369:"The hearing in jail fell on 13th July. On that day, a mob stormed the jail and demanded admittance gates had been forced and the inner gates were attacked. At the suggestion of the Judge, two Muslim lawyers, representing the accused, harangued the visitors to go out of the Jail precincts. Finding that there was no possibility of ingress, the crowd went out and started stoning officials and set fire to the police lines. The police force was then called in. All efforts to pacify the unruly mob proved futile. The crowd stoned the policemen and the prisoners were liberated. the District Magistrate directed fire to be opened. The crowd fell off but later it re-assembled and resumed stoning. It had to be dispersed with a Lathi charge. the cavalry had to pursue it and disperse it again. loot over an extensive area followed pandemonium prevailed."
278:
309:"Muslim brothers: the time has now come when we should not meet force by great force to put an end to the tyrannies and brutalities to which you are subjected, nor will they solve the issue of disrespect to Holy Quran to your satisfaction. You must rely up on your own strength and wage a relentless war against oppression"; pointing his finger towards the palace he shouted, : "raze it to the ground". He said, "We have no machine guns. But we have plenty of stones and brickbats."
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about 200 nevertheless entered and remained inside peacefully. Khan's lawyers spoke with the crowd, who agreed to return home after the noon prayer. At noon, Muslims lined up for prayers. Shortly after this, the arrival of officials including the
District Magistrate and Superintendent of Police caused commotion. Slogans such as
354:
and was also shot dead on the spot, after which police fired indiscriminately. Soon the police charged with batons and the people fought with stone, bats, and hand-to-hand fighting. In the commotion a gun was snatched by a member in the crowd, and he was in turn shot dead by a policeman. According to
331:
On 13 July 1931, Khan's trial continued in
Srinagar Jail. Combining police and jail forces, there were about 160 policemen of various ranks. Out of these at least 31 were armed with guns. About 4000 to 5000 people had turned up to witness the trial. They were denied entry into the compound. However
414:
The aftermath of 13 July resulted in
Maharaja Hari Singh appointing a commission to look into Muslim grievances chaired by B J Glancy. B J Glancy was also given the task of democratizing the monarchy. This resulted in the suggestion to set up a legislative assembly which would materialize in 1934.
241:
In the first case, a businessman in
Udhampur had converted to Islam. His property was taken from him and given to his brother. A suit filed was dismissed with remarks that unless he re-entered the Hindu faith, he was not entitled to any property. This was done in accordance with a decree issued by
163:
Central Jail, where Abdul Qadeer was being held and tried on charges of sedition, were fired upon by state forces after refusing to disperse and instead entering the prison premises. The crowds buried the bodies of those killed by the state forces in the graveyard attached to the Shrine of Khwaja
406:
The
Reading Room Party, in protest of the killings, announced a statewide shutdown. At a public meeting at the Martyrs' Graveyard, Sheikh Abdullah announced that 13 July, henceforth, would be Martyr's Day. Amidst the following unrest, arrests included those of Sheikh Abdullah and
190:. For Kashmiri Hindu organisations, the ethnic cleansing of Hindus had begun with the arrival of Muslim rule in the region. For them, the real victims are not the Kashmiri Muslims who died on 13 July 1931 but those Kashmiri Hindus who were "victims of communal carnage".
249:
after police intervened. Following an outburst by Mir
Hussain Bakhsh related to excessive interference in religious matters by the King, a protest was held at the main masjid in the city. Following this, protests against the administration became more frequent.
355:
the evidence officially placed before the Dalal
Inquiry Commission (Srinagar Riot Enquiry Committee), 180 rounds were fired. Seventeen Muslims were killed on the spot and forty received serious injuries, five of whom died later. According to
268:
writes, "The driving force behind the mass agitation till the 13th July was the discontent among the rank and file of the
Muslims. those who laid down their lives at the jail gate did so fighting against an unsympathetic government .
389:
wrote "Historically and politically, 13th July 1931 was the most important day in the annals of contemporary
Kashmir. From this day the struggle for independence and freedom in the most modern sense started openly".
317:. His trial started on 4 July in the Court of the Sessions Judge, Srinagar. During the four hearings on 4, 6, 7 and 9 July, a large number of Muslims gathered in the compound of the Court to witness this trial.
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His speech was recorded by the authorities and a few days later, on 25 June, he was arrested. He was charged with "sedition" and "wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot" under the
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398:. Chitralekha Zutshi however emphasized the "multi-casualty of the incident" and that the incident was "an outcome of the socio economic and socio political crisis in Kashmir".
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257:) was thrown away in "recklessness" by a sub-inspector. Fazal Dad approached the Mosque. The fourth incident took place in Srinagar on 20 June 1931 when leaves of the
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Mobilisations among
Kashmiri Pandits have projected July 13 as a "black day", when arson and killings were allegedly unleashed on the state's minority community.
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As the call to prayer began, Governor Raizada Trilok Chand ordered the armed police to open fire. Police directed their first bullets at the
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298:, who was taking a vacation in Kashmir. Abdul Qadeer's place of origin is uncertain. He had been attending the protest meetings and at
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In the third case, on 4 June in the Central Jail Jammu, police constable Fazal Dad Khan's copy of Panjsurah (five chapters from the
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Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta, the author of "Jammu and Kashmir", wrote " modern Kashmir’s 'freedom movement' was born on 13 July 1931".
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Originally "Kashmir Day" was chosen as 14 August by a committee formed on the invitation of the head of the Ahmadiyya in Punjab
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observe the events of July 1931 as the beginning of their oppression, which would reach a peak with the
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532:"Kashmir Martyrs Day: PM Imran pays tribute to Kashmiris for 'valiantly fighting' Hindutva regime"
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377:) in Srinagar, which has since come to be known as Mazar-e-Shuhada or the Martyrs' Graveyard.
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168:) in Srinagar, which has since come to be known as Mazar-e-Shuhada or the Martyrs' Graveyard.
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The crowds buried the bodies in the graveyard of the Shrine of Khwaja Bahawuddin Naqshbandi (
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July 13, 1931: Not Martyrs Day but Black Day for the Hindu narrative in Jammu and Kashmir
359:, the Daily Tribune dated 28 July 1931 reported the deaths of 21 Muslims in the firing.
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that four incidents occurring in quick succession resulted in the tragedy of 13 July:
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Kashmir's Contested Pasts: Narratives, Geographies, and the Historical Imagination
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Abdul Qadeer Khan was an employee of an English army officer, Major Butt of the
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In the second case, on 29 April 1931, Muslims were stopped from continuing with
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754:"Who owns the memories of July 13, 1931? In J&K, it is a divisive question"
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1124:
NC posts 1931 picture to recall Kashmir’s "struggle for dignity and identity"
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The Making of Modern Kashmir: Sheikh Abdullah and the Politics of the State
1100:
Evidence Recorded In Public By The Srinagar Riots Enquiry Committee (1931)
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286:, the location where Abdul Qadeer made the speech which got him arrested.
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The day was removed as an official holiday of Jammu and Kashmir by the
141:
1094:– via archive.org/ Allama Iqbal Library, University of Kashmir.
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38:
Officially inactive in India since 2019; Pakistan still observes it
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Rashid Taseer in his "Tarikh-i-Hurriyat", recorded his speech as:
276:
258:
144:
in remembrance of 21 Muslim protesters killed on 13 July 1931 by
123:
1157:
1110:– via archive.org/Allam Iqbal Library Kashmir University.
1082:
Dalal, Barjor; Sawhny, BR; Qayoom, Abdul (24 September 1931).
350:, who died instantly. Another muezzin attempted to finish the
1084:
Report Of The Srinagar Riot Enquiry Committee (1931-1988)
538:. Additional reporting by Naveed Siddiqui. 13 July 2020.
1452:
2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing
685:"Martyrs' Day observed in Kashmir, leaders pay tribute"
958:
Kashmir : exposing the myth behind the narrative
919:
Kashmir : exposing the myth behind the narrative
838:
Kashmir : exposing the myth behind the narrative
425:
Observances in Kashmir, Jammu related to the dispute
159:
On that day, Kashmiri Muslims protesting outside the
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723:"NC founder's anniversary off J&K holiday list"
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1102:(Report). Jammu: The Ranbir Government Press. 1931
446:A black day for some Kashmir related organizations
140:, was a former official state holiday observed in
994:
473:Other black days also observed by specific groups
362:GS Raghavan described 13 July 1931, in his book
881:Kashmir: Exposing the Myth behind the Narrative
630:Paradise at War: A Political History of Kashmir
367:
307:
1169:
8:
1039:Para, Altaf Hussain (7 December 2018). "3".
1086:(Report). Srinagar: Pratap Government Press
1007:Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan Das (6 December 2012).
1176:
1162:
1154:
980:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
941:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
860:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
242:the Dogra Government on 31 December 1882.
127:
653:WANI, PROF GULL MOHAMMAD (12 July 2021).
264:In his work "Inside Kashmir" date 1941,
1143:Sanatan Dharam YMA (24 October 1931) .
518:
486:
973:
934:
853:
553:
542:from the original on 26 September 2020
495:Hadhrat Mirza Bashiruddin Mahmud Ahmad
20:
16:Commemoration of the massacres of 1931
1261:2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
1059:from the original on 12 February 2024
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1032:
1030:
875:Ahmad, Khalid Bashir (23 June 2017).
7:
807:"13 July 1931: A Chapter of Kashmir"
800:
798:
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752:Chakravarty, Ipsita (14 July 2015).
632:. New Delhi: Aleph. pp. 25–27.
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524:
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1416:UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute
580:Zutshi, Chitralekha (9 July 2014).
451:14 September— Martyrs' Day (Oregon)
150:princely state of Jammu and Kashmir
128:
1727:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
1573:Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir
840:. New Delhi, India. p. 95n2.
764:from the original on 12 April 2022
655:"Martyr's Day: History From Below"
14:
1568:Islamic State – Khorasan Province
1442:2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre
1251:2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff
960:. New Delhi, India. p. 105.
921:. New Delhi, India. p. 107.
817:from the original on 16 July 2016
733:from the original on 4 April 2020
703:from the original on 29 June 2021
665:from the original on 13 July 2021
600:from the original on 29 June 2021
261:were found in a public lavatory.
208:
197:
1632:Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day
1380:Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)
1226:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
995:Dalal, Sawhny & Qayoom 1931
469:Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day
1518:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
1133:Manu Khajuria (13 July 2019).
1:
1462:2002 Raghunath temple attacks
1312:2016 Nagrota army base attack
956:Ahmad, Khalid Bashir (2017).
917:Ahmad, Khalid Bashir (2017).
836:Ahmad, Khalid Bashir (2017).
1595:Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day
1256:2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff
430:Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day
1619:Jammu and Kashmir Black Day
1553:Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)
586:. Oxford University Press.
499:All India Kashmir Committee
456:Jammu and Kashmir Black Day
86:All India Kashmir Committee
1758:
1706:Village Defence Committees
1487:2017 Amarnath Yatra attack
1477:March 2013 Srinagar attack
1236:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
1231:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
805:Lone, G M (13 July 2014).
394:compared the day with the
324:
1648:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
1191:
883:. SAGE Publishing India.
396:Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
364:The Warning From Kashmir:
106:
1663:OHCHR reports on Kashmir
1447:Chittisinghpura massacre
1411:Jinnah–Mountbatten talks
1045:. Taylor & Francis.
1013:. Springer. p. 56.
497:. The committee was the
134:Youm-e-Shuhada-e-Kashmir
29:Youm-e-Shuhada-e-Kashmir
26:
24:Kashmir Martyrs' Day
1737:Observances in Pakistan
375:Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab
220:Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab
166:Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab
164:Bahawuddin Naqshbandi (
1601:Kashmir Solidarity Day
1511:Militant organisations
1467:2006 Srinagar bombings
1457:2001 Kishtwar massacre
1430:Bombings and massacres
560:: CS1 maint: others (
436:Kashmir Solidarity Day
371:
327:1931 Kashmir agitation
311:
287:
177:Government of Pakistan
175:in December 2019. The
109:1931 Kashmir agitation
70:13 July 1931
1558:Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind
1502:2022 Srinagar bombing
1375:Operation Sarp Vinash
1340:1947 Poonch rebellion
1307:2016 Baramulla attack
903:Rashid Taseer in his
628:Kumar, Radha (2018).
409:Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
341:Abdul Qadeer Zindabad
325:Further information:
280:
218:Martyrs Graveyard at
179:still marks the day.
1732:Observances in India
1607:Kashmir Martyrs' Day
1578:United Jihad Council
1543:Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
1492:2018 Sunjuwan attack
1437:1947 Jammu massacres
1350:Operation Grand Slam
729:. 29 December 2019.
442:Kashmir Martyrs' Day
1700:Over ground workers
1658:Human rights abuses
1497:2019 Pulwama attack
1385:Operation Calm Down
1345:Operation Gibraltar
1145:1931 – A Memorandum
182:On the other hand,
173:Government of India
1563:Dukhtaran-e-Millat
1523:Tehreek-e-Hurriyat
1472:2006 Doda massacre
1218:Wars and conflicts
727:The Times of India
292:Yorkshire Regiment
288:
232:GM Lone writes in
95:December 2019
1714:
1713:
1528:Hizbul Mujahideen
1370:Operation All Out
1275:Border skirmishes
1052:978-0-429-65734-4
1020:978-94-011-9231-6
1010:Jammu and Kashmir
905:Tarikh-i-Hurriyat
890:978-93-86062-81-9
593:978-0-19-908936-9
315:Ranbir Penal Code
132:Transliteration.
129:یومِ شہداءِ کشمیر
114:
113:
27:یومِ شہداءِ کشمیر
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1742:July observances
1626:Azad Kashmir Day
1538:Jaish-e-Mohammed
1241:Siachen conflict
1185:Kashmir conflict
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343:" were shouted.
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1533:Lashkar-e-Taiba
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1482:2016 Uri attack
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1421:Simla Agreement
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1365:Operation Eraze
1360:Operation Bison
1355:Operation Tupac
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1302:2016 Uri attack
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1130:. 13 July 2020.
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1106:21 December
1090:12 December
1063:25 December
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768:20 December
737:29 December
604:25 December
546:20 December
138:Kashmir Day
92:Most recent
67:Inaugurated
46:Remembrance
1721:Categories
1653:Insurgency
1611:5 August—
1333:Operations
1246:Kargil War
513:References
381:Commentary
294:posted at
228:Background
74:1931-07-13
1605:13 July—
1324:2020–2021
1297:2016–2018
1292:2014–2015
1201:1846–1946
976:cite book
937:cite book
856:cite book
758:Scroll.in
697:0971-751X
689:The Hindu
501:of which
440:13 July—
402:Aftermath
357:The Hindu
59:Frequency
1196:Timeline
1057:Archived
815:Archived
762:Archived
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663:Archived
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556:cite web
540:Archived
419:See also
296:Peshawar
161:Srinagar
62:Annually
1641:Related
707:13 July
669:13 July
348:muezzin
247:Khutbah
142:Kashmir
117:Kashmir
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339:and "
259:Quran
255:Quran
146:Dogra
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43:Genre
1670:Rape
1319:2019
1287:2013
1282:2011
1108:2020
1092:2020
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982:link
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739:2019
709:2018
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536:DAWN
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