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36:
866:, and many words are formed by simple roots, juxtaposition and suffixation. The gender can be expressed by suffixation or by a hyperonym, and while Kanoê does not make a distinction of number, it does make a distinction between uncountable and countable nouns, where the suffix {-te} is added . The syntax order of Kanoê follows SOV = subject + object + verb.
469:
A preliminary report of the phonological features of the Kanoê language was published by Laércio
Bacelar in 1992, with a second report and an analysis of the phonology published in 1994. Bacelar and Cleiton Pereira wrote a paper on the morphosyntax of the language in 1996. And in 1998 a paper on the
898:
in the Kanoê language follow a monomorphic free form in the singular and bimorphic in the plural. These pronouns can occur in the subject or object position. The formation of the plural pronouns follow the formula PRO.PL → PRO.SG + COL, where PRO is the singular form of the pronoun and -COL is the
442:
By the Omerê River, a single family of Kanoê can be found, with much less influence from the
Brazilian society. Having fled into a forest reserve, this group is considered an isolated indigenous people, only allowing outside contact in 1995 after many years of attempts by the Ethno Environmental
438:
state. The main population, living by Guaporé River, share the land with other indigenous people and have a long history of cohabitation with the "white man". Most of them have been assimilated into mainstream
Brazilian society and are married to people belonging to other indigenous groups. Only
470:
negation and litotes of the language was published by
Bacelar and Augusto Silva Júnior. Since then, Laércio Bacelar has been the main linguist investigating the language and working alongside the Kanoê people. In 2004 he published a detailed description of its phonology, grammar and syntax.
877:
motivation instead of a morphologic one - most names with reduplication are names for animals and birds, in which the phonetic sequence of the reduplication do seem to imitate the sounds characteristic of said animals, for example kurakura 'chicken' or tsõjtsõj
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
344:
The Kanoê people, although disperse in the southeastern part of the state of Rondônia, live mainly along the Guaropé River. The language is nearly extinct, with only 5 speakers in a population of about 319 Kanoê people.
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is underway with a lexicographic and ethnographic approach to record auditory and written data of the Kanoê language. The project is currently coordinated by Laércio Nora
Bacelar, a Brazilian linguist, and is funded by
90:
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66:
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The first written study of the Kanoê language available today, dates back to 1943 when
Stanislav Zach published a vocabulary of the Kanoê tribe, which was later updated in 1963 by
4500:
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For a long time Kanoê was too poorly attested to classify. Various proposals were advanced on little evidence; Price (1978) for example thought Kanoê might be one of the
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4507:
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Vowels are long when they constitute a morpheme of their own. Stress is on the last syllable of a word. Maximally complex syllable is CGVG, where G is a glide
1807:
verbal actions are marked the same way, while the object is marked differently. For subjects of either intransitive or transitive verbal actions, the suffix
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4398:
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A field study by
Bacelar (2004), shows that there are no inflections for number in the language. even though the Kanoê language uses the pluralizer
100:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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108:
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Protection Front. As of 2003, only four people remained of this Kanoê family, with two of them being monolingual Kanoê speakers. The area by the
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368:, but believes the evidence is not strong enough to definitively link the three languages together as part of a single language family.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Portuguese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
2217:"corn" is the object of the verbal action. It shows that morphemes for subjects and objects of verbal actions are different.
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The first contact of the Kanoê people with foreigners brought a lot of death through sickness. Many of the people died of
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verbs. For example, manamana 'kneading', or mañumañu 'chewing'. Although some names show reduplication, it can have an
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2858:(2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.).
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is believed to be the original territory of the Kanoê people by Victor
Dequech (1942) and Etta Becker-Donner (1955).
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Kaufman, Terrence. 1994. The native languages of South
America. In: Christopher Moseley and R. E. Asher (eds.),
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488:. The project also has the support of the entire Kanoê community from both the Guaropé and the Omorê rivers.
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Oral vowels are optionally nasalized next to nasal stops, with the variation of phonemically nasal vowels.
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The most used method to express quantity in the Kanoê language is the anteposition of the quantifier
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to interpret nouns as a collective derived by the suffixation. Mass nouns cannot be pluralized.
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show that the morphemes for subjects of transitive or intransitive verbal actions are the same.
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is highly variable, , with the affricates being the more common, rare, and most common before
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The quantifier arakere can also be used together with numerals to change its meaning to "few":
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426:. Their traditional territories, particularly Rio Omeré Indigenous Territory, are located in
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831:. Vowels may have a voiceless offglide (effectively ) when not followed by a voiced sound.
792:, all oral and nasal; the nasal vowels have slightly different or variable pronunciations:
357:, there have been various proposals linking it with other languages and language families.
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Bacelar, Laércio; Silva Júnior, Augusto (1998). "A negação e a litotes na língua Kanoê".
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Bacelar, Laércio; Pereira, Cleiton (1996). "Aspectos Morfossintáticos da Língua Kanoê".
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Bacelar, Laércio (1994). "Fonologia segmental da língua Kanoê: uma análise preliminar".
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Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher and Christopher Moseley (eds.),
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1811:'CLV' is added to the verb, and for direct objects of transitive sentences, the suffix
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There are a total of four indefinite pronouns, which are used based on the object. The
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2862:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166.
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862:, where the more complex words are the verbs (Payne 1997). It is also primarily an
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In the Kanoê language, the process of morphological reduplication is used to form
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which attaches the subject as the agent of the verbal action. In example
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré
2941:(Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
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2309:"many". It is presumed that the quantifier arakere is formed by a
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The Kanoê people can be found in two main areas, the banks of the
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There are only two demonstrative pronouns in the Kanoê language,
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The form for possessive pronouns are monomorphic in the POSS.1SG
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Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
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Van der Voort, Hein. 2005. Kwaza in a comparative perspective.
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Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with
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3111:(in Portuguese). Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen.
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attaches as the subject of the verbal action; and an object,
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2668:"how many" which is used at the beginning of the sentence:
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characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
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POSS.2SG woman POSS.1SG child speak-3-CLV-3-TR 3-DECL-AUX
2895:
Price, David P. 1978. The Nambiquara linguistic family.
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The Kanoê language also has an interrogative quantifier
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is between vowels, after and occasionally initially.
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Van der Voort (2005) observes similarities among Kanoê,
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to this template: there are already 467 articles in the
2603:
today 1SG two-two few-NEG-NMZ arrow 1-have APL-DECL-AUX
682:
is limited to a few verb forms, where it occurs before
69:
a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
3076:
Signótica: Revista do Mestrado em Letras e Linguística
3061:
Signótica: Revista do Mestrado em Letras e Linguística
3046:
Signótica: Revista do Mestrado em Letras e Linguística
2033:
attaches as the object of the verbal action. Examples
3002:
Vocabulário das tribos Massacá, Salamãi, Coiá e Canoê
3033:(in Portuguese). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
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three of them still speak the Kanoê language today.
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2313:mechanism and that its internal structure follows
326:or other indigenous languages from intermarriage.
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2209:"corn" is the subject of the verbal action, and
842:. One of the more syllabically complex words is
4554:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
353:Although Kanoê is generally considered to be a
2531:3PL brother-MASC few-brother-MASC NEG-DECL-AUX
2470:1SG few-NEG-DECL-AUX child 1-have APL-DECL-AUX
1186:which in itself is the result of the suffixes
371:Price (1978) proposes a relationship with the
115:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
3173:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2884:International Journal of American Linguistics
2657:1SG kill 1-DECL-AUX one few-NEG-NMZ alligator
8:
2987:Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas
2923:Atlas of the World’s Languages (2nd edition)
1600:pronouns can be used with the gender suffix
1576:2SG DEM.dist people 2-know-3-TR NEG-DECL-AUX
1437:, "this" for objects in close proximity and
710:, a pattern which occurs during metathesis.
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
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2952:Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023).
2935:Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016).
2535:
2186:
2116:
1654:
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1500:
375:, while Kaufman (1994, 2007) suggests that
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3224:
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3166:
3158:
3063:(in Portuguese) (8). Goiânia: UFGO: 45–55.
3048:(in Portuguese) (6). Goiânia: UFGO: 59–72.
3014:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1997:it can be seen that the intransitive verb
1783:3SG something rotten-NMLZ eat-CLV DECL-AUX
150:
3189:Indigenous language families and isolates
3116:
2860:The Indigenous Languages of South America
846:'to shave'. Vowel sequences occur, as in
476:Etnografia e Documentação da Lingua Kanoé
4544:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia
1610:
1196:
905:
725:
500:
16:Endangered indigenous language of Brazil
2800:
1989:"Your woman is speaking with my child."
1421:POSS.2PL child-COL run-2-CLV 3-DECL-AUX
1150:1SG 2SG speak-1-CLV-2-TR 1-NEG-DECL-AUX
284:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3007:
2831:
2829:
94:
7:
3031:Fonologia preliminar da língua Kanoê
1345:POSS.1SG RN-eye sting-1-eye DECL-AUX
329:The language names are also spelled
3078:(in Portuguese) (9). Goiânia: UFGO.
2113:POSS.1PL corn born-3-CLV 3-DECL-AUX
4539:Language isolates of South America
2467:aj {ara k-e-re} kani õ-tsi mo-e-re
1799:, given that the subjects of both
1573:mi ũko itevæ pi-patenũ-ø-to k-e-re
1350:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
718:are nasalized after nasal vowels.
14:
2775:{how many} child 2SG 2-have 2-INT
2201:it can be seen that the morpheme
2021:"your woman", which the morpheme
665:
649:
642:
622:
615:
608:
594:
583:
565:
549:
540:
533:
322:. The Kapishana people now speak
3004:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro.
2818:
2778:"How many children do you have?"
2606:"Today I have only four arrows."
1718:Someone else-M die-INTR DECL-AUX
34:
2185:"The man harvested the corn." (
2029:"my child", which the morpheme
4559:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area
3102:Bacelar, Laércio Nora (2004).
2910:Atlas of the World’s Languages
2660:"I killed only one alligator."
1797:nominative-accusative language
1418:pjato kan-te iriri-ø-ro n-e-re
127:{{Translated|pt|Língua kanoê}}
125:You may also add the template
1:
2956:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
2716:"How many children are sick?"
2528:oj tu-kwæ̃ ara-tũ-kwæ̃ k-e-re
1496:DEM.prox man big NEG-DECL-AUX
1147:aj mi vara-õ-ro-pe-to õ-ke-re
714:is very rarely realized as .
4549:Endangered language isolates
2182:man corn break-3-TR DECL-AUX
1424:"Your children are running."
819:after voiceless consonants.
811:and next to an approximant.
2925:, 59–94. London: Routledge.
2912:, 59–93. London: Routledge.
2897:Anthropological Linguistics
2844:. Instituto Socioambiental.
2772:nẽtoe kani mi pe-tsi mi-tsi
2713:{how many} child sick 3-INT
1815:'TR' is added to the verb.
1170:but bimorphic for POSS.3SG
138:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
97:will aid in categorization.
4575:
3907:Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan
2538:"He has not few brothers")
2005:"child", and the morpheme
1579:"You don't know that man."
72:Machine translation, like
18:
3105:Gramática da língua Kanoê
3029:Bacelar, Laércio (1992).
2842:Povos Indígenas No Brasil
2534:"He has many brothers." (
2189:"The man broke the corn")
2119:"Our corn is being born."
2017:"speak" takes a subject,
1616:
1613:
1342:ña i-kɨ̃j vaj-õ-kɨ̃j e-re
1209:
1204:
1153:"I don't speak with you."
270:
158:
49:the corresponding article
3000:Stanislav, Zach (1943).
1872:child run-3-CLV DECL-AUX
1795:The Kanoê language is a
1074:1PL tire-1-REFL DECL-AUX
1024:1SG tire-1-REFL DECL-AUX
19:Not to be confused with
2473:"I have many children."
2001:"run" takes one subject
1786:"He ate something bad."
1780:oj naj topi-e u-ro e-re
1655:
1645:
1633:
1623:
1596:
1590:
1503:This man is not tall)."
1174:which is formed by 3SG
337:, the last shared with
136:For more guidance, see
4508:Unclassified languages
3154:CLV:verbal classifier
2836:Laércio Nora Bacelar.
2789:Macro-Paesan languages
2710:nẽtoe kani tuvo ni-tsi
2600:mini aj õ-tsi mo-e-re
1429:Demonstrative pronouns
864:agglutinative language
860:polysynthetic language
482:FUNAI - Museu do Índio
272:This article contains
4078:, Bolivia, and Chile)
3899:(west-central Brazil)
1715:tsyke -kɨ̃j tũ-o e-re
457:Nambikwaran languages
397:Nambikwaran languages
373:Nambikwaran languages
109:copyright attribution
21:Ava-Canoeiro language
2013:the transitive verb
1975:pja e ña kani vara-ø
1721:"Someone else died."
1499:"This man is short (
1198:Possessive pronouns
1178:plus the possessive
1071:ajte {ore õ-ry} e-re
788:Vowel qualities are
4501:Marañón River basin
4366:Tequiraca–Canichana
4346:Maya–Yunga–Chipayan
2193:Comparing examples
1584:Indefinite pronouns
1199:
1158:Possessive pronouns
908:
331:Kapixana, Kapixanã,
4321:Esmeralda–Yaruroan
4254:Proposed groupings
3208:Language families
2369:
2335:
2269:
2235:
1604:for masculine and
1493:jũ ævo ereã k-e-re
1197:
1021:aj {ore õ-ry} e-re
906:
434:municipalities of
117:interlanguage link
4526:
4525:
4496:Extinct languages
4249:
4248:
3565:
3564:
3333:
3332:
3202:
2989:. Museu do Indio.
2963:978-3-11-043273-2
2869:978-3-11-025513-3
2816:(25th ed., 2022)
2398:
2397:
2364:
2363:
2298:
2297:
2264:
2263:
1665:
1664:
1285:
1284:
976:
975:
907:Personal pronoun
896:Personal pronouns
891:Personal pronouns
786:
785:
677:
676:
473:A project called
298:
297:
280:rendering support
276:phonetic symbols.
149:
148:
61:
57:
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4518:Linguistic areas
4386:Linguistic areas
3928:? Mura–Matanawí
3675:Andoque–Urequena
3525:
3252:
3225:
3196:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3131:. Archived from
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3099:
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3065:
3064:
3056:
3050:
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3035:
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3005:
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2900:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2805:
2768:
2764:
2753:
2743:
2706:
2702:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2617:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2560:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2495:
2484:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2444:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2407:
2366:
2332:
2266:
2232:
2188:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2153:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2080:
2058:
2054:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1915:
1911:
1893:
1889:
1875:"The child ran."
1861:
1857:
1847:
1843:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1751:
1732:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1686:
1658:
1648:
1636:
1626:
1611:
1599:
1593:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1524:
1514:
1502:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1454:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1392:
1381:
1370:
1366:
1355:
1348:"My eye stings."
1338:
1334:
1323:
1311:
1301:
1297:
1200:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1088:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1017:
1013:
1003:
999:
988:
909:
899:plural morpheme
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
791:
726:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
669:
653:
646:
626:
619:
612:
598:
587:
569:
553:
544:
537:
501:
464:Cestmír Loukotka
399:due to contact.
383:Language contact
355:language isolate
312:language isolate
254:
238:
231:
215:language isolate
209:
151:
128:
122:
96:
95:|topic=
93:, and specifying
78:Google Translate
59:
55:
38:
37:
30:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4479:
4408:
4380:
4341:Mataco–Guaicuru
4336:Katembri–Taruma
4301:Macro-Puinavean
4286:Macro-Otomákoan
4245:
4211:
4151:Mataco–Guaicuru
4135:
4069:
3952:
3891:
3784:
3760:Sechura–Catacao
3749:Pacific coast (
3744:
3703:Pacific coast (
3698:
3625:
3561:
3523:
3445:
3329:
3250:
3223:
3209:
3203:
3201:classification)
3195:
3186:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2964:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2817:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2756:
2745:
2735:
2727:
2718:
2708:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2662:
2652:
2645:
2627:
2619:
2608:
2598:
2580:
2569:
2562:
2552:
2540:
2526:
2508:
2497:
2486:
2475:
2465:
2447:
2436:
2428:
2409:
2303:
2294:school of fish
2223:
2191:
2175:ævo atiti paj-ø
2173:
2159:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2104:
2086:
2068:
2060:
2046:
1991:
1973:
1955:
1925:
1917:
1903:
1895:
1881:
1877:
1863:
1849:
1831:
1823:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1764:
1753:
1742:
1734:
1723:
1713:
1699:
1688:
1677:
1661:something else
1617:For non-humans
1586:
1581:
1571:
1553:
1535:
1527:
1516:
1505:
1491:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1398:
1383:
1372:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1326:
1314:
1303:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1123:
1103:vara-õ-ro-pe-to
1100:
1090:
1079:
1077:"We are tired."
1069:
1055:
1040:
1029:
1019:
1005:
990:
893:
888:
856:
724:
499:
494:
453:
405:
385:
351:
278:Without proper
250:
234:
227:
217:
210:
207:Language family
205:
196:
195:Native speakers
145:
144:
143:
126:
120:
62:
39:
35:
28:
25:Mekéns language
17:
12:
11:
5:
4572:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4513:Classification
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4399:Mamoré–Guaporé
4396:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4371:Wamo–Chapakura
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4351:Moseten–Chonan
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Macro-Chibchan
4273:
4271:Macro-Arawakan
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4146:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3958:Mamoré–Guaporé
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3797:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3656:
3648:
3646:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3338:Eastern Brazil
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3127:
3081:
3066:
3051:
3036:
3021:
2992:
2969:
2962:
2944:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2899:20 (1): 14–37.
2888:
2875:
2868:
2856:Campbell, Lyle
2847:
2825:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2757:
2746:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2646:
2628:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2581:
2570:
2563:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2509:
2498:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2448:
2437:
2429:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2360:many children
2358:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2222:
2219:
2160:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2106:jato atiti epæ
2087:
2069:
2061:
2047:
2044:
2043:
1956:
1926:
1918:
1904:
1896:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1850:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1792:
1789:
1765:
1754:
1743:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1700:
1689:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1608:for feminine.
1585:
1582:
1554:
1538:pi-patenũ-ø-to
1536:
1528:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1430:
1427:
1399:
1384:
1373:
1359:
1358:
1327:
1315:
1304:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1159:
1156:
1124:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1056:
1041:
1031:
1030:
1006:
991:
981:
980:
974:
973:
968:
963:
957:
956:
951:
946:
940:
939:
934:
929:
923:
922:
917:
912:
892:
889:
887:
884:
855:
852:
784:
783:
781:
779:
776:
773:
770:
766:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
723:
720:
675:
674:
672:
670:
663:
661:
655:
654:
647:
640:
638:
636:
630:
629:
627:
620:
613:
606:
600:
599:
592:
590:
588:
581:
575:
574:
572:
570:
563:
561:
555:
554:
547:
545:
538:
531:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
498:
495:
493:
490:
452:
451:Current status
449:
404:
401:
384:
381:
350:
349:Classification
347:
296:
295:
282:, you may see
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
248:
240:
239:
232:
224:
223:
222:Language codes
219:
218:
213:
211:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
164:Native to
161:
160:
156:
155:
147:
146:
142:
141:
134:
123:
101:
98:
86:adding a topic
81:
70:
63:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4571:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4475:French Guiana
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4331:Je–Tupi–Carib
4329:
4327:
4326:Hibito–Cholon
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:Macro-Warpean
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:Hibito–Cholon
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:Cañari–Puruhá
3769:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3229:Je–Tupi–Carib
3226:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3199:Campbell 2012
3194:
3193:South America
3190:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3138:on 2014-07-28
3134:
3130:
3128:9789090179582
3124:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3022:
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3011:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2801:
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2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2755:
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2744:
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2726:
2723:
2717:
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2693:
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2654:aj re õ-e-re
2651:
2648:
2644:
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2607:
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2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:
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2271:
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2267:
2259:
2257:
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2233:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2213:is used when
2212:
2208:
2205:is used when
2204:
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2196:
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2172:
2163:
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2148:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
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2109:
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2075:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2050:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1959:
1954:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1819:
1818:For example:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1746:
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1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
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1716:
1712:
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1687:
1681:
1676:
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1668:
1667:For Example:
1660:
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1653:
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1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
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1583:
1580:
1577:
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1552:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1526:
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1515:
1510:
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1497:
1494:
1490:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1444:For example:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1402:
1397:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1371:
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1356:
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1346:
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1330:
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1288:
1287:For example:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
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1201:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:and POSS.2SG
1165:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1127:
1122:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:"I am tired."
1025:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
984:
979:
978:For example:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
910:
904:
902:
897:
890:
885:
883:
881:
876:
872:
871:frequentative
867:
865:
861:
853:
851:
832:
797:
782:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
727:
721:
719:
673:
671:
668:
664:
662:
660:
657:
656:
652:
648:
645:
641:
639:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
625:
621:
618:
614:
611:
607:
605:
602:
601:
597:
593:
591:
589:
586:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
571:
568:
564:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
548:
546:
543:
539:
536:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:
496:
491:
489:
487:
483:
478:
477:
471:
467:
465:
460:
458:
450:
448:
446:
440:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Guaporé River
416:
414:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
358:
356:
348:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
275:
269:
266:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
230:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
202:
199:3 (2012)
198:
192:
189:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
157:
152:
139:
135:
132:
124:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
92:
91:main category
88:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
64:
58:
52:
51:in Portuguese
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
4361:Saparo–Yawan
4311:Arutani–Sape
4296:Macro-Panoan
4291:Macro-Paesan
4281:Macro-Jibaro
4266:Macro-Andean
4238:
4231:
4202:Lule–Vilelan
4172:
4165:
4128:
4121:
4109:
4084:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3970:
3945:
3936:
3875:Saparo–Yawan
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3804:Pano–Tacanan
3802:
3775:
3737:
3730:
3713:
3707:and Ecuador)
3691:
3651:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3549:
3542:
3516:
3504:
3497:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3470:Arutani–Sape
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3322:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3243:
3236:
3216:
3210:and isolates
3153:
3140:. Retrieved
3133:the original
3104:
3075:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2953:
2947:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2886:71: 365–412.
2883:
2878:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2811:
2803:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2761:
2758:
2750:
2747:
2740:
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2732:
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2715:
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2527:
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2510:
2503:few-brother-
2502:
2499:
2491:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2452:
2449:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2414:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2394:many arrows
2381:arakere mapi
2380:
2372:
2347:arakere kani
2346:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2280:
2272:
2246:
2238:
2226:
2224:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2164:
2161:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1960:
1957:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1886:
1883:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1865:kani iriri-ø
1864:
1854:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1805:intransitive
1794:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1769:
1766:
1758:
1755:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1704:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1651:someone else
1605:
1601:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1558:
1555:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1521:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1403:
1400:
1388:
1385:
1377:
1374:
1363:
1360:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1331:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1308:
1305:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1268:
1253:
1245:
1230:
1222:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1128:
1125:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1010:
1007:
995:
992:
985:
982:
977:
970:
965:
953:
948:
936:
931:
900:
894:
875:onomatopoeic
868:
857:
833:
798:
787:
702:varies as .
678:
475:
472:
468:
461:
454:
441:
417:
406:
386:
379:is related.
370:
359:
352:
343:
339:Awa-Canoeiro
334:
330:
328:
307:is a nearly
304:
300:
299:
271:
243:
113:edit summary
104:
84:
56:(April 2021)
54:
46:
4356:Quechumaran
4316:Bora–Witoto
4216:Far South (
4117:Uru–Chipaya
4093:Quechumaran
3978:Nambikwaran
3660:Bora–Witoto
3557:Ticuna–Yuri
2500:ara-tũ-kwæ̃
1993:In example
1629:who/someone
1614:For humans
880:hummingbird
858:Kanoê is a
844:/kwivejkaw/
706:is before
634:Approximant
445:Omerê River
432:Chupinguaia
424:Omerê River
286:instead of
4533:Categories
4227:Qawasqaran
4161:Guaicuruan
4130:Mapudungun
3966:Chapacuran
3880:Peba–Yagua
3815:Cahuapanan
3732:Yurumanguí
3316:Chiquitano
3289:Maxakalian
3197:(based on
3142:2011-04-19
3118:2066/19429
2813:Ethnologue
2795:References
2412:ara k-e-re
2301:Quantifier
1801:transitive
1639:something
1386:iriri-ø-ro
1317:vaj-õ-kɨ̃j
1264:3rd person
1241:2nd person
1218:1st person
961:3rd person
944:2nd person
927:1st person
854:Morphology
823:varies as
815:varies as
803:varies as
790:/ieæɨəauo/
497:Consonants
428:Corumbiara
395:, and the
324:Portuguese
4491:Languages
4460:Venezuela
4420:Argentina
4413:Countries
4404:Amazonian
4016:Mosetenan
4010:Canichana
3922:Katukinan
3917:Harákmbut
3868:Tequiraca
3739:Esmeralda
3726:Barbacoan
3682:Guajiboan
3621:Jirajaran
3576:Venezuela
3512:Otomacoan
3464:Yanomaman
3455:Venezuela
3391:Pankararú
3309:Rikbaktsá
3010:cite book
2650:alligator
2325:'DECL' +
2260:children
2221:Semantics
1740:something
850:'chief'.
794:,~,,,~,~,
579:Fricative
559:Affricate
492:Phonology
409:pertussis
305:Kapishana
245:Glottolog
229:ISO 639-3
184:Ethnicity
159:Kapishana
131:talk page
83:Consider
4470:Suriname
4450:Paraguay
4435:Colombia
4197:Huarpean
4192:Charruan
4187:Zamucoan
4182:Mascoyan
4156:Matacoan
4098:Quechuan
4022:Yuracaré
3989:Cayubaba
3983:Bororoan
3938:Matanawí
3885:Zaparoan
3854:Taushiro
3826:Candoshi
3820:Jivaroan
3715:Chibchan
3705:Colombia
3670:Witotoan
3653:Tucanoan
3635:Colombia
3616:Timotean
3611:Tiniguan
3572:Colombia
3398:Tarairiú
3377:Katembri
3345:Karirian
3284:Krenakan
3269:Jabutian
3256:Macro-Jê
3218:Arawakan
2783:See also
2725:how many
2676:how many
2492:brother-
2321:'NEG' +
2317:"few" +
2281:kwini-te
1999:{iriri-}
1273:his/hers
1206:Singular
1043:ore õ-ry
993:ore õ-ry
915:Singular
886:Pronouns
512:Alveolar
507:Bilabial
436:Rondônia
422:and the
316:Rondônia
292:Help:IPA
265:Kapixaná
252:kano1245
178:Rondônia
107:provide
4445:Ecuador
4425:Bolivia
4376:Amerind
4174:Payaguá
4143:–Pampas
4111:Puquina
4103:Aymaran
4074:Andes (
4057:Irantxe
3996:Itonama
3861:Urarina
3847:Waorani
3840:Munichi
3833:Omurano
3777:Mochica
3766:Chimuan
3721:Chocoan
3693:Puinave
3687:Nadahup
3600:Andaquí
3570:Andes (
3538:Sáliban
3476:Arutani
3451:Orinoco
3238:Cariban
2983:"Kanoê"
2583:mo-e-re
2489:tu-kwæ̃
2450:mo-e-re
2329:'AUX'.
2311:litotes
2307:arakere
2247:kani-te
2027:ña kani
2015:{vara-}
1834:iriri-ø
1748:rotten-
1675:Someone
1606:{-nake}
1602:{-kɨ̃j}
1281:theirs
1126:õ-ke-re
848:/eaere/
517:Palatal
484:and by
413:measles
403:History
309:extinct
288:Unicode
129:to the
111:in the
53:.
4465:Guyana
4430:Brazil
4233:Yaghan
4207:Chonan
4167:Guachí
4036:Aikanã
4003:Movima
3947:Trumai
3912:Arawan
3897:Amazon
3790:Amazon
3643:Vaupés
3639:Japurá
3631:Amazon
3606:Paezan
3518:Yaruro
3426:Xukurú
3370:Baenan
3363:Gamela
3356:Taruma
3350:Purían
3279:Karajá
3274:Kamakã
3245:Tupian
3125:
2960:
2866:
2838:"Povo"
2759:mi-tsi
2748:pe-tsi
2697:ni-tsi
2630:õ-e-re
2511:k-e-re
2315:{ara-}
2273:kwini
2150:break-
2110:n-e-re
2089:n-e-re
1983:n-e-re
1958:n-e-re
1938:speak-
1928:vara-ø
1791:Syntax
1745:topi-e
1556:k-e-re
1544:-know-
1533:people
1476:k-e-re
1401:n-e-re
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