
456:(4). Springer: 657–673.
262:Alternative explanations
249:Northumbrian Old English
77:Old English poetic metre
344:Bliss, Alan J. (1958).
209:
203:
197:
191:
185:
179:
166:
160:
154:
148:
90:These conditions are:
331:Königsberg in Preußen
346:The Metre of Beowulf
238:Mercian Old English
495:Old English poetry
73:alliterative verse
26:constraint on the
70:Germanic-language
507:
474:
473:
440:Neidorf, Leonard
436:
427:
426:
392:
386:
385:
356:
350:
349:
341:
335:
334:
313:
246:
243:
235:
232:
212:
206:
200:
194:
188:
182:
169:
163:
157:
151:
149:brimclifu blīcan
142:as A2a, such as
515:
514:
510:
509:
508:
506:
505:
504:
480:
479:
478:
477:
438:
437:
430:
402:English Studies
394:
393:
389:
374:
358:
357:
353:
343:
342:
338:
315:
314:
310:
305:
297:Leonard Neidorf
287:poetic formulae
264:
244:
233:
155:goldwine gumena
68:Like other Old
66:
17:
12:
11:
5:
513:
511:
503:
502:
497:
492:
482:
481:
476:
475:
428:
387:
372:
351:
336:
307:
306:
304:
301:
294:
293:
290:
283:
263:
260:
186:feorh cyninges
183:') or 2912b ('
152:') or 1171a ('
136:
135:
128:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
99:
65:
62:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
512:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
485:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
450:
449:Neophilologus
445:
441:
435:
433:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
398:
391:
388:
383:
379:
375:
373:9780812231571
369:
365:
361:
355:
352:
347:
340:
337:
332:
329:(in German).
328:
327:
322:
318:
312:
309:
302:
300:
298:
291:
288:
284:
281:
280:
279:
277:
273:
269:
261:
259:
256:
254:
250:
239:
228:
223:
218:
216:
211:
205:
199:
193:
187:
181:
177:line 2042a ('
176:
171:
168:
162:
156:
150:
145:
141:
133:
132:reconstructed
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
113:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
92:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
63:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
29:
25:
21:
453:
447:
443:
406:
400:
396:
390:
382:j.ctt16ptmzr
363:
354:
345:
339:
325:
311:
295:
275:
271:
267:
265:
257:
252:
221:
219:
214:
180:eald æscwiga
174:
172:
146:line 222a ('
143:
137:
119:
117:
89:
80:
67:
57:
45:
35:
24:phonological
20:Kaluza's law
19:
18:
360:Fulk, R. D.
317:Kaluza, Max
32:Old English
22:proposes a
490:Sound laws
484:Categories
303:References
245: 825
234: 725
85:resolution
54:R. D. Fulk
50:Alan Bliss
42:Max Kaluza
470:254871391
423:159835945
362:(1992).
319:(1896).
96:stressed
500:Beowulf
444:Beowulf
397:Beowulf
276:Beowulf
272:Beowulf
268:Beowulf
253:Beowulf
222:Beowulf
215:Beowulf
207:' and '
195:' and '
175:Beowulf
164:' and '
144:Beowulf
120:Beowulf
81:Beowulf
64:The law
58:Beowulf
46:Beowulf
37:Beowulf
30:of the
468:
421:
380:
370:
198:cynin-
161:-clifu
75:, the
466:S2CID
419:S2CID
378:JSTOR
210:feorh
192:-wiga
167:-wine
103:short
34:poem
28:metre
368:ISBN
204:æsc-
52:and
458:doi
411:doi
399:".
247:in
240:or
236:in
79:of
486::
464:.
454:98
452:.
431:^
417:.
407:93
405:.
376:.
323:.
255:.
242:c.
231:c.
472:.
460::
425:.
413::
384:.
105:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.