27:
74:
265:, a beater with four flat sides that were each carved differently. Another way to carve the kapa is by starting on the four-sided affairs, with the coarsest grooves on one side used first in breaking down the bast, or wet bark. Then, the beating continued using two sides with finer grooves. Lastly, finishing touches were accomplished with the remaining smooth side of the beater. The carvings left an impression in the cloth that was hers alone. After the European discovery of the Hawaiian Islands, Western traders travelled to Hawaiʻi especially for kapa.
109:), kapa differs in the methods used in its creation. Kapa is based primarily on the creative combination of linear elements that cross and converge to form squares, triangles, chevrons, and diagonal forms, giving a feeling of boldness and directness. Kapa was used primarily for clothing like the
26:
2177:
2172:
73:
268:
The process of making kapa was done primarily by women. Young girls would learn by helping their mothers, over time doing the majority of the work, and when older could make kapa by themselves.
579:
A study of bark cloth from Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga and Fiji: an exploration of the regional development of distinctive styles of bark cloth and its relationship to other cultural factors
638:
1492:
2409:
667:
241:). In the 18th century, pieces of kapa were often made of grooving or ribbing. It is done by pushing the dampened cloth into the grooves of a special board. The
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650:
1983:
419:
386:
353:
1643:
253:(rounded beater). After the first phase of beating, the kapa is transferred to a sacred house to be beaten a second time, but in a religious manner.
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2015:
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Alphonse
Pellion, Îles Sandwich; Maisons de Kraïmokou, Premier Ministre du Roi; Fabrication des Étoffes (c. 1819), Depicting High Chiefess
1742:
1648:
1507:
600:
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Cultural anthropologists over the course of the 20th century identified techniques in the creation of kapa that are unique to the
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or chiefly caste—several layers of kapa would be stitched together at the edges to form a kapa moe. Kapa robes were used by
149:
or priestly caste. Kapa was also used as banners where leis were hung from it and images of their gods were printed on it.
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Hawaiian kapa, 18th century, Cook-Foster
Collection at Georg-August University in Göttingen, Germany
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Dunford, Betty; Andrew, Lilinoe; Ayau, Miki'ala; Honda, Liana I.; Williams, Julie
Stewart (2002).
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65:. The bark is beaten and felted to achieve a soft texture and dye stamped in geometric patterns.
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Article about the art of kapa making and kapa master Pua Van Dorpe by Rita
Goldman.
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171:) was the preferred source of bast fibres for kapa, but it was also made from
82:
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123:, a shawl or cape worn over one shoulder. Other uses for kapa depended on
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Cook-Foster
Collection at Georg-August University in Göttingen, Germany
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Australian
Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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481:"Native Plants of Hawaiian Dry Forests and Traditional Uses for Them"
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List of resources about traditional arts and culture of
Oceania
676:
2173:
Asian
American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium
1104:
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921:
553:(3rd ed.). Honolulu, Hawaii: Bess Press Inc. p. 48.
453:"mamaki, mamake, waimea (P. albidus on Kauai & P. ruber)"
653:
Pua Van Dorpe's kapa collection honoring 11 Maui chiefs.
245:
tree is cut and soaked in water. It is then laid on a
117:
worn by women as a wraparound. Kapa was also used for
486:. Hawaiʻi Forest Industry Association. Archived from
57:
of certain species of trees and shrubs in the orders
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888:
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315:"kihei — Wehe²wiki² Hawaiian Language Dictionaries"
127:and a person's place in ancient Hawaiian society.
586:Ka hana kapa, the making of bark cloth in Hawaii
118:
2375:
1708:
1458:
688:
8:
387:"opuhe, hopue (A. glabra), hona (U. glabra)"
280:, similar fabric made elsewhere in Polynesia
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249:(polished stone tablet) and beaten with a
588:. Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press.
290:
577:Arkinstall, Patricia Lorraine (1966).
850:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)
7:
2590:For other topics including Oceanian
983:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands
457:Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database
424:Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database
391:Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database
358:Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database
595:. Leigh-on-Sea, England: F. Lewis.
581:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University.
343:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 8.
137:(bed covers) were reserved for the
113:worn by men as a loincloth and the
1929:Austral Islands (French Polynesia)
593:The Fabrics of Hawaii (Bark Cloth)
339:Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1938).
16:Barkcloth made by Native Hawaiians
14:
1383:World Invitational Hula Festival
591:Kaeppler, Adrienne Lois (1975).
524:Fullard-Leo, Betty (June 1998).
903:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
584:Brigham, William Tufts (1911).
321:. University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo
261:Each kapa manufacturer used an
2410:Federated States of Micronesia
2293:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)
1984:Federated States of Micronesia
1743:Federated States of Micronesia
1493:Federated States of Micronesia
988:Federated States of Micronesia
341:The Hawaiian Kingdom: Volume 1
1:
704:Culture of indigenous Oceania
514:. Honolulu: Boom Books. p. 4.
510:Kaeppler, Adienne L. (1980).
2642:History of Oceanian clothing
2132:Oceanian legendary creatures
663:History of Hawaiian quilting
2612:Category:Culture of Oceania
659:Vol.12, No.1 (January 2008)
647:Vol.12, No.1 (January 2008)
639:"Kapa: Fabric of a Culture"
304:Honolulu: Boom Books. p. 1.
2668:
2214:Chatham Islander (Moriori
1112:Weriyeng navigation school
634:Contemporary Hawaiian Kapa
302:Kapa: Hawaiian Bark Cloth.
18:
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956:traditions and ceremonies
710:
512:Kapa: Hawaiian Bark Cloth
2561:Northern Mariana Islands
2016:Northern Mariana Islands
1894:Northern Mariana Islands
1644:Northern Mariana Islands
1415:Festival of Pacific Arts
461:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
428:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
395:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
362:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
2526:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1859:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1609:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1378:Merrie Monarch Festival
656:Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine
644:Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine
198:Neraudia melastomifolia
168:Broussonetia papyrifera
119:
2647:Textile arts of Hawaii
2338:Torres Strait Islander
1724:Literature of Oceania
1080:Micronesian Navigation
78:
39:
2504:and other territories
2308:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)
2194:Indigenous Australian
2092:Australian Aboriginal
1837:and other territories
1587:and other territories
1474:Languages of Oceania
1075:Polynesian Navigation
1055:Torres Strait Islands
651:"Kapa: More to Learn"
629:Hawaiian Kapa History
298:Kaeppler, Adrienne L.
76:
29:
21:Kapa (disambiguation)
2391:Religion in Oceania
2323:Taiwanese aborigines
1677:Languages of Oceania
624:Hawaiian Kapa Making
551:The Hawaiians of Old
107:Polynesian languages
69:Description and uses
19:For other uses, see
2596:indigenous currency
875:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony
87:found elsewhere in
38:beating kapa cloth.
1191:Polynesian sailing
238:Hibiscus tiliaceus
178:Artocarpus altilis
79:
40:
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2576:Wallis and Futuna
2521:Clipperton Island
2479:Associated states
2076:Wallis and Futuna
1917:
1916:
1909:Wallis and Futuna
1854:Clipperton Island
1812:Associated states
1683:
1682:
1667:
1666:
1659:Wallis and Futuna
1604:Clipperton Island
1562:Associated states
1410:Pacific Community
1398:Pasifika Festival
1131:Aboriginal dugout
1070:Wallis and Futuna
319:Wehewehe Wikiwiki
2659:
2637:Nonwoven fabrics
2566:Pitcairn Islands
2536:French Polynesia
2516:Christmas Island
2445:Papua New Guinea
2425:Marshall Islands
2398:Sovereign states
2384:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2278:Norfolk Islander
2223:Fijian (iTaukei)
2026:Papua New Guinea
1899:Pitcairn Islands
1869:French Polynesia
1849:Christmas Island
1778:Papua New Guinea
1758:Marshall Islands
1731:Sovereign states
1717:
1710:
1703:
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1649:Pitcairn Islands
1619:French Polynesia
1599:Christmas Island
1528:Papua New Guinea
1508:Marshall Islands
1481:Sovereign states
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1460:
1453:
1444:
1437:
1422:Papua New Guinea
1085:Marshall Islands
1035:Pitcairn Islands
1030:Papua New Guinea
970:Lomilomi massage
916:Caroline Islands
789:Papua New Guinea
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430:. Archived from
420:"maaloa, maoloa"
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397:. Archived from
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364:. Archived from
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218:Rubus hawaiensis
208:Pipturus albidus
159:Hawaiian Islands
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51:native Hawaiians
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1171:Māori migration
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1091:Stick charts of
1045:Solomon Islands
928:Chatham Islands
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619:Kapa Connection
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1844:American Samoa
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747:kapa (Hawaiʻi)
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608:External links
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493:on 2011-07-26
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434:on 2007-07-02
433:
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368:on 2007-07-02
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2652:Fiber plants
2502:Dependencies
2488:Cook Islands
2199:Austronesian
1944:Cook Islands
1835:Dependencies
1821:Cook Islands
1585:Dependencies
1571:Cook Islands
1394:New Zealand
1249:fire dancing
1110:
1103:
1089:
968:
954:
947:
933:Cook Islands
919:
880:Wood carving
855:Kava culture
746:
742:Cook Islands
654:
642:
592:
585:
578:
550:
544:
533:. Retrieved
530:Coffee Times
529:
519:
511:
506:
495:. Retrieved
488:the original
475:
464:. Retrieved
456:
447:
436:. Retrieved
432:the original
423:
414:
403:. Retrieved
399:the original
390:
381:
370:. Retrieved
366:the original
357:
348:
340:
335:
323:. Retrieved
318:
309:
301:
293:
267:
262:
260:
250:
246:
242:
236:
232:
226:
222:
216:
212:
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176:
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162:
156:
144:
138:
130:
129:
114:
110:
83:
80:
42:
41:
2435:New Zealand
2268:Micronesian
2258:Marshallese
2127:Micronesian
1999:New Zealand
1939:Austronesia
1768:New Zealand
1672:by category
1518:New Zealand
1403:Te Matatini
1254:firewalking
1003:New Zealand
949:Lau Islands
911:Austronesia
779:nguzu nguzu
767:New Zealand
737:Austronesia
325:14 December
81:Similar to
55:bast fibres
2626:Categories
2288:Polynesian
2263:Melanesian
2204:Sama-Bajau
2137:Polynesian
2117:Melanesian
2102:Mangarevan
1979:Micronesia
1689:Literature
1359:Australia
1105:navigation
560:1573061379
535:2010-11-09
497:2009-03-12
466:2009-03-12
438:2009-03-12
405:2009-03-12
372:2009-03-12
285:References
278:Tapa cloth
228:R. macraei
223:ʻākalakala
153:Techniques
36:Kalanimoku
2632:Hawaiiana
2405:Australia
2328:Tokelauan
2157:Vanuatuan
2085:Mythology
2041:Slit drum
2031:Polynesia
1974:Melanesia
1934:Australia
1738:Australia
1488:Australia
1432:Languages
1353:Festivals
1279:kapa haka
1176:Outrigger
898:Australia
870:Polynesia
845:areca nut
732:Australia
263:ʻiʻe kūkū
89:Polynesia
53:from the
2604:folklore
2420:Kiribati
2357:Religion
2343:Visayans
2318:Tahitian
2298:Rapa Nui
2228:Hawaiian
2209:Chamorro
2166:Research
2152:Tuvaluan
2142:Rapa Nui
2122:Menehune
1964:Kiribati
1753:Kiribati
1503:Kiribati
1369:Hawaiʻi
1344:'upa'upa
1284:Kiribati
1234:ʻAparima
1156:Hōkūleʻa
978:Kiribati
829:tivaevae
809:taʻovala
757:magimagi
668:kapa moe
300:(1980).
272:See also
247:kua kūkū
133:Kapa moe
93:Hawaiian
63:Malvales
49:made by
32:Likelike
2608:cuisine
2571:Tokelau
2470:Vanuatu
2313:Tagalog
2303:Rotuman
2273:Negrito
2243:Ivatans
2233:Ilocano
2218:Rekohu)
2071:Vanuatu
2056:Tokelau
1904:Tokelau
1803:Vanuatu
1654:Tokelau
1553:Vanuatu
1440:by area
1329:tautoga
1264:hivinau
1166:Karakoa
1065:Vanuatu
891:general
799:tā moko
794:reimiro
784:Oceania
257:Process
231:), and
193:maʻaloa
191:spp.),
96:phoneme
59:Rosales
2610:, see
2592:cinema
2546:Hawaii
2465:Tuvalu
2333:Tongan
2283:Papuan
2238:Igorot
2187:People
2147:Samoan
2097:Fijian
2066:Tuvalu
2051:Tahiti
1879:Hawaii
1798:Tuvalu
1629:Hawaii
1548:Tuvalu
1339:Tuvalu
1324:tāmūrē
1319:Tahiti
1309:Rotuma
1299:pa'o'a
1294:'ote'a
1274:kailao
1141:Bangka
1124:Canoes
1060:Tuvalu
860:Lapita
819:tattoo
599:
557:
526:"Kapa"
354:"ʻulu"
213:ʻākala
203:māmaki
146:kāhuna
47:fabric
2600:dress
2460:Tonga
2450:Samoa
2440:Palau
2430:Nauru
2253:Māori
2248:Lumad
2112:Māori
2107:Maohi
2061:Tonga
2036:Sāmoa
2021:Palau
2004:Māori
1989:Nauru
1922:Music
1793:Tonga
1783:Samoa
1773:Palau
1763:Nauru
1543:Tonga
1533:Samoa
1523:Palau
1513:Nauru
1334:Tonga
1227:Dance
1218:Walap
1201:Vinta
1186:Paraw
1050:Tonga
1040:Sāmoa
1025:Palau
1008:Māori
993:Nauru
865:Māori
824:tēfui
814:tapa
804:tabua
772:Māori
491:(PDF)
484:(PDF)
251:hōhoa
243:wauke
188:Urera
183:ōpuhe
163:Wauke
140:aliʻi
125:caste
120:kīhei
91:(the
45:is a
2606:and
2541:Guam
2493:Niue
2415:Fiji
2348:Yami
2011:Niue
1969:Lali
1959:Guam
1954:Fiji
1874:Guam
1826:Niue
1748:Fiji
1624:Guam
1576:Niue
1498:Fiji
1390:Fiji
1314:siva
1289:meke
1269:hula
1259:haka
1244:fara
1239:cibi
1211:list
1206:Waka
1196:Proa
1161:Kaep
1146:Drua
1015:Niue
964:Guam
943:Fiji
762:moai
597:ISBN
555:ISBN
327:2021
173:ʻulu
115:pāʻū
111:malo
84:tapa
61:and
43:Kapa
1304:poi
1099:Yap
922:Pwo
752:Lei
727:Ahu
719:Art
233:hau
221:),
211:),
201:),
181:),
103:/t/
99:/k/
2628::
2602:,
2598:,
2594:,
2216:or
918:,
528:.
459:.
455:.
426:.
422:.
393:.
389:.
360:.
356:.
317:.
161:.
2614:.
2383:e
2376:t
2369:v
1716:e
1709:t
1702:v
1466:e
1459:t
1452:v
920:-
905:)
696:e
689:t
682:v
603:.
563:.
538:.
500:.
469:.
441:.
408:.
375:.
329:.
235:(
225:(
215:(
205:(
195:(
185:(
175:(
165:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
