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464:, and started taking data in 1985. The experiment spent several years fighting the radon problem, and started taking "production data" in 1987. Once 450 days of data had been accumulated, the experiment was able to see a clear enhancement in the number of events which pointed away from the Sun over random directions. The directional information was the
1256:
Hashimoto, Takashi; Miuchi, Kentaro; Nakamura, Kiseki; Yakabe, Ryota; Ikeda, Tomonori; Taishaku, Ryosuke; Nakazawa, Miki; Ishiura, Hirohisa; Ochi, Atsuhiko; Takeuchi, Yasuo; Barbi, M.; Barker, G. J.; Barr, G.; Bass, M.; Batkiewicz, M.; Bay, F.; Bentham, S. W.; Berardi, V.; Berger, B. E.; Berkman, S.;
444:
with greatly superior timing capabilities. The extra information provided by the electronics further improved the ability to distinguish the neutrino signal from radioactive backgrounds. One further improvement was the expansion of the cavity, and the installation of an instrumented "outer detector".
405:
of the neutrinos can be studied, further testing the solar model. Fifth, the characteristic "ring" produced by Čerenkov radiation allows discrimination of the signal against backgrounds. Finally, since a water Čerenkov experiment would use a different target, interaction process, detector technology,
219:
as long as a proton an experiment must run for a long time and observe an enormous number of protons. This can be done most cost effectively if the target (the source of the protons) and the detector itself are made of the same material. Water is an ideal candidate because it is inexpensive, easy to
628:
detector was designed to test the oscillation hypothesis for both solar and atmospheric neutrinos. The Super-Kamiokande detector is massive, even by particle physics standards. It consists of 50,000 tons of pure water surrounded by about 11,200 photomultiplier tubes. The detector was again designed
752:
In 2013 T2K observed for the first time the neutrino oscillations in the appearance channel: transformation of muon neutrinos to electron neutrinos. In 2014 the collaboration provided the first constraints on the value of CP violating phase, together with the most precise measurement of the mixing
468:
signature of solar neutrinos, demonstrating directly for the first time that the Sun is a source of neutrinos. The experiment continued to take data for many years and eventually found the solar neutrino flux to be about 1/2 that predicted by solar models. This was in conflict with both the solar
600:
neutrinos to verify the oscillations observed in the atmospheric neutrino signal with a well-controlled and understood beam. A neutrino beam was directed from the KEK accelerator to Super
KamiokaNDE. The experiment found oscillation parameters which were consistent with those measured by Super-K.
837:
The KAmioka GRAvitational wave detector (formerly LCGT, the Large-scale
Cryogenic Gravitational Wave Telescope) was approved in 2010, excavation was completed in March 2014, and the first phase is commissioning in 2016. It is a laser interferometer with two arms, each 3 km long, and when
629:
as a cylindrical structure, this time 41.4 m (136 ft) tall and 39.3 m (129 ft) across. The detector was surrounded with a considerably more sophisticated outer detector which could not only act as a veto for cosmic muons but actually help in their reconstruction.
485:
The flux of atmospheric neutrinos is considerably smaller than that of the solar neutrinos, but because the reaction cross sections increase with energy they are detectable in a detector of
KamiokaNDE-II's size. The experiment used a "ratio of ratios" to compare the
171:
While current experiments are all located in the northern Mozumi mine, the
Tochibora mine 10 km south is also available. It is not quite as deep, but has stronger rock and is the planned site for the very large Hyper-KamiokaNDE caverns.
632:
Super-Kamiokande started data taking in 1996 and has made several important measurements. These include precision measurement of the solar neutrino flux using the elastic scattering interaction, the first very strong evidence for atmospheric
295:
tubes (PMTs) attached to the inner surface. The size of the outer detector was 16.0 m in height and 15.6 m in diameter. The detector failed to observe proton decay, but set what was then the world's best limit on the lifetime of the proton.
258:, an important tool for both understanding the potential proton decay signal and for rejecting backgrounds. The identification is possible because the sharpness of the edge of the ring depends on the particle producing the radiation or
1901:
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In
September 2008, the detector finished its latest major upgrade with state-of-the-art electronics and improvements to water system dynamics, calibration and analysis techniques. This enabled SK to acquire its largest dataset yet
1906:
1856:
424:. The signals produced by proton decay and atmospheric neutrino interactions are considerably larger than this, so the original KamiokaNDE detector had not needed to be particularly aggressive about its energy threshold or
795:
but poor sensitivity to the squared mass difference, KamLAND has very good sensitivity to the squared mass difference with poor sensitivity to the mixing angle. The data from the two experiments may be combined as long as
1320:
Nakamura, K.; Miuchi, K.; Tanimori, T.; Kubo, H.; Takada, A.; Parker, J. D.; Mizumoto, T.; Mizumura, Y.; Nishimura, H.; Sekiya, H.; Takeda, A.; Sawano, T.; Matsuoka, Y.; Komura, S.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Hashimoto, T. (2015).
376:
It was realized that a large water Čerenkov detector could be an ideal neutrino detector, for several reasons. First, the enormous volume possible in a water Čerenkov detector can overcome the problem of the very small
1911:
1861:
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CLIO is a small gravity wave detector with 100 m (330 ft) arms which is not large enough to detect astronomical gravity waves, but is prototyping cryogenic mirror technologies for the larger KAGRA detector.
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707:), which continued until June 2018, when a new detector refurbishment involving a full water drain from the tank and replacement of electronics, PMTs, internal structures and other parts will take place.
689:
In July 2005, preparation began to restore the detector to its original form by reinstalling about 6,000 new PMTs. It was finished in June 2006. Data taken with the newly restored machine was called the
673:
from the concussion of each imploding tube cracked its neighbours. The detector was partially restored by redistributing the photomultiplier tubes which did not implode, and by adding protective
721:
The "Tokai To
Kamioka" long baseline experiment started in 2009. It is making a precision measurement of the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters and is helping ascertain the value of
354:– strong evidence that the nuclear theory of the Sun was correct. Over a period of decades, the Davis experiment consistently observed only about 1/3 the number of neutrinos predicted by the
389:
interaction candidate events could be studied on an event-by-event basis, starkly different from the month-to-month observation required in radiochemical experiments. Third, in the neutrino-
1180:
Abe, K.; et al. (T2K Collaboration) (April 2015). "Measurements of neutrino oscillation in appearance and disappearance channels by the T2K experiment with 6.6×10 protons on target".
2974:
1015:
Abe, K.; et al. (Hyper-Kamiokanke
Workging Group) (15 September 2011). "Letter of Intent: The Hyper-Kamiokande Experiment — Detector Design and Physics Potential —".
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893:. First tank will be operable in the mid-2020s. At the time of 'inauguration' in 2017 the tank(s) is announced to be 20 times greater than the last one (1000 million liters in
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models and Davis's experiment, which was ongoing at the time and continued to observe only 1/3 of the predicted signal. This conflict between the flux predicted by solar
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KamiokaNDE-II continued
KamiokaNDE's search for proton decay and again failed to observe it. The experiment once again set a lower-bound on the half-life of the proton.
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cancel each other out). This ratio indicated a deficit of muon neutrinos, but the detector was not large enough to obtain the statistics necessary to call the result a
432:
background, and instead of constantly cycling the detector with "fresh" mine water they kept the water in the tank allowing the radon to decay away. A group from the
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428:. The problem was attacked in two ways. The participants of the KamiokaNDE experiment designed and built new purification systems for the water to reduce the
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It was clear that
KamiokaNDE could be used to perform a fantastic and novel experiment, but a serious problem needed to be overcome first. The presence of
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369:. Because of the great technical difficulty of the experiment and its reliance on radiochemical techniques rather than real time direct detection, many
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By the 1990s particle physicists were starting to suspect that the solar neutrino problem and atmospheric neutrino deficit had something to do with
149:. From 1910 to 1945, the mine operators released cadmium from the processing plant into the local water. This cadmium caused what the locals called
1257:
Bertram, I.; Bhadra, S.; Blaszczyk, F. d. M.; Blondel, A.; Bojechko, C.; Bordoni, S.; Boyd, S. B.; Brailsford, D.; Bravar, A.; et al. (2018).
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experiment was a major step forward from
KamiokaNDE, and made a significant number of important observations. KamiokaNDE-II operated 1985–1990.
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Construction of the Kamioka Underground Observatory (the predecessor of the present Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research,
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shells that it was hoped would prevent another chain reaction from recurring. The data taken after the implosion is referred to as the
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2004:
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1417:
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Abe, K.; et al. (T2K Collaboration) (14 February 2014). "Observation of Electron Neutrino Appearance in a Muon Neutrino Beam".
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For his work directing the Kamioka experiments, and in particular for the first-ever detection of astrophysical neutrinos
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solar neutrinos. Second, water Čerenkov detectors offer real time event detection. This meant that individual neutrino-
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There is a program to build a detector ten times larger than Super Kamiokande, and this project is known by the name
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interaction the electron recoils in roughly the direction that the neutrino was travelling (similar to the motion of
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reactions in its core. While this hypothesis was widely accepted for decades, there was no way of observing the
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would be far too large. The muon rate in the KamiokaNDE experiment was about 0.4 events per second, roughly five
137:
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is a direction-sensitive dark-matter-search experiment performed using a gaseous micro-time-projection chamber.
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complete around 2018, will have a planned sensitivity to detect coalescing binary neutron stars at hundreds of
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The Mozumi mine is one of two adjacent mines owned by the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co. (a subsidiary of the
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of electron to muon flavor neutrinos to the ratio predicted by theory (this technique is used because many
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108:. All of the experiments have been very large and have contributed substantially to the advancement of
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104:. A set of groundbreaking neutrino experiments have taken place at the observatory over the past two
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519:
518:. With the upgrades that had taken place, the detector was sensitive enough to observe the thermal
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85:
39:
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277:, in contrast, produce very sharp rings as their heavier mass allows them to propagate directly.
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On November 12, 2001, several thousand photomultiplier tubes in the Super-Kamiokande detector
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1259:"Development of a low-alpha-emitting µ-PIC for NEWAGE direction-sensitive dark-matter search"
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balls), so the electrons "point back" to the Sun. Fourth, neutrino-electron scattering is an
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The Kamiokande-II experiment happened to be running at a particularly fortuitous time, as a
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2500:
988:
11th International Workshop on Next generation Nucleon Decay and Neutrino Detectors (NNN10)
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1983:
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is an underground liquid scintillator experiment in Kamioka. It has been searching for
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smaller than what it would have been if the detector had been located at the surface.
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1323:"Direction-sensitive dark matter search with gaseous tracking detector NEWAGE-0.3b'"
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which contained 3,000 tons of pure water and had about 1,000 50 cm diameter
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Although mining operations have ceased, the smelting plant continues to process
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55:
49:
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Study on the Excavation of the Hyper-KAMIOKANDE Cavern at Kamioka Mine in Japan
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such that the neutrinos travel a total distance of 295 km (183 mi).
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730:. It uses a neutrino beam directed at the Super Kamiokande detector from the
17:
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1098:"Long Baseline neutrino oscillation experiment, from KEK to Kamioka (K2K)"
185:
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The extra water provided shielding from gamma rays from the surrounding
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808:. The KamLAND experiment is located in the original KamiokaNDE cavity.
554:
The final upgrade to the detector, KamiokaNDE-III, operated 1990–1995.
473:
and the radiochemical and water Čerenkov detectors became known as the
457:
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and location it would be a very complementary test of Davis's results.
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in February 1987, and the Kamiokande-II detector observed 11 events.
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284:) began in 1982 and was completed in April, 1983. The detector was a
165:
129:
1389:
1365:"The Hyper-Kamiokande Project is in the MEXT Large Projects Roadmap"
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because while the SNO experiment has good sensitivity to the solar
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1021:
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232:. A proton decay detector must be buried deep underground or in a
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The distinct pattern produced by Čerenkov radiation allows for
735:
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421:
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The first of the Kamioka experiments was named KamiokaNDE for
153:. The disease caused weakening of the bones and extreme pain.
1404:
637:, and a considerably more stringent limit on proton decay.
88:
laboratory located underground in the Mozumi mine of the
1079:. Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
1400:
Official report on the Super-K accident (in PDF format)
961:
Next Generation of Nucleon Decay and Neutrino Detectors
243:
in such a large detector located on the surface of the
147:
one of the greatest mass-poisonings in Japanese history
1236:"Excavation of KAGRA's 7 km Tunnel Now Complete"
514:
took place while the detector was online and taking
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2630:
2574:
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2414:
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2187:
2091:
2060:
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2018:
1992:
1971:
1940:
1894:
1844:
1238:(Press release). University of Tokyo. 31 March 2014
812:Cryogenic Laser Interferometer Observatory (CLIO)
772:Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector
1327:Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics
2181:Neutrino detectors, experiments, and facilities
1263:American Institute of Physics Conference Series
787:. KamLAND is a complementary experiment to the
64:
1053:Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies
75:[kamiokaɯtɕɯːsoɾʲɯꜜːɕikeŋkʲɯːɕiseꜜtsɯ]
44:
2165:
1820:
1425:
416:in KamiokaNDE meant that the detector had an
8:
1010:
1008:
3044:Buildings and structures in Gifu Prefecture
2941:BNO (Baksan or Baxan Neutrino Observatory)
2302:
2172:
2158:
2150:
1827:
1813:
1805:
1432:
1418:
1410:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1348:
1338:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1195:
1132:
1074:"Present Status and Future of Kamiokande"
1020:
327:had hypothesized that the source of the
92:near the Kamioka section of the city of
1390:The official Super-Kamiokande home page
972:
970:
945:
943:
941:
937:
27:Underground physics laboratory in Japan
498:. This result came to be known as the
460:completed, the experiment was renamed
228:particles through their production of
977:Shiozawa, Masato (15 December 2010).
145:). The mine is famous as the site of
73:
66:Kamioka Uchū Soryūshi Kenkyū Shisetsu
7:
645:For his work with Super Kamiokande,
449:, and the outer detector provided a
526:, which took place roughly 160,000
270:of the low mass electrons. Minimum
25:
2905:Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment
1948:Institute for Cosmic Ray Research
1440:Underground physics laboratories
1046:"Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande"
950:Nakagawa, Tetsuo (9 April 2005).
649:shared the 2015 Nobel prize with
299:KamiokaNDE-I operated 1983–1985.
266:) produce fuzzy rings due to the
36:Institute for Cosmic Ray Research
1885:
1784:
1769:
1754:
1739:
1724:
1709:
1694:
1679:
1664:
1649:
1634:
1619:
1604:
1583:
1568:
1553:
1538:
1523:
1508:
1487:
1466:
1459:
168:from other mines and recycling.
112:, in particular to the study of
1371:. 4 August 2017. Archived from
373:were suspicious of his result.
90:Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co.
1265:. AIP Conference Proceedings.
1151:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.061802
916:Supernova Early Warning System
578:were co-winners of the prize.
224:, and can detect relativistic
1:
2222:Lederman–Schwartz–Steinberger
1958:Earthquake Research Institute
325:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
3034:Research institutes in Japan
2961:List of neutrino experiments
1953:Institute of Medical Science
789:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
780:detector designed to detect
776:The KamLAND experiment is a
500:atmospheric neutrino deficit
236:because the background from
2134:Koishikawa Botanical Garden
1963:Historiographical Institute
534:. The neutrinos arrived at
65:
3070:
2061:Sports & Organizations
1395:American Super-K home page
1214:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.072010
963:. Aussois, Savoie, France.
880:
830:
815:
769:
714:
613:
585:
434:University of Pennsylvania
1883:
1452:
339:and directly testing the
45:
3024:Underground laboratories
732:Japanese Hadron Facility
350:was the first to detect
198:Nucleon Decay Experiment
132:Mining and Smelting Co.
1120:Physical Review Letters
980:Hyper-Kamiokande design
401:process, so the energy
256:particle identification
207:designed to search for
71:Japanese pronunciation:
3029:Neutrino observatories
2139:Nikko Botanical Garden
897:against 50 million in
711:Tokai To Kamioka (T2K)
568:Nobel Prize in Physics
532:Large Magellanic Cloud
475:solar neutrino problem
453:for cosmic ray muons.
190:
3049:Laboratories in Japan
3002:Mt. Ikeno (Ikenoyama)
481:Atmospheric neutrinos
420:threshold of tens of
356:Standard Solar Models
215:of a particle with a
189:A model of KamiokaNDE
188:
3039:Particle experiments
2991:36.4267°N 137.3117°E
2276:Neutrino oscillation
2052:Alumni & Faculty
685:Super Kamiokande-III
635:neutrino oscillation
622:neutrino oscillation
348:Homestake Experiment
262:(and therefore also
118:neutrino oscillation
2986: /
2946:Kamioka Observatory
2124:Atacama Observatory
2099:Kamioka Observatory
2092:Research facilities
2031:First Higher School
2026:University of Tokyo
2000:Hongo (Main Campus)
1941:Research Institutes
1837:University of Tokyo
1626:Kimballton aka KURF
1350:10.1093/ptep/ptv041
1340:2015PTEP.2015d3F01N
1286:2018AIPC.1921g0001H
1206:2015PhRvD..91g2010A
1143:2014PhRvL.112f1802A
778:liquid scintillator
738:(currently 30 GeV)
698:Super Kamiokande-IV
692:SuperKamiokande-III
679:Super Kamiokande-II
657:Super Kamiokande-II
605:Current experiments
391:electron scattering
282:University of Tokyo
268:multiple scattering
249:orders of magnitude
86:gravitational waves
40:University of Tokyo
32:Kamioka Observatory
1042:Nakahata, Masayuki
872:Future experiments
705:SuperKamiokande-IV
665:, apparently in a
230:Čerenkov radiation
191:
140:2016-11-14 at the
114:neutrino astronomy
3010: (Mt. Ikeno)
2996:36.4267; 137.3117
2969:
2968:
2703:Heidelberg-Moscow
2570:
2569:
2427:ICARUS (Fermilab)
2147:
2146:
2129:Akeno Observatory
1984:Akamon (Red Gate)
1979:Yasuda Auditorium
1927:Arts and Sciences
1877:Arts and Sciences
1802:
1801:
1444:m of water equiv.
1296:10.1063/1.5019004
1183:Physical Review D
1072:Nakamura, Kenzo.
576:Riccardo Giacconi
572:Raymond Davis Jr.
564:Masatoshi Koshiba
492:systematic errors
440:and supplied new
211:. To observe the
205:Čerenkov detector
200:. It was a large
151:itai-itai disease
16:(Redirected from
3061:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2854:Neutrino Factory
2607:Hyper-Kamiokande
2370:Super-Kamiokande
2303:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2151:
2109:Hyper-Kamiokande
2104:Super-Kamiokande
1902:Law and Politics
1895:Graduate Studies
1889:
1838:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1794:
1791:Yangyang aka Y2L
1789:
1788:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1746:Stawell aka SUPL
1744:
1743:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1447:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1377:
1376:
1375:on Aug 14, 2022.
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1199:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1136:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1038:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1012:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
985:
974:
965:
964:
958:
947:
926:Hyper-Kamiokande
921:Super-Kamiokande
899:Super-Kamiokande
895:Hyper-Kamiokande
890:Hyper-Kamiokande
883:Hyper-Kamiokande
877:Hyper-Kamiokande
761:
729:
626:Super Kamiokande
616:Super Kamiokande
610:Super Kamiokande
596:experiment used
566:was awarded the
176:Past experiments
110:particle physics
79:
77:
72:
68:
62:
61:
21:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2965:
2929:
2883:
2807:
2626:
2566:
2545:
2487:
2466:
2410:
2379:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2183:
2178:
2148:
2143:
2087:
2056:
2040:
2014:
1988:
1967:
1936:
1890:
1881:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1803:
1798:
1783:
1782:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1752:
1738:
1737:
1723:
1722:
1708:
1707:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1677:
1663:
1662:
1648:
1647:
1633:
1632:
1618:
1617:
1603:
1602:
1582:
1581:
1567:
1566:
1552:
1551:
1547:(↕⤡ 4000)
1537:
1536:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1506:
1486:
1485:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1369:HyperKamiokande
1363:
1362:
1358:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1014:
1013:
1006:
996:
994:
983:
976:
975:
968:
956:
949:
948:
939:
934:
907:
885:
879:
874:
863:
848:
835:
829:
820:
814:
774:
768:
760:
754:
728:
722:
719:
713:
700:
687:
659:
651:Arthur McDonald
643:
618:
612:
607:
590:
584:
560:
552:
544:
524:Supernova 1987A
508:
506:Supernova 1987A
483:
352:solar neutrinos
317:
315:Solar neutrinos
305:
293:photomultiplier
183:
178:
142:Wayback Machine
126:
98:Gifu Prefecture
70:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3015:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2915:NESTOR Project
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:DUMAND Project
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:neutrino burst
2278:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1793:(↔ 2100)
1780:
1778:(↕ 1600)
1765:
1763:(↕ 4300)
1750:
1748:(⤡ 2900)
1735:
1733:(↕ 2100)
1720:
1705:
1703:(↕ 6000)
1690:
1688:(↔ 1400)
1675:
1673:(↔ 4800)
1660:
1658:(↔ 1500)
1645:
1643:(↔ 3400)
1630:
1628:(↔ 1450)
1615:
1613:(↔ 2700)
1600:
1579:
1577:(↔ 6720)
1564:
1562:(↔ 2500)
1549:
1534:
1532:(↕ 2800)
1519:
1517:(↔ 4800)
1504:
1483:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1384:External links
1382:
1379:
1378:
1356:
1333:(4): 43F01–0.
1312:
1248:
1227:
1172:
1109:
1089:
1064:
1028:
1004:
966:
936:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
906:
903:
881:Main article:
878:
875:
873:
870:
862:
859:
847:
844:
831:Main article:
828:
825:
816:Main article:
813:
810:
770:Main article:
767:
764:
758:
726:
717:T2K experiment
715:Main article:
712:
709:
699:
696:
686:
683:
667:chain reaction
658:
655:
647:Takaaki Kajita
642:
639:
614:Main article:
611:
608:
606:
603:
594:KEK To Kamioka
586:Main article:
583:
580:
559:
556:
551:
550:Kamiokande-III
548:
543:
540:
507:
504:
482:
479:
319:In the 1930s,
316:
313:
304:
301:
182:
179:
177:
174:
135:Mitsui Kinzoku
125:
122:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3066:
3055:
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3040:
3037:
3035:
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3019:
3012:
3008:
2962:
2959:
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2954:
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2949:
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2944:
2942:
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2932:
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2901:
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2610:
2608:
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2600:
2598:
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2537:
2534:
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2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1932:Public Policy
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1718:(↕ 570)
1717:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1269:(1): 070001.
1268:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1190:(7): 072010.
1189:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1127:(6): 061802.
1126:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1005:
993:
989:
982:
981:
973:
971:
967:
962:
955:
954:
946:
944:
942:
938:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:
884:
876:
871:
869:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
845:
843:
841:
834:
826:
824:
819:
811:
809:
807:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
785:antineutrinos
783:
779:
773:
765:
763:
757:
750:
748:
744:
741:
737:
733:
725:
718:
710:
708:
706:
697:
695:
693:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
640:
638:
636:
630:
627:
623:
617:
609:
604:
602:
599:
595:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
557:
555:
549:
547:
542:Nucleon decay
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
480:
478:
476:
472:
467:
463:
462:KamiokaNDE-II
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
439:
438:collaboration
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:cross section
374:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
312:
310:
309:KamiokaNDE-II
303:KamiokaNDE-II
302:
300:
297:
294:
290:
287:
283:
278:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
197:
187:
180:
175:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
143:
139:
136:
131:
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2971:
2945:
2910:NEMO Project
2732:
2668:Double Chooz
2575:Construction
2307:Astronomical
2195:Cowan–Reines
2098:
1610:
1595:
1589:
1499:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1373:the original
1368:
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1326:
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1251:
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1230:
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1092:
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1067:
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995:. Retrieved
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864:
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793:mixing angle
775:
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545:
530:away in the
522:produced by
509:
499:
484:
461:
455:
408:
403:distribution
381:of the 5-15
375:
367:John Bahcall
318:
308:
306:
298:
279:
253:
209:proton decay
194:
192:
170:
155:
133:
127:
31:
29:
2994: /
2516:KamLAND-Zen
2415:Accelerator
2293:(divided by
2188:Discoveries
1917:Engineering
1867:Engineering
1405:T2K website
855:dark matter
800:is a valid
743:synchrotron
641:Nobel prize
598:accelerator
558:Nobel Prize
528:light years
466:smoking gun
442:electronics
436:joined the
414:backgrounds
411:radioactive
345:Ray Davis's
331:energy was
286:cylindrical
3054:Hida, Gifu
3018:Categories
3000: (
2981:137°18.7′E
2733:Kamiokande
2688:Gargamelle
2592:Baikal-GVD
2447:NA61/SHINE
2432:MicroBooNE
2036:Tenmongata
1671:LSM/Fréjus
1498:(↕⤡
1446:shielding)
1276:1707.09744
1242:2015-06-07
1197:1502.01550
1103:2008-09-10
1083:2018-09-15
1058:2014-04-08
932:References
842:distance.
671:shock wave
426:resolution
371:physicists
362:and close
341:hypothesis
337:Sun's core
321:Hans Bethe
264:gamma rays
238:cosmic ray
181:KamiokaNDE
2978:36°25.6′N
2888:Cancelled
2708:Homestake
2658:Cuoricino
2622:SuperNEMO
2442:MiniBooNE
2291:Operating
1972:Buildings
1922:Economics
1872:Economics
1845:Faculties
1594:(↔
1545:CallioLab
1477:(↔
1306:103159914
1134:1311.4750
1022:1109.3262
997:27 August
694:dataset.
570:in 2002.
520:neutrinos
512:supernova
496:discovery
456:With the
360:colleague
260:electrons
2934:See also
2879:WATCHMAN
2829:JEM-EUSO
2812:Proposed
2798:Soudan 2
2788:SciBooNE
2521:MAJORANA
2471:Collider
2391:Daya Bay
2335:Borexino
2297:neutrino
2068:Hospital
1993:Campuses
1907:Medicine
1857:Medicine
1560:Canfranc
1222:34184232
1159:24580687
905:See also
806:universe
802:symmetry
663:imploded
458:upgrades
395:billiard
387:electron
272:ionizing
234:mountain
220:purify,
217:lifetime
138:Archived
124:The mine
82:neutrino
2859:Nucifer
2678:EXO-200
2631:Retired
2587:ARIANNA
2483:SND@LHC
2437:MINERνA
2396:KamLAND
2384:Reactor
2350:IceCube
2320:ANTARES
2299:source)
2295:primary
2281:SN 1987
2078:Library
2019:History
2010:Kashiwa
1912:Science
1862:Science
1716:Soledar
1611:Kamioka
1335:Bibcode
1281:Bibcode
1202:Bibcode
1167:2586182
1139:Bibcode
804:of our
782:reactor
766:KamLAND
675:acrylic
669:as the
399:elastic
358:of his
226:charged
196:Kamioka
106:decades
2956:SNOLAB
2900:LAGUNA
2844:LEGEND
2763:MINOS+
2738:KARMEN
2713:ICARUS
2683:GALLEX
2638:AMANDA
2617:KM3NeT
2557:KATRIN
2531:PandaX
2406:STEREO
2266:τ
2261:ν
2239:μ
2234:ν
2207:ν
2083:Museum
2045:People
2005:Komaba
1731:Soudan
1701:SNOLAB
1530:Boulby
1515:Baksan
1303:
1220:
1165:
1157:
992:Toyama
866:NEWAGE
861:NEWAGE
753:angle
740:proton
734:'s 50
681:data.
624:. The
471:theory
418:energy
364:friend
333:fusion
222:stable
166:silver
130:Mitsui
2925:BOREX
2864:P-ONE
2834:GRAND
2819:CUPID
2778:OPERA
2758:MINOS
2753:MACRO
2693:GERDA
2663:DONUT
2648:Chooz
2562:WITCH
2550:Other
2541:XMASS
2511:CUORE
2506:COBRA
2501:AMoRE
2478:FASER
2422:ANNIE
2375:SNEWS
2360:NEVOD
2330:BDUNT
2315:ANITA
2249:DONUT
2119:XMASS
2114:KAGRA
2073:Press
1474:ANDES
1301:S2CID
1271:arXiv
1218:S2CID
1192:arXiv
1163:S2CID
1129:arXiv
1077:(PDF)
1049:(PDF)
1017:arXiv
984:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
911:MINOS
851:XMASS
846:XMASS
833:KAGRA
827:KAGRA
747:Tōkai
536:Earth
488:ratio
430:radon
329:Sun's
275:muons
245:Earth
241:muons
213:decay
202:water
102:Japan
80:is a
2951:LNGS
2869:SBND
2849:LENA
2824:nEXO
2803:Utah
2783:RICE
2773:NEMO
2768:NARC
2748:LSND
2718:IGEX
2673:ERPM
2653:CNGS
2643:CDHS
2612:JUNO
2602:DUNE
2597:BEST
2536:SNO+
2526:NEXT
2493:0νββ
2457:NuMI
2452:NOvA
2401:RENO
2365:SAGE
2345:HALO
2340:BUST
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1761:SURF
1656:LSBB
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1596:4000
1575:CJPL
1500:2800
1479:4800
1331:2015
1267:1921
1155:PMID
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818:CLIO
592:The
574:and
516:data
451:veto
447:rock
323:and
307:The
289:tank
164:and
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