750:"Secondary Devils "—the term used to describe Chinese Christians. Of the family in one of the main rooms, and told them not to get excited or scream. I had scarcely mustered them when nineteen of the Kansu braves came rushing in. Their swords and clothes were still dripping with blood, as if they had come from a shambles. I went forward to meet them, saying politely: 'I know what you have come for: you are looking for secondary devils. However, none of us have "eaten" the foreign religion. You will see that we have an altar to the kitchen god in our back premises. The whole of our family is now here; will you not take a look through the house to see if there are any Christians in hiding?' I meant by this to imply that we should offer no opposition to their looting whatsoever they pleased. I also called a servant to prepare tea. Our guests received these overtures pleasantly enough, and after a few minutes of energetic looting they returned to my guest room, and some of them sat down to take tea. One of them remarked: 'You seem to be thoroughly respectable people: what a pity that you should reside near this nest of foreign converts and spies.' After a brief stay they thanked us politely, apologising for the intrusion, and retired with their booty. It was then about 2 p.m. We lost about $ 4,000 worth of valuables. Shortly afterwards, flames were bursting from our neighbour's premises, so I made up my mind to remove my family to a friend's house in the north of the city. In spite of these deeds of violence, even intelligent people still believed that the Kansu soldiery were a tower of defence for China, and would be more than able to repel any number of foreign troops. A friend of mine reckoned that 250,000 persons lost their lives in Peking that summer. I used to revile the Boxers in the family circle so much that my own kinsmen, who sympathised with them, would call me an 'Erh Mao Tzu,' and my cousin, fearing that the Boxers would murder me, induced me one day to kotow before one of their altars in the Nai Tzu-fu. To this day I have regretted my weakness in thus bowing the knee."
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apparently expected to reach Peking that day. Sugiyama rode in a cart with a broad red band round the body, denoting that the occupant was of, at least, the second rank. When he arrived at the Yung-ting gate he was accosted by a number of Tung Fu-hsiang's men who were guarding it. It seemed that Prince Tuan had that day given secret orders that no foreigner was to be allowed either to leave the city or enter it. He was therefore stopped and asked who he was. Sugiyama told them that he was a member of the
Japanese legation. "Are you the Japanese minister?" "No, I am only a chancellor of the legation." "Then what right have you, a petty officer like that, to ride in such a high official's cart?" So they pulled him out of his cart and began to mob the unlucky Chancellor. Sugiyama then demanded to be brought before General Tung Fu-hsiang. "What! You to speak to our Great General! (Ta Shuei.) Why, you are too insignificant to have such an honor!" At last, however, a red-buttoned Kansu officer appeared on the scene, to whom Sugiyama appealed for help. Instead of doing so the ruffian merely ordered the Japanese Chancellor's head to be struck off as a sacrifice to their war banner, and stuck near the gate, "for trying to break out of Peking." Sugiyama was the first foreigner murdered inside Peking. The great mass of the population of Peking were greatly alarmed at these blood-thirsty proceedings, and all were expecting that the Empress Dowager would show some disapproval of the murder of the Japanese Chancellor, belonging to a friendly State, and the member of an Embassy; but the Manchus, one and all, were jubilant when they heard of the murder. Finally the official seal of approval from the highest quarter for this dastardly murder was made by Prince Tuan, who, when he met General Tung Fu-hsiang the next morning, slapped the latter on the back and raising his right thumb called out "Hao" (good!) The raising of the thumb denotes that the person addressed is a "first-class hero."
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the legations grew. On the 25th of
October Minister MacDonald cabled to London: "A serious menace to the safety of Europeans is the presence of some 10,000 soldiers, who have come from the Province of Kansu, and are to be quartered in the hunting park, two miles south of Peking. A party of these soldiers made a savage assault on four Europeans (including Mr. C. W. Campbell, of this Legation), who were last Sunday visiting the railway line at Lukou Chiao. The foreign Ministers will meet this morning to protest against these outrages. I shall see the Yamcm to-day, and propose to demand that the force of soldiers shall be removed to another province, and that the offenders shall be rigorously dealt with." On the 29th he telegraphed again: "The Foreign Representatives met yesterday, and drafted a note to the Yamfin demanding that the Kansu troops should be withdrawn at once. The troops in question have not been paid for some months, and are in a semi-mutinous state. They have declared their intention to drive all Europeans out of the north of China, and have cut the telegraph wires and destroyed portions of the railway line between Lukouchiao and Paoting Fu. Some disturbances have been caused by them on the railway to Tien-tsin, but the line has not been touched, and traffic has not been interrupted. In the city here all is quiet. The presence of these troops in the immediate vicinity of Peking undoubtedly constitutes a serious danger to all Europeans. The Yamfin gave me a promise that the force should be removed, but have not yet carried it into effect."
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instead of ordering the suppression of the Boxers, the policy of the
Government was suddenly changed, and an Imperial decree was immediately issued appointing Kang Yi and Chao Shu-chiao, Imperial High Commissioners, to organise the Boxers in the vicinity of Peking and bring them under Government control. During this crisis the various Foreign Powers also sent some 400 odd troops into Peking to protect their Legations. By the 4th of June, the Boxer outlaws had begun to tear up and destroy the Railway between Peking and Tientsin, and from that day also began to enter the city walls of Peking, crowding in at the rate of over a thousand a day. Altars (or gathering-places for recruits, etc.) were erected by them all over the city. At this time also these outlaws began the wholesale slaughter of Christians, and burning of churches outside of Peking, until none of the latter have been left standing. As many as could escape, amongst the Christians, then poured into the capital, taking refuge in the Legations situated in the Tung-chiao-ming street (otherwise known as Legation street). This state of affairs, I may say, existed in the capital during the first days of June, from which time I began to jot down the following diary of events as they occurred before my own eyes and were personally experienced by me.
884:. This is the central gate of the Chinese city on the South. They met a secretary, Sugiyama, of the Japanese Legation who was leaving Peking in order to meet the foreign troops coming to Peking. General Tung's troops asked him who he was. He replied he was an official secretary of the Japanese Legation. The soldiers objected to this, if you are an official secretary why do you use a cart with a red band round it. They seized his ear and made him come off the cart. The secretary knew that it was not a time to reason the matter. He said in a conciliatory tone "Kindly allow me to see your commander, to him I will apologize." The soldiers said, "There is no need." "Then," said he, "I will later on invite your commander to my Legation and my Minister will apologize." The officers with their swords, then killed him by cutting open his abdomen. The Japanese Minister on hearing it asked permission to have the body taken back to the city for burial. After a long time permission was given. Prince Tuan afterwards on seeing General Tung put out his thumb and said, "You are indeed a hero."
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over to my house suggesting that we should join our families together and escape from Peking in company from the dangers threatening all, and fixing to-morrow morning as our time of departure. I, fortunately as it turned out for us all, firmly refused to go with Yang's party, as I had just heard the rumour that steamers had stopped running to
Tientsin. I had also heard that the road to T'ungchou was greatly infested by marauding bands of outlaws, that the railway to Tientsin had been destroyed, and the telegraph lines cut. Further, that a relief force of Foreign troops was on its way to Peking from Tientsin, and that that city was in great confusion. With these considerations in my mind, I decided to remain where I was for the present.
665:§ 26. At Peking much apprehension was felt from the disturbed political state, but the actual danger came from the turbulent soldiery brought to the capital to guard against the fear of foreign aggression, and of these the most turbulent were the Kansu troops of Tung Fu-siang, stationed in the southern Hunting Park. Men of this force attacked, on September 30th, a party consisting of members of the British and American legations, and the next day the foreign representatives decided to send for a guard of marines from each of their fleets. The viceroy at Tientsin refused to allow them to pass, but, as the envoys Sir C. MacDonald to Lord Salisbury, April 15th, 1898, China, Xo. 1, 1899, p. 102.
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and 4 from
Langfang. The latter had been unexpectedly attacked about half past 2 in the afternoon of June 18, by a force estimated at 5,000 men, including cavalry, large numbers of whom were armed with magazine rifles of the latest pattern. Captured banners showed that they belonged to the army of General Tung Fu Hsiang, who commanded the Chinese troops in the hunting park outside Pekin, showing that the Chinese imperial troops were being employed to defeat the expedition. This army was composed of especially picked men, 10,000 strong, commanded from the palace. They were said to be well armed, but indifferently drilled.
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the foreigners themselves. And then as it became dark today, a fresh wave of excitement broke over the city and produced almost a panic. The main body of Tung
Fuhsiang's savage Kansu braves—that is, his whole army-—re-entered the capital and rapidly encamped on the open places in front of the Temples of Heaven and Agriculture in the outer ring of Peking. This settled it, I am glad to say. At last all the Legations shivered, and urgent telegrams were sent to the British admiral for reinforcements to be rushed up at all costs.
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820:. Dong assured her that he could get rid of the foreign "barbarians" if necessary, increasing the dowager's confidence in China's ability to drive out foreigners if war became unavoidable. Meanwhile, an increase in the number of the legation guards – they arrived in Beijing on 31 May – further inflamed anti-foreign sentiment in Beijing and its surrounding countryside: for the first time, Boxers started to attack foreigners directly. Several foreign powers sent warships under the
1059:) to China in 1901, but the rebellion was over by that time. Because the Ottomans were not in a position to create a rift with the European nations, and to assist ties with Germany, an order imploring Chinese Muslims to avoid assisting the Boxers was issued by the Ottoman Khalifa and reprinted in Egyptian and Indian Muslim newspapers in spite of the fact that the predicament the British found themselves in the Boxer Rebellion was gratifying to Indian Muslims and Egyptians.
898:. The procession safely passed through the areas occupied by the Gansu troops inside the walled city and soon reached the Majiapu (Machiapu) train station south of Beijing, where the relief troops were expected to arrive soon. Except that it they never arrived, and the carts had to head back to the legations. A smaller Italian delegation guarded by a few riflemen narrowly escaped Dong Fuxiang's soldiers, who were lining up to block Beijing's main southern gate the
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is the outer ring of Peking--two nights before the
Legation Guards came in, is also with the Empress, for his cavalry banners, made of black and blue velvet, with blood-red characters splashed splendidly across them, have been seen planted at the foot of the hills. Tung Fu-hsiang is an invincible one, who stamped out the Kansu rebellion a few years ago with such fierceness that his name strikes terror to-day into every Chinese heart.
1074:, and four cousins of his – his paternal cousins Ma Fugui 馬福貴, Ma Fuquan 馬福全, and his paternal nephews Ma Yaotu 馬耀圖, and Ma Zhaotu 馬兆圖— were killed while charging against the Alliance forces while a hundred Hui and Dongxiang Muslim troops from his home village in total died in the fighting at Zhengyang. The Battle at Zhengyang was fought against the British. After the battle was over, the Kansu Muslim troops, including General
602:" that threatened to split China into several spheres of influence. To protect the imperial capital against possible attacks, Cixi had the Gansu Army transferred to Beijing in the summer of 1898. She admired the Gansu Army because Ronglu, who was in her favor, had a close relation with its commander Dong Fuxiang. On their way to Beijing, Dong's troops attacked Christian churches in
956:'s troops who let supplies and letters slip through to the besieged foreigners, the "sullen and suspicious" Kansu braves seriously pressed the siege and refused to let anything through, shooting at foreigners trying to smuggle things through their lines. Sir Claude Macdonald noted the "ferocity" of Dong Fuxiang's Kansu troops compared to the "restraint" of Ronglu's troops.
31:
805:. In the early months of 1900, this "Boxer movement" took dramatic expansion in northern Zhili – the area surrounding Beijing – and Boxers even started to appear in the capital. In late May, the anti-Christian Boxers took a broader anti-foreign turn, and as they became more organized, they started to attack the Beijing–
970:, the German officer in command of the troops left at Langfang, was attacked by the Imperial forces belonging to General Tung-fuh-siang's division. Their numbers were estimated at 7,000 and they were well armed _^ with modern rifles which they used with effect, so that we suffered considerable casualties.
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14th June.—I passed the
Panshih Residence this morning. The building in the rear of this is now the headquarters of Tung Fu-hsiang and his Kansu troops, who I may state, had already entered the city a few days previously. At noon, my friend Yang Ch'ao-chió, a Military Chüjén graduate, sent a servant
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had used it for large-scale hunts and military drills. By the 1880s, this large expanse of land south of
Beijing – it was several times larger than the walled city – had been partly converted into farmland, but it was conveniently located near the railroad that connected Beijing to Tianjin.
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On the 31st of May, Tung
Fuhsiang had an audience of the Throne and upon being questioned stood up and accepted all responsibility in the war of extermination of Foreigners, which he strongly advocated, staking his head on his ability in successfully combating the Foreign Powers. The result was that
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Late in the afternoon it transpired that the Empress Dowager was not in the Imperial city at all, but out at the Summer Palace on the Wan-shou-shan--the hills of ten thousand ages, as these are poetically called. Tung Fu-hsiang, whose ruffianly Kansu braves were marched out of the Chinese city--that
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Messages were then sent back to Lofa and Langfang, recalling trains 2, 3, and 4, the advance by rail being found to be impracticable, and the isolation and separate destruction of the trains a possibility. In the afternoon of June 18, train No. 3 came back from Lofa, and later in the evening Nos. 2
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Early on Sunday morning, 17th June, a week after we had started, the Taku Forts were taken by U the Allied Forces in order to relieve Tientsin. That city was invested by the Boxers who began to bombard it next day. Of this of course we were quite ignorant. But the Court in Peking must have received
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It is, therefore, becoming patent to the most blind that this is going to be something startling, something eclipsing any other anti-foreign movement ever heard of, because never before have the users of foreign imports and the mere friends of foreigners been labelled in a class just below that of
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The Chinese government did protest, but without effect. The legation guards were insisted upon, and, as speedily as possible, they were provided from the war-ships of the several powers, and quartered in Peking. Then the Chinese authorities brought troops to the capital, and the sense of danger at
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Tung Fu-hsiang's Moslem cavalry, flaunting banners of scarlet and black but armed with modern Mausers, were however treated with great respect. They had taken a leading part in anti-foreign incidents two years earlier, and when on 17 June, after a stone-throwing incident, a detachment of them was
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On June 11th occurred the murder of the Japanese Chancellor, Sugiyama, by the Boxers, and Tung Fuhsiang's Kansu' troops. The Chancellor attempted to leave Peking by the Yung-ting gate in order to meet Admiral Seymour's relief force, which was on its way to the capital from Tientsin, and which was
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But it is grave notwithstanding the laughter. Once in 1899, after the Empress Dowager's coup d'etat and the virtual imprisonment of the Emperor, Legation Guards had to be sent for, a few files for each of the Legations that possess squadrons in the Far East, and, what is more, these guards had to
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Beijing residents and foreigners alike feared the turbulent Muslim troops. It was said "the troops are to act tomorrow when all foreigners in Peking are to be wiped out and the golden age return for China." during 23 October 1898. Some Westerners described the Gansu Braves as the "10,000 Islamic
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13th June, 1900: 17th day of the 5th moon 26th year of Kuang Hsü:— About dusk, while in the University . I saw four places on fire, whereupon I immediately returned to my house, subsequently learning that all the Churches and mission properties inside the "Eastern City" had been set fire to and
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stay for a good many months. The guards are now no more, but it is curious that the men they came mainly to protect us against— Tung Fu-hsiang's Mohammedan braves from the savage back province of Kansu who love the reactionary Empress Dowager—are still encamped near the Northern capital.
1797:. Harvard University. East Asian Research Center, Harvard University. Committee on International and Regional Studies, Harvard University. East Asia Program, Harvard University. Center for East Asian Studies. East Asian Research Center, Harvard University. 1949. p. 240.
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As the Imperial court evacuated to Xi'an in Shaanxi province after Beijing fell to the Alliance, the court gave signals that it would continue the war with Dong Fuxiang "opposing Count von Waldersee tooth and nail", and the court promoted Dong to Commander-in-chief.
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They were organized into eight battalions of infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, two brigades of artillery, and one company of engineers. They were armed with modern weaponry such as Mauser repeater rifles and field artillery. They used scarlet and black banners.
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fired on by the Germans, Sir Claude MacDonald sent a tactful reproof to Baron Von Ketteler, urging strict precautions against all acts of provocation; 'When our own troops arrive we may with safety assume a different tone, but it is hardly wise now.'
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630:, others as "ten thousand Mohammedan cutthroats feared by even the Chinese". In late September and early October 1898, several minor clashes between the Gansu troops and foreigners heightened tensions in the capital. Soldiers from the
919:, claimed that they also carved his heart out and sent it to Dong Fuxiang. The Japanese legation lodged a formal protest at the Tsungli Yamen, which expressed its regrets and explained that Sugiyama had been killed by "bandits".
909:, Sugiyama made a conspicuous target. The Kansu Muslim troops seized him from his cart near the Yongding Gate, hacked him into pieces, decapitated him, and left his mutilated body and severed head and genitals on the street.
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Indiscreet Letters from Peking: Being the Notes of an Eyewitness, which Set Forth in Some Detail, from Day to Day, the Real Story of the Siege and Sack of a Distressed Capital in 1900--the Year of Great
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Indiscreet Letters From Peking Being the Notes of an Eye-Witness, Which Set Forth in Some Detail, from Day to Day, the Real Story of the Siege and Sack of a Distressed Capital in 1900--the Year of Great
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trade. A Japanese chancellor, Sugiyama Akira, and several Westerners were killed by the Kansu braves. The Muslim troops were reportedly enthusiastic about going on the offensive and killing foreigners.
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Vol. 6 of History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists, Their Own Words in a Complete System of History (revised ed.). C.A. Nichols Company. p. 95.
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rifles that Dong brought back from Beijing. Dong also used his understanding of local politics to convince the rebels to return to their homes. By the spring of 1896, Gansu was again pacified.
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with heavy casualties by 26 June. Langfang was the only battle the Muslim troops did outside of Beijing. After Langfang, Dong Fuxiang's troops only participated in battles inside of Beijing.
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Dong was extremely anti-foreign, and gave full support to Cixi and the Boxers. General Dong committed his Muslim troops to join the Boxers to attack foreigners in Beijing. They attacked the
661:, two British engineers were almost beaten to death by the Muslim Kansu troops, and foreign ministers asked that they be pulled back since they were threatening the safety of foreigners.
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The Muslim troops were described as "picked men, the bravest of the brave, the most fanatical of fanatics: and that is why the defence of the Emperor's city had been entrusted to them."
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6,000 of the Muslim troops under Dong Fuxiang and 20,000 Boxers repulsed a relief column, driving them to Huang Ts'un. The Muslims camped outside the temples of Heaven and Agriculture.
1420:(China ed.). Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, Limited British Empire and Continental Copyright Excepting Scandinavian Countries by Putnam Weale from 1921. p. 12. Archived from
3507:. Vol. 33 of War Department, Adjutant General's Office. United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 528.
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The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China, pp. 59-60. The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China. Reprinted from the "Shanghai Mercury.", pp. 46-7.
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from possible assaults. By late October, rumors were circulating that the Gansu Army was preparing to kill all foreigners in Beijing. Responding to an ultimatum by the foreign
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killed a Chinese civilian suspecting him of being a Boxer. In response, Boxers and thousands of Chinese Muslim Kansu Braves went on a violent riot against the westerners.
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1450:(China ed.). Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, Limited British Empire and Continental Copyright Excepting Scandinavian Countries by Putnam Weale from 1921. p. 12
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That same afternoon, the Japanese legation sent secretary Sugiyama Akira to the station unguarded to greet the Japanese troops. With his formal western suit and a
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Reports from Her Majesty's minister in China respecting events at Peking: Presented to both houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, December 1900
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The Qing court hesitated between annihilating, "pacifying", or supporting the Boxers. From 27 to 29 May, Cixi received Dong Fuxiang in audiences at the
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in the Battle of Peking against the foreigners. General Ma Haiyan died of exhaustion after the Imperial Court reached their destination, and his son
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China and the Boxers: A short history of the Boxer outbreak, with two chapters on the sufferings of missionaries and a closing one on the outlook,
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China and the Boxers: A short history of the Boxer outbreak, with two chapters on the sufferings of missionaries and a closing one on the outlook
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entirely destroyed, the conflagration in the Lamplight Market (Night Bazaar) having been especially destructive, lasting far into the next day.
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History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ...
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History for Ready Reference: From the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists; Their Own Words in a Complete System of History ...
618:, and put him in charge of reforming the metropolitan armies. Ronglu made Dong's militia the "Rear Division" of a new corps called the "
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The Braves, who wore traditional uniforms but were armed with modern rifles and artillery, played an important role in 1900 during the
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the Muslim troops engaged in a fierce battle against the Alliance forces. The commanding Muslim general in the Chinese army, General
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History for Ready Reference, from the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists: Their Own Words in a Complete System of History
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3459:. United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1901. p. 528.
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2228:. Carl Sandburg Collections (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library). Atlantic Monthly Company. 1914. p.
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to find a way to stop the Muslim troops from fighting. The Caliph agreed to the Kaiser's request and sent Enver Pasha (
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Robert Hart; John King Fairbank; Katherine Frost Bruner; Elizabeth MacLeod Matheson; James Duncan Campbell (1975).
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June 11th.—On this day the general body of General Tung's troops that had remained in the South Park entered the
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Lipman, Jonathan N. (July 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".
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The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900
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The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners that Shook the World in the Summer of 1900
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The politicization of Islam: reconstructing identity, state, faith, and community in the late Ottoman state
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that Zuo had recruited locally. In early July 1895, Dong commanded these troops in relieving the siege of
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in the 1860s and 1870s, had by 1895 become Imperial Commissioner in Gansu and he now commanded the Muslim
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4019:"Османская карта Запретного города в Пекине,.. | History and Islam | История и Ислам | VK"
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about a movement called the "Boxers" that had been attacking Christian property and Chinese converts in
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The Boxer Rising: A History of the Boxer Trouble in China. Reprinted from the "Shanghai Mercury."
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relieved the siege. The Kansu Braves then guarded the Imperial Court on their journey to Xi'an.
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Han-Mongol encounters and missionary endeavors: a history of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911
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2123:
2100:
1921:
1869:
1712:
1078:, were among those guarding the Empress Dowager during her flight. The future Muslim General
3665:
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2865:
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658:
396:
265:
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721:
Peking, Oct, 30. The Kansu troops encamping to the South of Peking are preparing to retire.
4078:
739:
611:
407:
162:
2296:
286:
2624:
2604:
2223:
1487:
1469:
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The Kansu braves were involved in a scuffle at a theatre. At the section of railroad at
3349:. Vol. 364 of Cd. (Great Britain. Parliament). H.M. Stationery Office. p. 30.
2921:
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2258:
2203:
1048:
1044:
828:
802:
794:
494:
2040:
1279:
4353:
3520:
3295:
3101:
3068:
2779:
2719:
2656:
2566:
2528:
2500:
2477:
2454:
2400:
2377:
2353:
2319:
2117:
1976:
1898:
1549:
1509:
817:
626:
rabble","a disorderly rabble of about 10,000 men, most of whom were Mohammedans", or
595:
478:
467:
4220:
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Tan, Chester C. (1955). Columbia university. Faculty of political science. . (ed.).
3245:. Vol. 2 of The Zenith of Imperialism. Nova History Publications. p. 97.
1265:
1122:
1067:
852:
529:
505:
486:
455:
451:
400:
392:
373:
361:
272:
184:
60:
3707:
839:. Fearing the worst, Sir Claude MacDonald immediately sent a telegram calling for
827:
On 9 June, the bulk of the Kansu Braves escorted Empress Dowager Cixi back to the
4298:
3864:
3813:
3582:
3552:
3310:
3240:
3201:
3150:
2811:
2688:
1792:
1739:
894:
On the morning of 11 June, the British sent a large convoy of carts to greet the
3869:. Hartford Seminary Foundation. Hartford Seminary Foundation. 1966. p. 190.
3484:
United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division (1901).
2260:
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2205:
Annals & memoirs of the court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th century)
1687:
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899:
881:
848:
844:
764:
Annals & memoirs of the court of Peking: (from the 16th to the 20th century)
619:
490:
383:
85:
3922:"The Well-Protected Domains Meet the Forbidden City: an Ottoman map of Beijing"
3279:
2618:
2598:
540:
were called to Beijing and helped put an end to the reform movement along with
3044:
1183:
1127:
1075:
1037:
906:
821:
545:
533:
509:
388:
353:
189:
2991:
2056:
387:, a modern army that protected the imperial capital. The Gansu Army included
3382:. Great Britain. Foreign Office. H.M. Stationery Office. 1905. p. 1246.
1153:
1148:
1136:
1087:
1024:
915:
810:
537:
513:
365:
300:
197:
2278:
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3993:
3957:
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524:
broke out and they were subsequently sent to crush the rebels. During the
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991:
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798:
463:
321:
3900:(illustrated ed.). Seattle: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 150.
642:, Cixi had the Gansu troops transferred to the "Southern Park" (Nanyuan
598:
in Shandong in November 1897, foreign powers engaged in a "scramble for
422:
in early June, the Muslim troops were the fiercest attackers during the
1143:
1071:
1017:
806:
603:
541:
415:
377:
193:
117:
3944:"The Well-Protected Domains Meet the Forbidden City: a map of Beijing"
3287:
2867:
A Dance with the Dragon: The Vanished World of Peking's Foreign Colony
1303:. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. pp. 142–3.
843:
to send help from Tianjin. On 10 June, the anti-foreign and pro-Boxer
1515:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp.
1472:. Dodd Mead And Company. 18 August 1907 – via Internet Archive.
1041:
1034:
1000:
The Muslim troops led by Dong Fuxiang defeated the hastily assembled
953:
931:
relentlessly. They were also known for their intolerance towards the
498:
482:
139:
4018:
3501:
Slocum, Stephan L'H.; Reichmann, Car; Chaffee, Adna Romanza (1901).
966:
instant news of the fact, for on the afternoon of the 18th Captain
1188:
1163:
1130:
1091:
1040:
was so alarmed by the Chinese Muslim troops that he requested the
1023:
Summary of battles of General Dong Fuxiang: Ts'ai Ts'un, 24 July;
932:
585:
447:
357:
135:
113:
3745:
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426:
from 20 June to 14 August. They suffered heavy casualties at the
3709:
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3522:
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2643:(reprint ed.). Shanghai mercury, limited. 1900. p. 46.
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1946:
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3070:
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2988:"ANU - Digital Collections: Kansu Soldiers (Tung Fu Hsiang's)"
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1744:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Kennikat Press. p. 103.
1082:, who led Muslim cavalry to fight against the Japanese in the
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3103:
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2840:
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2099:
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3343:
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2750:
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380:
metropolitan area in 1898, where they officially became the
4138:
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3587:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Dorset Press. p. 79.
3432:
3430:
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Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for their Country
1615:
Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for their Country
1301:
Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China
1086:, fought in the Boxer Rebellion as a private under General
675:
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4273:. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 514.
4200:. Vol. LX, no. 74. 25 September 1900. p. 4
2620:
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952:
In contrast to other units besieging the legations, like
326:
312:
3504:
Reports on Military Operations in South Africa and China
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on 18 June. The Chinese won a major victory, and forced
3200:内川芳美, 宮地正人, 每日コミュニケーションズ (Firm). 国際ニュース事典出版委員会 (1900).
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2202:
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2057:"The Defence of Peking. Preparing to Resist Expedition"
2816:. University of Western Australia Press. p. 181.
648:), which was also known as the "Hunting Park" because
2430:. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 207.
291:
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Military units and formations of the Boxer Rebellion
3557:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Hale. p. 106.
3413:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Hale. p. 281.
3326:
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3155:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Hale. p. 163.
2119:
History for Ready Reference from the Best Historians
3894:Bickers, Robert A.; Tiedemann, R. G., eds. (2007).
2947:
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2690:
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2427:
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320:
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299:
285:
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264:
259:
247:
233:
219:
210:
178:
173:
146:
131:
123:
109:
101:
91:
81:
66:
48:
40:
23:
4303:(illustrated ed.). Dorset Press. p. 98.
3818:(illustrated ed.). I. B. Tauris. p. 56.
3519:
3100:
3067:
2778:
2718:
2655:
2565:
2527:
2499:
2476:
2453:
2399:
2376:
2352:
2318:
1975:
1897:
1548:
1508:
493:, were overwhelmed by the firepower of the modern
4360:Military units and formations of the Qing dynasty
1281:Travels of a Consular Officer in North-West China
824:, which protected access to Tianjin and Beijing.
3437:Mersey (Viscount), Charles Clive Bigham (1901).
1027:, 25 July; An P'ing, 26 July; Ma T'ou, 27 July.
793:, the British Minister in Beijing, wrote to the
745:Rise of the Boxers and return to the walled city
356:troops from the northwestern province of Kansu (
4172:. University of California Press. p. 684.
2870:(illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. p. 4.
2810:Lancelot Giles; Leslie Ronald Marchant (1970).
2325:. New York: Columbia University Press. p.
1663:. University of California Press. p. 182.
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1538:
1536:
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878:
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770:
748:
719:
697:
681:
663:
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568:
550:
3443:. Macmillan and Company, limited. p. 177.
3242:The Zenith of Imperialism, 1896-1906, Volume 2
3178:Peking, North China, South Manchuria and Korea
3138:. Albany, N. Y.: F. H. Revell Co. p. 441.
2894:Imperial Designs: Italians in China 1900–1947
2712:
2710:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2521:
2519:
2517:
1741:The rise of Chinese military power, 1895-1912
1117:List of people who served in the Kansu Braves
643:
516:were originally called to Beijing during the
239:
225:
8:
3224:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2419:
2417:
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1637:
1635:
3840:"The official Russian announcement that..."
3775:. Oxford University Press US. p. 237.
3641:. Princeton University Press. p. 113.
2756:. Cambridge University Press. p. 121.
1771:. Princeton University Press. p. 103.
3099:Sterling Seagrave; Peggy Seagrave (1992).
2813:The siege of the Peking legations: a diary
1690:. Harvard University Press. p. 1175.
1489:Indiscreet Letters from Peking (Year 1919)
847:replaced the anti-Boxer and more moderate
414:, a multinational foreign force sent from
376:(1839–1908), they were transferred to the
256:
29:
4246:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 25.
3668:. Chinese University Press. p. 498.
3315:. Columbia University Press. p. 114.
2295:Weale, Bertram Lenox Putnam, ed. (1909).
1618:. Chinese University Press. p. 498.
1591:. Chinese University Press. p. 498.
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485:. The Muslim rebels, who were armed with
35:Three Muslim soldiers from the Gansu Army
4300:The Siege at Peking: The Boxer Rebellion
4240:Peter Harrington; Michael Perry (2001).
4169:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400-1900
3312:The Boxer Catastrophe, by Chester C. Tan
1950:Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900
1923:The United States Marines in North China
975:Charles Clive Bigham Mersey (Viscount),
2284:. Dodd Mead And Company. pp. 36–7.
2018:. New York: Berkley Books. p. 99.
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3872:
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3217:
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2785:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
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207:
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3526:. Columbia University Press. p.
3332:. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 30.
2725:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p.
2572:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p.
2534:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p.
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1657:Joseph W. Esherick (18 August 1988).
902:, but also managed to return safely.
16:Qing-era Chinese Muslim military unit
7:
4370:Military history of the Qing dynasty
3614:. Desmond Power author. p. 45.
2175:. A.H. Blackwell. 1899. p. 468.
2159:. A.H. Blackwell. 1900. p. 178.
913:, the Beijing correspondent for the
364:(1644–1912). Loyal to the Qing, the
159:Siege of the International Legations
4225:. Charles Scribner's sons. p.
4219:Arnold Henry Savage Landor (1901).
4108:Michael Dillon (16 December 2013).
3635:Ralph L. Powell (8 December 2015).
3274:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 296.
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1765:Ralph L. Powell (8 December 2015).
813:lines between Beijing and Tianjin.
368:were recruited in 1895 to suppress
3801:. F.C. Westley. 1902. p. 243.
3748:. Adegi Graphics LLC. p. 22.
3732:(Original from Harvard University)
3638:Rise of the Chinese Military Power
1768:Rise of the Chinese Military Power
596:killing of two German missionaries
458:(1812–1885) in the suppression of
454:(1839–1908), who had fought under
14:
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3366:. Vacher & Sons. p. 137.
2693:. Psychology Press. p. 252.
2597:Beals, Zephaniah Charles (1901).
2502:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
2456:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
2379:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
2349:Expansion of the Boxer movement:
2063:. London. 16 June 1900. p. 5
1978:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1900:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1660:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1551:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
1511:The Origins of the Boxer Uprising
446:erupted in the southern parts of
4243:Peking 1900: the Boxer rebellion
3897:The Boxers, China, and the World
3706:William Meyrick Hewlett (1900).
3608:Desmond Power (1 January 1996).
3379:British and Foreign State Papers
3203:外国新聞に見る日本: 国際ニュース事典, Volumes 2-3
3132:Smith, Arthur Henderson (1901).
2963:Peking 1900: The Boxer Rebellion
2225:The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 113
2122:. C.A. Nichols Company. p.
1470:"Indiscreet Letters From Peking"
1443:WEALE, B.L. PUTNAM, ed. (1922).
1414:WEALE, B.L. PUTNAM, ed. (1922).
778:Indiscreet Letters from Peking,
558:Indiscreet Letters from Peking,
70:
53:
3815:China Considers the Middle East
3695:. F. H. Revell Co. p. 393.
3689:Arthur Henderson Smith (1901).
2918:Larry Clinton Thompson (2009).
2116:Josephus Nelson Larned (1901).
2042:China Under the Empress Dowager
939:The German diplomat in Beijing
859:Assassination of Sugiyama Akira
327:
313:
4143:University of Washington Press
3812:Harris, Lillian Craig (1993).
3037:"The Boxer Uprising 1899–1900"
2843:. Librairie Droz. p. 31.
2753:The Cambridge History of China
2281:Indiscreet Letters From Peking
1417:Indiscreet Letters From Peking
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292:
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240:
226:
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3866:The Moslem World, Volumes 1-3
3692:China in convulsion, Volume 2
3329:Papers by Command, Volume 105
3135:China in Convulsion, Volume 2
2654:Diana Preston (1 June 2000).
2137:Alan Campbell Reiley (1913).
1894:Increase of legation guards:
1284:. CUP Archive. 1921. p.
410:. After helping to repel the
360:) in the last decades of the
2082:Morse, Hosea Ballou (1918).
1794:Papers on China, Volumes 3-4
3742:Bertram L. Simpson (2001).
3206:. 每日コミュニケーションズ. p. 228
3066:Robert B. Edgerton (1997).
2891:Smith, Shirley Ann (2012).
2777:Robert B. Edgerton (1997).
2498:Joseph W. Esherick (1987).
2452:Joseph W. Esherick (1987).
2375:Joseph W. Esherick (1987).
1896:Joseph W. Esherick (1987).
1547:Joseph W. Esherick (1987).
1507:Joseph W. Esherick (1987).
1486:Weale, B.L. Putnam (1907).
1299:Jonathan N. Lipman (1997).
1210:秉默, ed. (16 October 2008).
606:. After the failure of the
4386:
3551:O'Connor, Richard (1973).
3487:Publications, Issues 33-34
3440:A Year in China, 1899-1900
3407:O'Connor, Richard (1973).
3280:10.1177/009770048401000302
3149:O'Connor, Richard (1973).
2960:Harrington, Peter (2013).
2373:Boxer arrival in Beijing:
977:A Year in China, 1899–1900
737:
632:United States Marine Corps
4267:Patrick Taveirne (2004).
4114:. Routledge. p. 72.
3845:. 10 July 1901. p. 2
3363:The Politician's Handbook
2924:. McFarland. p. 52.
1926:. McFarland. p. 25.
1920:Chester M. Biggs (2003).
1874:. McFarland. p. 85.
1868:Chester M. Biggs (2003).
1738:Powell, Ralph L. (1972).
1328:. pp. 128 and 156–7.
1256:韩, 芝华 (16 October 2009).
1108:Organization and armament
460:a larger Muslim rebellion
338:
255:
215:
28:
4077:15 November 2014 at the
3798:The Spectator, Volume 87
3769:Kemal H. Karpat (2001).
3726:: CS1 maint: location (
3662:Jane E. Elliott (2002).
3239:Wait, Eugene M. (2001).
3041:www.russojapanesewar.com
2263:. W. Heinemann. p.
2208:. W. Heinemann. p.
1974:Joseph Esherick (1987).
1642:Jane E. Elliott (2002).
1612:Jane E. Elliott (2002).
1585:Jane E. Elliott (2002).
1574:. p. 157, note 120.
1570:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1399:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1384:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1369:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1354:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1339:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1324:Jonathan Lipman (1997).
1239:民族日报-民族日报一版 | 民族日报数字报刊平台
1084:Second Sino-Japanese War
1057:future Young Turk leader
636:Beijing Legation Quarter
420:Beijing Legation Quarter
221:Traditional Chinese
142:rifles, swords, halberds
4055:"马福祥--"戎马书生" - 新华网甘肃频道"
3998:ww12.osmanlldevleti.com
2837:Kelly, John S. (1963).
2603:. M.E. Munson. p.
872:Zephaniah Charles Beals
803:southern Zhili province
789:On 5 January 1900, Sir
518:First Sino-Japanese War
442:In the spring of 1895,
235:Simplified Chinese
151:Dungan revolt (1895–96)
4194:"The Powers and China"
4072:缅怀中国近代史上的回族将领马福祥将军戎马一生
3879:: CS1 maint: others (
3518:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
3469:: CS1 maint: others (
3392:: CS1 maint: others (
2717:Diana Preston (2000).
2564:Diana Preston (2000).
2526:Diana Preston (2000).
2475:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
2398:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
2351:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
2317:Paul A. Cohen (1997).
2302:. Dodd, Mead. p.
2242:: CS1 maint: others (
2014:Diana Preston (2000).
1807:: CS1 maint: others (
1717:. Osprey. p. 26.
1711:Lynn E. Bodin (1979).
1233:朱, 国琳 (3 March 2011).
1218:. 民革中央. Archived from
1139:
998:
982:
892:
877:
787:
769:
760:John Otway Percy Bland
731:
718:
696:
689:Alan Campbell Reiley,
680:
591:
579:
567:
424:siege of the legations
4166:Susan Naquin (2001).
4097:on 24 September 2015.
4091:"清末民国间爱国将领马福祥__中国甘肃网"
4061:on 24 September 2015.
3456:Publication, Issue 33
2945:Lanxin Xiang (2003).
2687:Lanxin Xiang (2003).
2479:History in Three Keys
2424:Lanxin Xiang (2003).
2402:History in Three Keys
2355:History in Three Keys
2012:Railroad: see map in
1998:Susan Naquin (2000).
1948:Susan Naquin (2000).
1262:中国国民党革命委员会新疆维吾尔自治区委员会
1134:
1094:took over his posts.
1006:the 8 nation alliance
993:Publication, Issue 33
837:Temple of Agriculture
781:Bertram Lenox Simpson
589:
561:Bertram Lenox Simpson
432:Eight-Nation Alliance
382:Rear Division of the
352:was a unit of 10,000
4222:China and the Allies
3994:"osmanlldevleti.com"
3980:"Osmanlı haritaları"
3611:Little Foreign Devil
2864:Boyd, Julia (2012).
2191:. 1898. p. 468.
2172:The Japan Daily Mail
2156:The Japan Daily Mail
1268:on 6 September 2017.
941:Clemens von Ketteler
756:Sir Edmund Backhouse
727:The Japan Daily Mail
714:The Japan Daily Mail
650:emperors of the Ming
608:Hundred Days' Reform
590:General Dong Fuxiang
526:Hundred Days' Reform
522:Dungan Revolt (1895)
475:Empress Dowager Cixi
3584:The Siege at Peking
3554:The Boxer Rebellion
3410:The Boxer Rebellion
3152:The Boxer Rebellion
3047:on 25 February 2021
3016:. dspace.anu.edu.au
2721:The Boxer Rebellion
2568:The Boxer Rebellion
2530:The Boxer Rebellion
2061:The West Australian
1714:The Boxer Rebellion
1016:to retreat back to
851:as the head of the
809:railway and to cut
766:, Act III, Scene I.
734:The Boxer Rebellion
582:Transfer to Beijing
470:by Muslims rebels.
3360:Whates, H (1901).
3035:Clark, Kenneth G.
2994:on 14 October 2009
2662:. Walker. p.
1572:Familiar Strangers
1401:Familiar Strangers
1386:Familiar Strangers
1371:Familiar Strangers
1356:Familiar Strangers
1341:Familiar Strangers
1326:Familiar Strangers
1140:
1010:Battle of Langfang
1002:Seymour Expedition
896:Seymour Expedition
671:Hosea Ballou Morse
592:
412:Seymour Expedition
187:(general in chief)
155:Battle of Langfang
4179:978-0-520-92345-4
4121:978-1-136-80933-0
3843:The Straits Times
3648:978-1-4008-7884-0
3621:978-0-9694122-1-2
3107:. Knopf. p.
2931:978-0-7864-4008-5
2673:978-0-8027-1361-2
2188:Japan Weekly Mail
1918:US Marine Corps:
1778:978-1-4008-7884-0
1751:978-0-8046-1645-4
1697:978-0-674-44320-4
1670:978-0-520-90896-3
1625:978-962-996-066-7
1403:. pp. 164–5.
1388:. pp. 157–8.
1358:. pp. 156–7.
528:in 1898 Generals
520:in 1894, but the
473:When he attended
397:Dongxiang Muslims
342:
341:
334:
333:
308:Yale Romanization
266:Standard Mandarin
203:
202:
4377:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4093:. Archived from
4087:
4081:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4057:. Archived from
4051:
4045:
4044:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3942:Gratien, Chris.
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3870:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3717:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3525:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3460:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3106:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3073:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3043:. Archived from
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2724:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2661:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2571:
2561:
2550:
2549:
2533:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2324:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2233:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1835:on 11 March 2016
1834:
1828:. Archived from
1827:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1424:on 25 April 2015
1411:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1264:. Archived from
1253:
1247:
1246:
1245:on 4 March 2016.
1241:. Archived from
1230:
1224:
1223:
1222:on 5 March 2016.
1207:
1064:Battle of Peking
996:
980:
929:legation quarter
890:
875:
833:Temple of Heaven
791:Claude MacDonald
785:
767:
729:
716:
694:
678:
647:
646:
628:Kansu Irregulars
577:
565:
438:Origins in Gansu
428:Battle of Peking
330:
329:
316:
315:
295:
294:
281:
280:
257:
243:
242:
229:
228:
208:
168:Battle of Peking
76:Emperor of China
74:
59:
57:
56:
33:
21:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4311:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4145:. p. 169.
4134:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4079:Wayback Machine
4070:
4066:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3958:"Afternoon Map"
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3871:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3182:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2546:
2525:
2524:
2515:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2234:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1823:"Archived copy"
1821:
1820:
1816:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1527:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1216:中国国民党革命委员会中央委员会
1209:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1180:
1119:
1110:
997:
990:
981:
974:
962:
925:
911:George Morrison
891:
888:
876:
869:
861:
841:Admiral Seymour
786:
777:
768:
754:
747:
742:
740:Boxer Rebellion
736:
730:
725:
717:
712:
695:
688:
679:
669:
612:Guangxu Emperor
584:
578:
575:
566:
557:
444:a Muslim revolt
440:
430:, in which the
418:to relieve the
408:Boxer Rebellion
370:a Muslim revolt
248:Literal meaning
206:
188:
180:
166:
163:Boxer Rebellion
157:
153:
54:
52:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4383:
4381:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4320:
4309:
4286:
4279:
4259:
4252:
4232:
4211:
4185:
4178:
4158:
4151:
4127:
4120:
4100:
4082:
4064:
4046:
4028:
4010:
3985:
3978:Kemal, Hilmi.
3970:
3949:
3934:
3913:
3907:978-0742553958
3906:
3886:
3856:
3831:
3824:
3804:
3788:
3781:
3761:
3754:
3734:
3698:
3681:
3674:
3654:
3647:
3627:
3620:
3600:
3593:
3579:Fleming, Peter
3570:
3563:
3543:
3536:
3510:
3493:
3490:. p. 528.
3476:
3446:
3426:
3419:
3399:
3369:
3352:
3335:
3318:
3301:
3258:
3251:
3231:
3192:
3168:
3161:
3141:
3124:
3117:
3091:
3084:
3058:
3027:
3014:"Kansu Braves"
3005:
2979:
2973:978-1472803047
2972:
2952:
2949:. p. 253.
2937:
2930:
2910:
2904:978-1611475029
2903:
2883:
2877:978-1780760520
2876:
2856:
2849:
2829:
2822:
2802:
2795:
2769:
2762:
2742:
2735:
2706:
2699:
2679:
2672:
2646:
2630:
2610:
2589:
2582:
2551:
2544:
2513:
2490:
2467:
2444:
2436:
2413:
2390:
2366:
2342:
2335:
2309:
2287:
2270:
2249:
2215:
2194:
2178:
2162:
2146:
2129:
2108:
2091:
2074:
2048:
2045:. p. 360.
2031:
2024:
2005:
2002:. p. 317.
1989:
1965:
1958:
1939:
1932:
1911:
1887:
1880:
1860:
1814:
1784:
1777:
1757:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1703:
1696:
1676:
1669:
1649:
1631:
1624:
1604:
1597:
1577:
1562:
1532:
1525:
1499:
1475:
1461:
1435:
1406:
1391:
1376:
1373:. p. 157.
1361:
1346:
1343:. p. 151.
1331:
1316:
1309:
1291:
1271:
1248:
1225:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1068:Zhengyang Gate
1049:Ottoman Empire
1045:Abdul Hamid II
988:
972:
961:
960:Battle summary
958:
924:
921:
886:
867:
860:
857:
829:Forbidden City
795:Foreign Office
775:
752:
746:
743:
738:Main article:
735:
732:
723:
710:
686:
667:
654:Qing dynasties
594:Following the
583:
580:
573:
555:
439:
436:
354:Chinese Muslim
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
324:
318:
317:
310:
304:
303:
301:Yue: Cantonese
297:
296:
289:
283:
282:
275:
269:
268:
262:
261:
260:Transcriptions
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
237:
231:
230:
223:
217:
216:
213:
212:
204:
201:
200:
182:
176:
175:
171:
170:
148:
144:
143:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
68:
64:
63:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4382:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4334:
4333:muslimwww.com
4330:
4329:"民国少数民族将军(三)"
4324:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4310:0-88029-462-0
4306:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4295:Peter Fleming
4290:
4287:
4282:
4280:90-5867-365-0
4276:
4272:
4271:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4253:1-84176-181-8
4249:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4215:
4212:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4152:0-295-97644-6
4148:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3982:(in Turkish).
3981:
3974:
3971:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3844:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3782:0-19-513618-7
3778:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3755:1-4021-9488-9
3751:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3675:962-996-066-4
3671:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3628:
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1258:"怀念我的父亲──韩有文"
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900:Yongding Gate
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616:Grand Council
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487:muzzleloaders
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27:
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4202:. Retrieved
4198:Evening Post
4197:
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4130:
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4095:the original
4085:
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4059:the original
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3961:. Retrieved
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3847:. Retrieved
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3271:
3268:Modern China
3267:
3261:
3241:
3234:
3208:. Retrieved
3202:
3195:
3183:. Retrieved
3177:
3171:
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3144:
3134:
3127:
3102:
3094:
3069:
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3045:the original
3040:
3030:
3020:25 September
3018:. Retrieved
3008:
2998:25 September
2996:. Retrieved
2992:the original
2982:
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2111:
2101:
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2065:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2041:
2034:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1992:
1977:
1968:
1949:
1942:
1922:
1914:
1899:
1890:
1870:
1863:
1837:. Retrieved
1830:the original
1817:
1793:
1787:
1767:
1760:
1740:
1733:
1713:
1706:
1686:
1679:
1659:
1652:
1646:. p. 9.
1643:
1614:
1607:
1587:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1550:
1510:
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1488:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1445:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1422:the original
1416:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1370:
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1355:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1325:
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1280:
1274:
1266:the original
1261:
1251:
1243:the original
1238:
1228:
1220:the original
1215:
1123:Dong Fuxiang
1111:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1061:
1052:
1032:
1029:
1022:
999:
992:
984:
976:
964:
951:
948:
945:
938:
926:
916:London Times
914:
904:
893:
882:Yungting-men
879:
871:
863:
853:Zongli Yamen
826:
815:
788:
779:
771:
763:
749:
726:
720:
713:
706:
702:
698:
690:
682:
674:
664:
627:
624:
593:
569:
559:
551:
530:Dong Fuxiang
506:Dong Fuxiang
503:
489:and various
472:
456:Zuo Zongtang
452:Dong Fuxiang
441:
405:
381:
374:Dong Fuxiang
362:Qing dynasty
349:
346:Gansu Braves
345:
343:
273:Hanyu Pinyin
211:Kansu Braves
185:Dong Fuxiang
127:Kansu Braves
24:Gansu Braves
18:
4141:. Seattle:
2483:. pp.
2359:. pp.
2299:Tribulation
1492:. pp.
1447:Tribulation
1212:"韩有文传奇 然 也"
1062:During the
1033:The German
874:, pp. 73-5.
849:prince Qing
845:prince Duan
784:, pp. 36-7.
620:Wuwei Corps
600:concessions
389:Hui Muslims
384:Wuwei Corps
147:Engagements
138:artillery,
124:Nickname(s)
110:Garrison/HQ
86:Wuwei Corps
61:Qing Empire
4354:Categories
4037:"VK photo"
3825:1850435987
3594:0880294620
3564:0709147805
3420:0709147805
3252:1590330838
3162:0709147805
2850:2600039996
2763:0521220297
2506:. p.
2460:. p.
2406:. p.
2383:. p.
1996:Farmland:
1982:. p.
1904:. p.
1555:. p.
1195:References
1184:Hui people
1169:Ma Zhankui
1135:Commander
1128:Ma Fuxiang
1076:Ma Fuxiang
1038:Wilhelm II
968:von Usedom
907:bowler hat
822:Dagu Forts
546:Ma Fuxiang
534:Ma Anliang
510:Ma Anliang
491:white arms
450:province.
350:Gansu Army
328:Gam1 Gwan1
293:Kan¹ Chün¹
287:Wade–Giles
251:Gansu Army
190:Ma Fuxiang
181:commanders
174:Commanders
67:Allegiance
3875:cite book
3722:cite book
3465:cite book
3388:cite book
3296:143843569
3220:cite book
2238:cite book
1803:cite book
1154:Ma Haiyan
1149:Ma Fuxing
1137:Ma Fuxing
1088:Ma Haiyan
1025:Ho Hsi Wu
995:, p. 528.
979:, p. 177.
811:telegraph
677:, p. 151.
640:ministers
538:Ma Haiyan
514:Ma Haiyan
504:Generals
495:Remington
481:minister
198:Ma Fuxing
132:Equipment
44:1895–1901
4339:21 April
4297:(1990).
4075:Archived
4041:m.vk.com
4003:21 April
3963:21 April
3927:21 April
3581:(1990).
1849:cite web
1839:10 March
1235:"马呈祥在新疆"
1178:See also
989:—
973:—
887:—
868:—
835:and the
799:Shandong
776:—
753:—
724:—
711:—
693:, p. 95.
687:—
668:—
574:—
556:—
464:militias
322:Jyutping
314:Gām Gwān
96:Division
4204:1 April
3849:1 April
3210:1 April
3185:1 April
3051:28 June
2067:1 April
1454:1 April
1428:1 April
1159:Ma Biao
1144:Ma Fulu
1080:Ma Biao
1072:Ma Fulu
1047:of the
1018:Tianjin
1014:Seymour
1008:at the
807:Baoding
659:Fengtai
604:Baoding
564:, p. 12
542:Ma Fulu
416:Tianjin
378:Beijing
279:Gān Jūn
194:Ma Fulu
179:Notable
118:Beijing
116:, then
49:Country
4307:
4277:
4250:
4176:
4149:
4118:
4023:vk.com
3904:
3822:
3779:
3752:
3672:
3645:
3618:
3591:
3561:
3534:
3417:
3294:
3288:189017
3286:
3249:
3159:
3115:
3082:
2970:
2928:
2901:
2874:
2847:
2820:
2793:
2760:
2733:
2697:
2670:
2580:
2542:
2434:
2333:
2022:
2000:Peking
1956:
1930:
1878:
1775:
1748:
1721:
1694:
1667:
1622:
1595:
1523:
1307:
1042:Caliph
1035:Kaiser
954:Ronglu
923:Combat
758:&
536:, and
499:Mauser
483:Ronglu
479:Manchu
399:, and
366:Braves
140:Mauser
105:10,000
82:Branch
58:
41:Active
3292:S2CID
3284:JSTOR
1833:(PDF)
1826:(PDF)
1517:123–4
1189:Hamas
1164:Ma Qi
1092:Ma Qi
933:Opium
468:Didao
448:Gansu
358:Gansu
136:Krupp
114:Gansu
4341:2023
4305:ISBN
4275:ISBN
4248:ISBN
4206:2013
4174:ISBN
4147:ISBN
4116:ISBN
4005:2023
3965:2023
3929:2023
3902:ISBN
3881:link
3851:2013
3820:ISBN
3777:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3728:link
3670:ISBN
3643:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3589:ISBN
3559:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3471:link
3415:ISBN
3394:link
3247:ISBN
3226:link
3212:2013
3187:2013
3157:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3080:ISBN
3053:2010
3022:2014
3000:2014
2968:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2731:ISBN
2695:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2578:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2485:47–8
2432:ISBN
2361:41–2
2331:ISBN
2244:link
2069:2013
2020:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1855:link
1841:2016
1809:link
1773:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1456:2013
1430:2013
1305:ISBN
1173:Aema
1055:the
801:and
652:and
544:and
512:and
497:and
344:The
102:Size
92:Type
4227:194
3276:doi
3109:320
2508:287
2385:290
2265:454
2210:454
1984:182
1906:182
1557:182
1496:–7.
1286:110
1066:at
1053:not
1004:of
348:or
4356::
4331:.
4313:.
4196:.
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