341:
by a variety of people for different aims—a few by anthropologists and ethnographers, one commissioned by a
Catholic priest and some by members of the Comissão de Linhas Telegráficas Estratégicas de Mato-Grosso ao Amazonas (Commission of Strategic Telegraphic Wires from Mato-Grosso to Amazonas) who aimed to expand the Western borders of Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. In the twenty-first century, two further wordlists have been published, one by Ruth Fonini Monserrat in the year 2000 and the other through a 2004 language documentation project by Nilsen Gabas Jr.
312:
they got married. Although their culture has suffered, many traditions such as rites of passages for marriage and naming children have stayed similar. Other traditions have stayed consistent such as their material culture. The Karo people have a deep history of creating many forms of art such as bracelets, baskets, or clay pots. Furthermore, the Karo speakers were known to interact with surrounding peoples in the areas but it was not until the 1940s when they were contacted by the
324:
group called the “Black Feet” who spoke a different dialect of the language. The groups often got along but there are documentations of conflicts between the two which turned so violent that some lead in death. Moreover, there are no written material on schools for the Karo people. Most people in the village do speak Arara and
Portuguese so it is very likely that most of these community members went to schools outside their village.
931:"snake"); this may indicate a nasal spreading rule as yet undescribed, or a freer distribution of nasal vowels than indicated. In any case, nasal vowels also never occur in a penultimate syllable when followed by a voiceless stop in the onset of the final syllable; in other words, sequences of the format /ṼCV#/ are disallowed, presumably because such sequences would create a conflict in stress assignment.
425:
36:
376:
The
Endangered Languages Documentation Programme (ELDP) funded a language documentation project coordinated by Gabas Jr. in 2004 for £12,430. Over the course of two years of field work, the project produced a Karo-Portuguese dictionary and amassed 38 videos, 22 audio files and 15 documents displaying
4959:
being attached in the end which indicates the future conjugation. While in the case below when the case is transitive, a proclitic is attached. Proclitics are a word pronounced with little emphasis, so much so that usually they are shortened and added to the next word. Common examples in
English are
340:
who produced three wordlists from 1925 to 1955, though he referred to the language as Ntogapíd. Several additional wordlists of Karo, listed under different names, were published during the twentieth century as the Karo people came into greater contact with outside groups. These lists were collected
405:
published a classification of the Tupí stock that placed four languages within the Ramaráma family: Ramaráma, Urukú, Urumí and Karo. However, in 2000, Gabas Jr released a detailed comparative analysis of the wordlists published in those languages that challenged these assumptions and concluded that
287:
but had to be changed in the late 1980s so the language could be distinguished from other languages in the Arara branch by similar
Brazilian groups. At one point, Ntogapid, Ramarama, Uruku, Urumi and Ytanga were all thought to be sister languages of Karo. After further study, it was determined that
501:
Unlike many Tupian languages, Ramarama allows consonants in the syllable coda, with no restriction of coda consonants compared to onsets. The permissible structures of a monosyllable are therefore V, CV, VC, and CVC. However, only the glottal stop /ʔ/ can occur as a non-word-final coda consonant.
311:
The Arara people did not have contact with outside groups until around the 1940s. Following Euro-Brazilian contact, their culture has suffered tremendously to the point where it has almost disappeared. Some cultural traditions included a corn harvest festival and secluding children until the time
3341:
The comitative causative also occurs mainly with the intransitive but does appear on occasion with transitive verbs. Like the simple causative it indicates an initiator who causes a secondary agent to perform or experience an action or state, but additionally indicates that the initiator is also
323:
While the Arara people were severely affected by the colonizers who brought many diseases to their people, there is no documentation on conflicts amongst the colonizers. However, there is documentation of conflicts between two groups of Arara. This conflict was between the main group and another
348:
of Karo before going on to specialize in the language. He published a phonological study in 1989 which covered the segmental and syllabic structures found in Karo as well as the morphophonemic, nasality, accentual, and tonal patterns that emerge. The next year in 1999, Gabas Jr. published his
384:
Outside of these projects, there has actually been very little to no anthropological data on the Arára people especially around time of contact. The only substantial material published containing a small description of the life of the Arara can be found in anthropological works by French
288:
they were all the same language that was classified as different languages during various ethnology work in Brazil. The Karo language is spoken in two villages in Brazil; Iterap and Paygap. These villages are located in the
Southern region of the Lourdes Stream Indigenous Land in
942:
Obligatory rightward nasal spreading occurs when a stressed penultimate nasal vowel is followed by the consonants /r g/ as the onset of a following oral syllable. The following syllable is thus nasalized, and with it the onset consonants (which become ):
5906:
3IMP:third person, impersonal 3R:third person, coreferential (with subject) ADVZ:adverbializer ASSOC:associative AUX:auxiliary IND1:indicative mood suffix 1 IND2:indicative mood suffix 2 IPASS:impersonal passive NOMZ:nominalizer RPAST:remote past tense
924:
Nasal vowels have a restricted distribution. Nilson Gabas Jr. (1999) writes that "there seems to be just one underlying nasal vowel per word", yet transcribes several examples with more than one nasal vowel that nasal spreading cannot account for (e.g.
298:'s 2006 summary of indigenous language vitality in Brazil documents that there the Arara people have a population of 184, with most of the population speaking the language and a good transmission rate of the language between generations. Although
3955:
Finally, the reciprocal prefix is also considered to be valency-reducing and attaches itself to the root of transitive verbs. Like the reflexive, it is always preceded by a coreferential personal clitic that relates to the subject of the clause.
1448:
in Karo, like with many other languages, are defined negatively because they are defined by not being part of any other word class. In Karo, particles are similar to adverbs but less cohesively defined. Finally, the most complex class in Karo is
920:
The mid oral vowels /e o/ alternate with low-mid : syllables with high pitch surface with , while unstressed syllables or those with mid pitch surface with . Such interaction between tone and vowel quality is cross-linguistically rare.
5790:
Gabas, Jr., Nilson. 2001. Evidenciais em Karo. In A.S.A.C. Cabral and Aryon D. Rodrigues (eds.), Línguas indígenas brasileiras. Fonologia, gramática e história. Atas do I Encontro
Internacional do GTLI da ANPOLL, I, 254-268. Belém:
316:(SPI). Settlers brought over new diseases such as pneumonia, measles and the flu which lead to many indigenous people dying in this time period. Luckily, in the 1960s the Arara people regrouped with a nearby people known as the
1604:, pronouns has as separate system of personal clitics which are marked for the argument of intransitive sentences and the patient arguments of transitive sentences. The possessive pronouns are used with alienable nouns.
410:
are both part of a singular Ramaráma-Puruborá language family, however this is controversial. A joint 2015 computational study comparing common word lists in all Tupí languages found minimal support for that theory.
1550:. Karo is also known for its use of clitics, which are affixes by their distribution. Clitics in this language are typically found within larger constituents than words and Karo in fact contains four: plural marker
302:
is taught as a second language for contact purposes, the native language is still used for many occasions in daily life. Despite the high level of transmission, their low population puts them at risk of extinction.
4842:
exhibits behaviour evidence of subjects. “The subject of the future auxiliary is always coreferential with the subject of the associated full verb” (140) Thus, all marked verbs include a coreferential
1054:"species of rodent" surfaces as . This process, roughly analogous to the obligatory nasal spreading rule, appears to be the only means by which unstressed syllables can be raised to high or mid pitch.
3142:
With the simple causative, an argument is added. It appears most often with intransitive verbs to indicate an initiator who causes a secondary agent who performs or experiences an action or state.
510:
Ramarama has a fairly small consonant inventory, with a wide range of allophonic variation. Notably, the language lacks any fricatives other than /h/, which itself occurs only infrequently.
939:
Like many languages with phonemic nasal vowels, Ramarama displays nasal spreading (nasalization of otherwise non-nasal segments due to proximity to a nasal segment) in some circumstances.
4250:
In this example, the verb “to shoot” is simple since it only contains a subject and a simple verb. It indicates that the shooting that has been done was recent. Conversely, the particle
4648:
Both of these case indicate events that could have happened in the near future but didn't in the past tense. In Karo, it is possible to find both past markers in the same clause with
2431:
predicates. In addition, both are used to represent the main statement within a clause. The only difference is the type of statement clauses that they occur in. The first indicative
3751:
Another valency-reducing prefix in Karo is the reflexive which can be used in both transitive and intransitive verb constructions. With transitives, the reflexive is preceded by a
4137:
There are two particles in Karo. In Karo, particles are used in the past tense to refer to an action or state with the present as a point of reference. These two particles are
471:
82:
4849:
The first type of construction, the intransitive verb can occur in the gerund form followed by a Noun Phrase + AUXILIARY FUTURE, which receives the indicative mood marking.
1313:
1277:
1228:
1183:
1138:
1102:
1042:
Tone spreading occurs when a syllable marked with high or mid pitch occurs in the penultimate syllable and is followed by a voiced segment /b r g w j m n ŋ/ or /Ø/; hence
6665:
4129:
tenses are marked by two particles, but future tense also utilizes one auxiliary. However, it is important to note that these markers are not necessary for the language.
970:
Stress is not phonemic in
Ramarama, and its placement is mostly fixed to the final syllable. However, the following rules can move stress to the penultimate syllable:
1572:
compounds consist of noun + adjective, noun + intransitive verb and noun + noun pairs. All of these elements together compile the basic elements of Karo morphology.
3054:(SOV) sentence structure, unless one aspect of the sentence is being focused on. It does not mark for case on nouns, but like many Tupi languages, it follows an
713:
The tap /r/, though not phonetically a stop, is represented as such because it patterns as the voiced equivalent of the stop /t/. This may indicate a historical
3081:
Karo has five derivational prefixes that appear on a verb and change the number of arguments in the a sentence constructions. The five prefixes are as follows:
1408:. They can be combined with clitics and modified by adjectives. The verb class in the language are typically sentence-final and are distinctly categorized into
1074:/p t k/ voice to /b r g/ at word boundaries, before (if in the coda of the preceding word) or after (if in the onset of the following word) a vowel or a glide.
397:
The Karo language belongs to the Tupí stock of
Brazilian Indigenous languages which includes up to 10 language families—Karo in particular is a member of the
5945:
1062:
In continuous speech
Ramarama's small consonant inventory is further reduced, and simultaneously complicated, by complex morphophonological processes of
1023:, in which one syllable per word (the penultimate or final) can be marked by a high pitch. A syllable thus marked is always stressed. Stressed vowels
3568:
The impersonal passive reduces the number of arguments with transitive sentence constructions. It makes the appearance of any agents in the sentence
5897:
4827:
is used to describe situations in the immediate or proximate future. It is usually present in the indicative mood when /-p/ and /-t/ are present.
320:
where they eventually grew in size. By the mid-1980s, the group was able to find their own village and get federal recognition from local groups.
1453:. Semantically similar to verbs, and morphologically similar to the particles, ideophones are an open class that are not inflectionally marked.
2415:
have a fine distinction between them. The term ‘indicative’ in the case of Karo is used for lack of a better label and is split into (IND1)
5888:
1027:
marked pitch surface phonetically as middle pitch, while unstressed vowels (except those affected by tone spreading) surface as low pitch:
344:
The majority of detailed linguistic descriptions completed on the Karo language was done by Gabas Jr. who wrote his master's thesis on the
6553:
6254:
792:/r/ is nasalized only between two nasal vowels, when the first vowel is stressed (as in the process of nasal spreading discussed below).
688:
502:
Hence the permissible structures of a polysyllabic word is as follows: ...(C)V(ʔ)(C)V(C). Words of more than three syllables are rare.
313:
5094:
typically occurs at the end of a clause since its constructed with the main verb or auxiliary. Here is an example of this in Karo.
3055:
1245:/p t k/ nasalize to /m n ŋ/ word-initially when preceded by a nasal consonant, and word-finally when followed by a nasal consonant
4390:
can also be used to indicate future occurrences with reference to the past. Here are a few examples of when the future tense uses
1420:
class words are similar to intransitive verbs in English, but with little lexical meaning. In Karo, adjectives are considered an
864:
361:
with a detailed explanation of Karo's three grammatical systems. He also has several papers on Karo on specific topics such as
5938:
5870:
3755:
personal clinic relating it to the subject clause. However, with intransitives, the reflexive and clitic are attached to the
2797:
nominals. It is the only form of nominalization in Karo that does not also utilize the non finite indicating gerund suffix
843:
6177:
2809:. This particle can also be used with the absolutive argument form of ‘to like’ to form actions. The nominalizing clitic
5879:
5176:
is that it also refers to nouns in noun phrases which is often written as . A good example is this one mentioned below;
4830:
When constructing these different particles, clauses are a large indicator of which particle can be used. The auxiliary
3051:
2438:
2427:. They have many similarities. Like all the inflectional suffixes, they can only join at the end of verb, auxiliary and
1437:
883:
260:
228:
5846:
5615:
Nimuendajú, Curt, “Reconhecimento dos rios Içána, Ayarí, e Uaupés, março a julho de 1927: Apontamentos linguísticos,”
1376:, etc. — Karo contains a total of nine word classes. Karo has a class of pronouns which include four different types:
831:
674:
6261:
6211:
956:
ward nasal spreading occurs when an oral vowel occurs between two nasal consonants. The vowel may then be nasalized:
5834:
1436:
and are a closed class though manner adverbials, which derive from adjectives and include numerals, are open class.
406:
the only language in the Ramaráma language family is Karo. It has been proposed that Karo and another Tupí language
904:
697:
563:
556:
5809:
Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna, Arnaldo Hauptmann, and Thekla Hartmann, "A CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO TRONCO LINGÜÍSTICO TUPÍ,"
255:
Unusually for the indigenous languages of South America in general and Tupian in particular, Ramarama is a fairly
6660:
6355:
6062:
5931:
5363:
is the future particle which is used to mark simple future exclusively in negative-interrogative clauses. Unlike
1020:
570:
2769:
Entire verbs, verb phrases, and clauses in Karo can be transformed into nouns through three manners: the suffix
6275:
3114:
1512:
1480:
suffix. In addition, the language contains only six derivational prefixes, five which have specific functions:
1421:
1063:
850:
714:
450:
354:
61:
6404:
6057:
4161:
is used for actions that happened a long time ago or past events that relate to myths. Below are examples of
998:
Syllables with high pitch, whether beginning with a voiced stop or not, are likewise automatically stressed:
6589:
598:
577:
6482:
6008:
2815:
works in conjunction with the absolutive argument of ‘to perceive’ to transform whole clauses into nouns.
2460:
2456:
2446:
1441:
1353:
467:
386:
78:
6625:
6464:
6289:
3059:
1385:
974:
If the final syllable's onset is one of the voiced consonants /b r g/, stress is shifted to the penult:
785:
663:
632:
625:
377:
a variety of cultural activities including feasts, ceremonies, and collections of common narratives and
6573:
6136:
5984:
5266:
also present in with the negative particle. Here, the future particle is present before the negative:
1424:, meaning they accepts the addition of any new words, and usually appear following the head noun in a
983:
Syllables with nasal nuclei, whether beginning with a voiced stop or not, are automatically stressed:
6543:
6534:
6428:
6409:
6390:
6240:
6052:
3125:
2428:
1445:
609:
1155:/p k/ voice to /b g/ in word-final codas if followed by an unstressed word-initial nasal consonant:
6579:
6492:
6470:
6452:
6414:
6328:
6152:
6047:
299:
6594:
1298:
1262:
1213:
1168:
1123:
1087:
6562:
6524:
6514:
6379:
6366:
6167:
6092:
5978:
5829:
Gabas Jr., Nilson, "Genetic relationship within the Ramaráma family of the Tupí stock (Brazil),"
5814:
5370:
2332:
1824:
1810:
1701:
1523:
1401:
1397:
1381:
1357:
641:
523:
518:
398:
159:
6502:
6458:
6399:
6029:
6019:
3058:
marking system for pronouns. Karo possesses a system made up of five distinct prefixes all with
337:
6567:
6323:
6309:
6283:
6220:
6201:
6105:
6087:
6072:
6067:
4378:
In this example, this particle is only used when describing incidents in the far past. Unlike
4118:
3136:
1593:
1534:
1413:
1361:
876:
765:
Nasal stops /m n ŋ/ surface as post-stopped nasals in the onsets of stressed oral syllables:
592:
538:
528:
407:
317:
256:
6584:
6508:
6476:
6318:
6268:
6234:
6229:
6185:
6161:
6122:
6014:
6002:
5994:
5962:
5954:
5854:
4867:
4585:
3987:
3852:
2721:
2640:
1581:
1405:
1377:
154:
3535:
3479:
3393:
2455:
only appears when one phrase has been moved into focus position. This suffix can appear as
1456:
Affixes form morphological processes. There are three inflectional suffixes exist in Karo:
6519:
6442:
6372:
6361:
6142:
6130:
6039:
6024:
5971:
3102:
2794:
1601:
1597:
1501:
1409:
753:
655:
619:
533:
402:
272:
264:
249:
146:
284:
6641:
6616:
6338:
6111:
3569:
1417:
1349:
789:
736:
366:
5561:
220:
17:
6654:
6348:
6298:
6077:
3752:
2362:
1589:
1547:
1389:
813:
550:
476:
440:
362:
87:
51:
5858:
4126:
735:"species of rodent". The palatal stop /c/ may be lenited to in all circumstances (
584:
460:
71:
5088:
is the second future marker in Karo which primarily focuses on the simple future.
5835:
http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/illa:vol1n6/illa_vol1n6_gabas.pdf
5847:
Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the Tupian linguistic family
3756:
2400:
1463:
1425:
1336:
The morphology of Karo consists of different morphological properties including
909:
888:
869:
836:
825:
808:
682:
295:
289:
233:
4968:
In these cases, the person of the subject of the future auxiliary, is omitted.
5518:
5489:
5484:
4805:
The future tense can be expressed using an auxiliary or one of two particles:
4122:
1585:
1337:
896:
818:
743:
2803:. These types of verbs can also be turned into place nouns with the particle
800:
Ramarama has a large vowel inventory, with seven oral and four nasal vowels:
6420:
4843:
3091:
2442:
1756:
1735:
1647:
1626:
1490:
1450:
1373:
858:
651:
370:
350:
345:
268:
213:
197:
5579:
Genetic relationship within the Ramaráma family of the Tupí stock (Brazil)
5423:
5300:
5128:
5045:
4910:
4688:
4571:
4559:
4478:
4278:
4203:
4121:
are characterized by unbound morphemes or syntactical constructions. Both
4061:
3998:
3901:
3862:
3800:
3609:
3485:
3399:
3314:
3251:
3184:
3021:
2954:
2737:
2657:
2598:
2507:
2304:
2266:
2114:
2078:
1988:
204:
1977:
1569:
726:
5818:
5419:
5406:
5187:
4684:
4671:
4465:
4419:
4195:
3918:
3897:
3835:
3790:
3773:
3703:
3586:
3447:
3434:
3388:
3356:
3303:
3286:
3240:
3219:
3173:
3156:
2983:
2914:
2904:
2859:
2711:
2630:
2575:
2483:
2299:
2260:
2069:
2025:
1588:
pronouns as well as the personal clitics. Personal pronouns are used in
5649:
4050:
4033:
2211:
2200:
1365:
545:
333:
5918:
5800:
Gabas, Jr., Nilson. 2001. Lexical choice in Karo narratives. Delta 17.
4846:
if the verb is intransitive and is omitted if the verb is transitive.
4836:
covers main actions or events and exists in separate clauses. Usually
3970:
2144:
2109:
349:
dissertation, a preliminary grammar of Karo which briefly covered the
6247:
1477:
1433:
1429:
1345:
1067:
358:
263:
word order. However, the language also displays complex processes of
127:
3708:
3659:
3604:
5923:
5392:
5330:
5248:
5215:
5191:
4747:
4423:
4331:
4055:
3992:
3451:
3360:
2029:
1432:, unlike adjectives, typically appear at the end or beginning of a
2148:
1341:
1070:). These processes affect the voiceless stops /p t k/ as follows:
3223:
2073:
332:
The earliest documentation of the Karo language was published by
1393:
1369:
378:
5927:
4074:
2701:
2669:
2565:
2526:
2236:
2187:
5439:
5316:
5231:
5144:
5041:
4906:
4567:
4474:
1396:
are their own class in Karo though they are not inflected for
729:
to in the onset of an unstressed syllable and after a vowel:
418:
29:
3928:
3016:
2931:
2876:
2831:
2159:
283:
The Arara people speak this language, also formally known as
4728:
4607:
4497:
4221:
5037:
4902:
4563:
4470:
4199:
3923:
3857:
3795:
3308:
3245:
3178:
2215:
775:-stopped nasals in the codas of stressed oral syllables:
5851:
Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas
1440:
form their own phrases and contribute to the sentence as
5646:
Endangered Language Archive at SOAS University of London
5008:
4873:
4589:
4448:
3724:
3664:
3541:
3002:
2950:
2918:
2863:
1568:. Lastly, compounding in Karo is quite popular and most
1033:"armadillo" may be represented phonetically as , while
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
4155:
refers to actions in the recent or simple past while
1301:
1265:
1216:
1171:
1126:
1090:
5872:
Estudo fonológico da língua karo (Arara de Rondônia)
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5659:
5657:
4374:‘It was grandfather who told (the story) long ago.’
6615:
6552:
6533:
6491:
6441:
6389:
6337:
6308:
6219:
6210:
6194:
6176:
6151:
6121:
6086:
6038:
5993:
5961:
5632:
Caixas do Sul: Universidade do Caixas do Sul, 2000.
5562:
https://www.eldp.net/en/our+projects/projects+list/
5373:
5364:
5358:
5261:
5171:
5089:
5083:
4954:
4948:
4837:
4831:
4822:
4812:
4806:
4792:
4786:
4655:
4649:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4251:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4150:
4144:
4138:
3130:
3119:
3108:
3096:
3085:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2450:
2432:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2347:
2339:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1913:
1899:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1861:
1829:
1815:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1773:
1761:
1747:
1740:
1706:
1692:
1685:
1671:
1664:
1652:
1638:
1631:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1541:
1528:
1517:
1506:
1495:
1484:
1471:
1457:
1315:
1291:
1279:
1255:
1230:
1206:
1185:
1161:
1140:
1116:
1104:
1080:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1005:
999:
990:
984:
975:
957:
944:
926:
776:
766:
757:
747:
730:
227:
211:
195:
190:
175:
143:
133:
123:
115:
109:
2793:takes transitive and intransitive verbs and yield
1307:
1271:
1222:
1177:
1132:
1096:
5644:“Documentation and Description of Karo, Brazil,”
3342:performing or experiencing that action or state.
746:in the onsets of non-initial stressed syllables:
466:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
77:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
4785:Here, the phrase “I took the vaccine” takes the
5589:Nimuendajú, Curt, “As Tribus do Alto Madeira.”
1004:"native, non-domesticated" surfaces as , while
771:"species of wasp". Conversely, they surface as
292:, which is in the central west part of Brazil.
259:language, with limited affixation and a strict
5602:Nimuendajú, Curt, “Wortlisten aus Amazonien.”
5541:The Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
788:/w j/ are nasalized before nasal vowels. The
5939:
5831:Indigenous languages of lowland South America
1202:vowel, /k/ still voices but /p/ changes to :
8:
5539:Moore, Denny. "Brazil: Language Situation".
3508:‘I put my baby to sleep, sleeping with it.’
1562:, a set of personal markers and nominalizer
5558:Endangered Language Documentation Programme
3422:‘My mother made me walk, walking with me.’
3050:Karo generally follows a relatively strict
27:Endangered Tupian language spoken in Brazil
6216:
6207:
6191:
5946:
5932:
5924:
4791:marker and “long ago” will fall under the
106:
1364:. Word classes contain morphemes such as
1300:
1264:
1215:
1170:
1125:
1089:
1019:Ramarama has a simple system of register
2617:‘It was there that I killed the snake.’
2465:
1838:
1715:
1606:
802:
512:
271:, and interaction between segmental and
5898:University of California, Santa Barbara
5617:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
5604:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
5591:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
5477:
5078:‘My son is going to kill a/the snake.’
357:of the language before focusing on the
4117:Tense in Karo is marked analytically.
3345:Examples of the comitative causative:
756:in the coda of a word-final syllable:
5919:Karo language documentation materials
5778:
5663:
5640:
5638:
5519:"Karo - Indigenous Peoples of Brazil"
4772:1SG 1SG=perforate-IND1 long X
174:
7:
5887:Gabas, Nilson Jr. (September 1999).
5650:http://elar.soas.ac.uk/desposit/0206
5573:
5571:
5569:
5552:
5550:
5534:
5532:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5502:
3575:Examples of the impersonal passive:
2449:. Conversely, the second indicative
1596:arguments of transitive verbs. The
5170:Another interesting feature about
3145:Examples of the simple causative:
742:The voiceless stops /p t c k/ are
456:for transliterated languages, and
436:of its non-English content, using
67:for transliterated languages, and
47:of its non-English content, using
25:
5630:Vocabulário Amondawa-Português, ,
5353:‘The big jaguar will not leave.’
4943:‘The big man is going to sleep.’
4531:‘I was going to bring my water.’
962:/anana/ "pineapple" may become .
908:
903:
887:
882:
875:
868:
863:
849:
842:
835:
830:
696:
687:
673:
662:
640:
631:
624:
608:
597:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
5890:A Grammar of Karo, Tupí (Brazil)
5467:‘Isn't he going to see it/him?’
4173:used in everyday Karo language.
1580:Below are tables listing of the
949:/ˈcẽrat/ "smooth" surfaces as .
423:
34:
5845:Ana Vilacy Galucio & al., “
4781:‘I took the vaccine long ago.’
1039:"head" may be represented as .
6666:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area
5859:10.1590/1981-81222015000200004
2756:‘A lot, he ate his own food.’
1302:
1266:
1217:
1172:
1127:
1091:
725:The voiced stops /b g/ may be
472:multilingual support templates
83:multilingual support templates
1:
5878:(MA thesis) (in Portuguese).
5260:In addition to noun phrases,
5166:‘The big jaguar will leave.’
4953:is attached to the verb with
4522:1SG.POSS water bring-GER 1SG=
2689:‘He ate his own food a lot.’
1048:"be fat" surfaces as , while
5880:State University of Campinas
3959:Examples of the reciprocal:
3747:‘It got quiet/calmed down.’
2818:Examples of nominalization:
2546:‘I killed the snake there.’
1308:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1272:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1223:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1178:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1133:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
1097:{\displaystyle \rightarrow }
5853:10, no. 2 (2015): 229-274.
4097:‘Did you beat each other?’
3885:‘He/it killed him/itself.’
3762:Examples of the reflexive:
1470:the second indicative, and
1249:preceded by a nasal vowel.
989:"bird" surfaces as , while
6682:
5869:Gabas, Nilson Jr. (1989).
4644:‘Dad was going to dance.’
4021:‘They killed each other.’
3041:‘I saw the rain falling.'
980:"eel" surfaces as , not *.
314:Indian Protection Services
6635:
6356:Paulista General Language
5813:12, no. 1/2 (1964): 103,
5523:Povos Indígenas No Brasil
5336:ameko cú yaʔwan nyat iʔke
4654:usually appearing before
4256:is used in the far past.
2750:big=ADVZ 3SG 3R=food eat-
2611:there LOC 1SG snake kill-
2605:təgana peʔ õn mãygãra wĩ-
2374:‘that (close to speaker)’
1954:Examples of pronoun use:
1943:
1919:
1907:
1888:
1860:
1854:
1844:
1828:
1800:
1788:
1769:
1739:
1731:
1721:
1691:
1679:
1660:
1630:
1622:
1612:
681:
650:
618:
544:
515:
403:Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues
114:
5628:Monserrat, Ruth Fonini,
3951:‘I am angry at myself.’
2441:position. It can appear
2382:‘that (close to hearer)’
2013:'Who/what did you see?’
5811:Revista De Antropologia
5495:(subscription required)
5374:
5365:
5359:
5262:
5172:
5090:
5084:
4955:
4949:
4838:
4832:
4823:
4813:
4807:
4793:
4787:
4656:
4650:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4252:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4139:
3207:‘I made it/him sleep.’
3131:
3120:
3109:
3097:
3086:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2451:
2433:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2348:
2340:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1914:
1900:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1862:
1830:
1816:
1802:
1795:
1781:
1774:
1762:
1748:
1741:
1707:
1693:
1686:
1672:
1665:
1653:
1639:
1632:
1608:Free personal pronouns
1564:
1558:
1552:
1542:
1529:
1518:
1507:
1496:
1485:
1472:
1458:
1316:
1292:
1280:
1256:
1231:
1207:
1186:
1162:
1141:
1117:
1105:
1081:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1006:
1000:
991:
985:
976:
958:
945:
927:
777:
767:
758:
748:
731:
381:among the Karo people.
267:alternation, segmental
116:
5346:jaguar big leave.IND1
5160:jaguar big leave.IND1
4362:grandfather 3IMP-tell
4080:kaʔto karorocapét ahyə
3944:1SG=be.angry-IND1 1SG=
3687:‘The meat got fried.’
3632:‘My tooth got dirty.’
3274:'She made me be fat.'
3062:affecting properties.
2744:cú=tem at to=wirup ʔo-
2445:after nasal vowels as
2390:‘that (far from both)’
1309:
1273:
1224:
1179:
1134:
1098:
18:Karo language (Brazil)
5593:XVII (1925): 137-172.
2974:‘I like to kill it.’
2895:‘My place to sleep.’
2286:'The jaguar saw me.'
1310:
1274:
1225:
1180:
1135:
1099:
5606:XXIV (1932): 93-119.
4396:and the auxiliaries
3415:1SG.POSS mother 1SG=
2463:after nasal vowels.
2459:after consonants or
2437:is used that are in
2177:‘ours (things), us’
1840:referential clitics
1717:Possessive pronouns
1502:comitative causative
1299:
1263:
1214:
1205:"one of the leaves"
1169:
1124:
1088:
995:"bone" surfaces as .
470:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
434:specify the language
432:This article should
81:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
45:specify the language
43:This article should
5619:44 (1955): 149-178.
5446:taykir at a?toy iga
5151:ameko cú yaʔwan yat
4240:shoot 1SG=AUX-IND1
3056:ergative-absolutive
3052:Subject-Object-Verb
1841:
1718:
1609:
6058:Gavião of Jiparaná
5369:examples uses the
5339:ameko cú yaʔwat-t
5256:‘My future house’
5154:ameko cú yaʔwat-t
4763:ōn o=pi-t məy mãm
4119:Analytic languages
3501:1SG 1SG.POSS baby
3115:impersonal passive
3034:1SG rain fall-GER
1839:
1716:
1607:
1540:The remaining one
1513:impersonal passive
1305:
1269:
1220:
1175:
1130:
1094:
1010:"egg" surfaces as
497:Syllable structure
265:morphophonological
6648:
6647:
6642:extinct languages
6611:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6432:
6423:
6292:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
5493:(18th ed., 2015)
5461:3SG 3SG=see-IND1
4636:3IMP=AUX.FUT-IND2
3744:-be.quiet cop-GER
3491:õn wat owẽ́ raken
2967:1SG 3SG=kill-GER
2762:
2761:
1952:
1951:
1837:
1836:
1714:
1713:
1442:oblique arguments
1362:fusional language
1356:. It is a mildly
1254:"my white belly"
1198:If followed by a
918:
917:
752:"deer". They are
711:
710:
702:⟨y⟩
494:
493:
474:may also be used.
239:
238:
105:
104:
85:may also be used.
16:(Redirected from
6673:
6661:Tupian languages
6426:
6419:
6288:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6217:
6208:
6192:
5955:Tupian languages
5948:
5941:
5934:
5925:
5917:ELAR archive of
5901:
5895:
5883:
5877:
5861:
5843:
5837:
5827:
5821:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5667:
5661:
5652:
5642:
5633:
5626:
5620:
5613:
5607:
5600:
5594:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5564:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5536:
5527:
5526:
5514:
5497:
5496:
5482:
5441:
5425:
5421:
5408:
5394:
5378:. For instance:
5377:
5368:
5362:
5332:
5318:
5302:
5265:
5250:
5233:
5217:
5193:
5189:
5175:
5146:
5130:
5093:
5087:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5010:
4958:
4952:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4875:
4869:
4841:
4835:
4826:
4816:
4810:
4796:
4790:
4754:ōn opit məy mãm
4749:
4730:
4690:
4686:
4673:
4660:. For instance:
4659:
4653:
4609:
4591:
4587:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4499:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4450:
4425:
4421:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4333:
4280:
4255:
4223:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4106:: 137–144 ": -->
4094:beat-IND1 INTERR
4076:
4063:
4057:
4052:
4035:
4000:
3994:
3989:
3972:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3903:
3899:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3837:
3823:‘I saw myself.’
3802:
3797:
3792:
3775:
3726:
3710:
3705:
3666:
3661:
3611:
3606:
3588:
3564:‘Walk the cat!’
3543:
3537:
3487:
3481:
3453:
3449:
3436:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3362:
3358:
3337:‘I emptied it.’
3316:
3310:
3305:
3288:
3253:
3247:
3242:
3225:
3221:
3186:
3180:
3175:
3158:
3134:
3123:
3112:
3100:
3089:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3023:
3018:
3004:
2985:
2956:
2952:
2933:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2878:
2865:
2861:
2833:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2739:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2671:
2659:
2642:
2632:
2600:
2577:
2567:
2528:
2509:
2485:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2436:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2351:
2343:
2306:
2301:
2268:
2262:
2238:
2217:
2213:
2202:
2189:
2161:
2150:
2146:
2116:
2111:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2031:
2027:
1990:
1979:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1917:
1903:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1865:
1842:
1833:
1819:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1777:
1765:
1751:
1744:
1719:
1710:
1696:
1689:
1675:
1668:
1656:
1642:
1635:
1610:
1567:
1561:
1556:, adverbializer
1555:
1545:
1532:
1521:
1510:
1499:
1491:simple causative
1488:
1475:
1461:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1295:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1259:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1210:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1165:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1120:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1084:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1009:
1003:
994:
988:
979:
961:
948:
930:
912:
907:
891:
886:
879:
872:
867:
853:
846:
839:
834:
803:
780:
770:
761:
751:
734:
703:
700:
691:
677:
666:
644:
635:
628:
612:
601:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
513:
489:
486:
480:
465:
459:
455:
449:
445:
439:
427:
426:
419:
401:family. In 1964
385:anthropologist,
353:, phonology and
244:, also known as
223:
207:
200:
149:
119:
107:
100:
97:
91:
76:
70:
66:
60:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6631:
6617:Proto-languages
6599:
6548:
6529:
6487:
6437:
6385:
6333:
6304:
6206:
6190:
6172:
6147:
6117:
6091:
6082:
6034:
5989:
5957:
5952:
5914:
5909:
5893:
5886:
5875:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5844:
5840:
5828:
5824:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5785:
5777:
5670:
5662:
5655:
5643:
5636:
5627:
5623:
5614:
5610:
5601:
5597:
5588:
5584:
5576:
5567:
5555:
5548:
5538:
5537:
5530:
5517:Gabas, Nilson.
5516:
5515:
5500:
5494:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5444:
5427:
5410:
5397:
5355:
5334:
5321:
5304:
5290:
5279:
5258:
5247:1SG.POSS house
5238:wat kaʔa ʔa yat
5236:
5219:
5206:
5195:
5168:
5149:
5132:
5118:
5107:
5080:
5072:snake kill-GER
5049:
5028:
5012:
4998:
4987:
4966:t’was (it was).
4962:y’all (you all)
4945:
4914:
4893:
4877:
4803:
4783:
4752:
4733:
4714:
4703:
4692:
4675:
4646:
4612:
4593:
4576:
4545:
4533:
4502:
4483:
4452:
4438:
4427:
4376:
4336:
4317:
4300:
4283:
4269:
4248:
4226:
4207:
4186:
4135:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4078:
4065:
4037:
4023:
4002:
3974:
3953:
3932:
3905:
3887:
3866:
3839:
3825:
3804:
3777:
3749:
3728:
3714:
3689:
3668:
3646:
3634:
3613:
3591:
3566:
3545:
3522:
3510:
3489:
3466:
3455:
3438:
3424:
3403:
3375:
3364:
3339:
3318:
3290:
3276:
3255:
3227:
3209:
3188:
3160:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3048:
3043:
3025:
3006:
2995:
2987:
2976:
2958:
2944:
2936:
2922:
2908:
2897:
2881:
2867:
2852:
2836:
2781:and the clitic
2775:, the particle
2767:
2758:
2742:
2726:
2715:
2705:
2691:
2682:3SG 3R=food eat
2673:
2662:
2645:
2634:
2619:
2603:
2587:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2548:
2530:
2520:
2512:
2495:
2487:
2472:2nd indicative
2469:1st indicative
2443:allomorphically
2403:Karo suffixes,
2397:
2359:
2329:
2324:
2308:
2288:
2270:
2250:
2241:
2219:
2205:
2191:
2179:
2163:
2153:
2134:
2118:
2098:
2082:
2058:
2042:
2034:
2015:
1993:
1982:
1968:
1578:
1350:nominalizations
1334:
1297:
1296:
1261:
1260:
1212:
1211:
1167:
1166:
1160:" bird's head"
1122:
1121:
1086:
1085:
1079:"the sun rose"
1060:
1017:
968:
937:
935:Nasal spreading
798:
723:
701:
508:
499:
490:
484:
481:
475:
463:
457:
453:
451:transliteration
447:
443:
437:
428:
424:
417:
395:
338:Curt Nimuendaju
330:
309:
281:
250:Tupian language
219:
203:
196:
171:
150:
147:Language family
145:
139:210 (2006)
136:
135:Native speakers
101:
95:
92:
86:
74:
68:
64:
62:transliteration
58:
54:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6621:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6506:
6498:
6496:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6480:
6473:
6468:
6461:
6456:
6448:
6446:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6433:
6424:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6396:
6394:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6376:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6352:
6344:
6342:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6232:
6226:
6224:
6214:
6205:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6189:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6178:Maweti–Guarani
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5913:
5912:External links
5910:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5896:(PhD thesis).
5884:
5863:
5862:
5838:
5833:(2000): 80-82,
5822:
5802:
5793:
5783:
5668:
5653:
5634:
5621:
5608:
5595:
5582:
5565:
5546:
5528:
5498:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5428:
5411:
5398:
5381:
5380:
5322:
5305:
5291:
5280:
5269:
5268:
5220:
5207:
5196:
5179:
5178:
5133:
5119:
5108:
5097:
5096:
5063:mãygãra wɪ̃-a
5029:
5013:
4999:
4988:
4971:
4970:
4894:
4878:
4852:
4851:
4821:The auxiliary
4802:
4799:
4734:
4715:
4704:
4693:
4676:
4663:
4662:
4594:
4577:
4546:
4535:
4534:
4513:wat icɨ ʔat-a
4484:
4453:
4439:
4428:
4411:
4410:
4318:
4301:
4284:
4270:
4259:
4258:
4208:
4187:
4176:
4175:
4134:
4131:
4103:
4100:
4066:
4038:
4025:
4024:
3975:
3962:
3961:
3934:owakán omãmkəy
3906:
3889:
3888:
3840:
3827:
3826:
3778:
3765:
3764:
3715:
3691:
3690:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3629:-be.dirty.IND1
3592:
3578:
3577:
3523:
3512:
3511:
3467:
3456:
3439:
3426:
3425:
3405:wat owã orakət
3376:
3365:
3348:
3347:
3291:
3278:
3277:
3228:
3211:
3210:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3117:
3106:
3094:
3070:: 63–71 ": -->
3067:
3064:
3047:
3044:
3027:õn amɑan at-a
3007:
2996:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2945:
2937:
2923:
2909:
2899:
2898:
2889:1SG=sleep-GER
2868:
2854:
2853:
2821:
2820:
2766:
2765:Nominalization
2763:
2760:
2759:
2727:
2716:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2675:at to=wirup ʔo
2663:
2646:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2588:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2539:1SG snake kill
2532:õn mãygãra wĩ-
2521:
2513:
2496:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2361:There are the
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2331:There are the
2328:
2325:
2290:
2289:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2206:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2154:
2136:
2135:
2132:‘They cried.’
2100:
2099:
2060:
2059:
2035:
2017:
2016:
1983:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1577:
1574:
1538:
1537:
1526:
1515:
1504:
1493:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1304:
1290:" bee's head"
1288:
1268:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1219:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1174:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1129:
1113:
1093:
1059:
1056:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
996:
981:
967:
964:
936:
933:
916:
915:
913:
901:
899:
893:
892:
880:
873:
861:
855:
854:
847:
840:
828:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
797:
794:
737:free variation
722:
719:
709:
708:
706:
704:
694:
692:
685:
679:
678:
671:
669:
667:
660:
658:
648:
647:
645:
638:
636:
629:
622:
616:
615:
613:
606:
604:
602:
595:
589:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
548:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
507:
504:
498:
495:
492:
491:
431:
429:
422:
416:
413:
394:
393:Classification
391:
367:lexical choice
329:
326:
308:
305:
280:
277:
273:suprasegmental
237:
236:
231:
225:
224:
217:
209:
208:
201:
193:
192:
191:Language codes
188:
187:
186:
185:
182:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
168:
167:
153:
151:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
124:Native to
121:
120:
112:
111:
103:
102:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6678:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6643:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6490:
6484:
6483:Xingu Asurini
6481:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6277:
6276:West Bolivian
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6255:East Bolivian
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:Aweti–Guarani
6193:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6063:Guariba Arára
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5944:
5942:
5937:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5899:
5892:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5478:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5417:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5267:
5264:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5241:wat kaʔa ʔaʔ
5239:
5235:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5210:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5194:
5185:
5182:
5177:
5174:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5092:
5086:
5082:Furthermore,
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5054:mãygãra wɪ̃a
5053:
5048:
5035:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4913:
4900:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4789:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4638:3R=dance-GER
4637:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4504:war icɨ ʔara
4501:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4206:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4004:tap toroyapít
4001:
3996:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3895:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:coreferential
3748:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:cĩm memaʔwaba
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:ungrammatical
3565:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3217:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2971:like COP-IND1
2970:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:. The suffix
2785:
2779:
2773:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2453:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:demonstrative
2357:Demonstrative
2356:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:interrogative
2327:Interrogative
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2097:
2096:‘She cried.’
2094:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Postpositions
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:demonstrative
1387:
1386:interrogative
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1119:
1115:" ugly song"
1114:
1111:
1109:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1008:
1002:
997:
993:
987:
982:
978:
973:
972:
971:
965:
963:
960:
955:
950:
947:
940:
934:
932:
929:
922:
914:
911:
906:
902:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
885:
881:
878:
874:
871:
866:
862:
860:
857:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:
833:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
804:
801:
795:
793:
791:
787:
782:
779:
774:
769:
763:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
738:
733:
728:
720:
718:
716:
707:
705:
699:
695:
693:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
670:
668:
665:
661:
659:
657:
653:
649:
646:
643:
639:
637:
634:
630:
627:
623:
621:
617:
614:
611:
607:
605:
603:
600:
596:
594:
591:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
572:
568:
565:
561:
558:
554:
552:
549:
547:
543:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
514:
511:
505:
503:
496:
488:
478:
473:
469:
462:
452:
442:
435:
430:
421:
420:
414:
412:
409:
404:
400:
392:
390:
388:
382:
380:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
342:
339:
336:ethnographer
335:
328:Documentation
327:
325:
321:
319:
315:
306:
304:
301:
297:
293:
291:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
235:
234:Karo (Brazil)
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
216:
215:
210:
206:
202:
199:
194:
189:
183:
180:
179:
178:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
156:
152:
148:
142:
138:
132:
129:
126:
122:
118:
113:
108:
99:
89:
84:
80:
73:
63:
53:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6637:
6626:Proto-Tupian
6624:
6580:Urubu–Kaapor
6572:
6501:
6475:
6465:Ararandewara
6463:
6451:
6427:
6405:Avá-Canoeiro
6378:
6371:
6354:
6347:
6297:
6290:Pai Tavytera
6212:Tupi–Guarani
6160:
6135:
6110:
6100:
6007:
5977:
5970:
5905:
5889:
5871:
5850:
5841:
5830:
5825:
5810:
5805:
5796:
5786:
5645:
5629:
5624:
5616:
5611:
5603:
5598:
5590:
5585:
5578:
5557:
5540:
5522:
5488:
5480:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5452:at a?=top-t
5449:
5448:
5445:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5345:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5081:
5077:
5075:AUX.FUT-IND1
5073:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4961:
4946:
4942:
4940:AUX.FUT-IND1
4938:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4829:
4818:
4817:respectively
4804:
4801:Future Tense
4784:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4628:to=penaop-a
4625:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4524:AUX.FUT-IND1
4523:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4136:
4116:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3737:-kahmōm nã-a
3734:
3732:
3730:abegahmōm nã
3729:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3615:oyãy bemeŋãn
3614:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3494:õn wat owẽ́
3493:
3490:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3268:
3267:3SG.FEM 1SG=
3266:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3080:
3049:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2913:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2768:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2398:
2360:
2330:
2322:'He slept.'
2321:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2239:) are sad.’
2234:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2221:caropap=tem
2220:
2210:
2207:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1579:
1539:
1467:
1455:
1416:categories.
1414:intransitive
1338:word classes
1335:
1318:
1282:
1246:
1233:
1199:
1188:
1143:
1107:
1064:assimilation
1061:
1041:
1024:
1021:pitch accent
1018:
969:
953:
952:An optional
951:
941:
938:
923:
919:
799:
786:approximants
783:
781:"to sleep".
772:
764:
741:
724:
712:
509:
500:
482:
468:ISO 639 code
464:}}
458:{{
454:}}
448:{{
444:}}
438:{{
433:
396:
387:Lévi-Strauss
383:
375:
343:
331:
322:
310:
294:
282:
254:
245:
241:
240:
212:
164:
93:
79:ISO 639 code
75:}}
69:{{
65:}}
59:{{
55:}}
49:{{
44:
6590:Wayampipukú
6053:Cinta Larga
5577:Gabas Jr.,
4687:=perforate-
4582:to=penaop-a
4350:toto obetõ
4338:toto obetõ
4267:grandfather
4234:púŋ o=ʔe-t
4087:capé-t ahyə
4083:kaʔto karo=
4040:karorocapét
3937:o=waká-n o=
3868:at tomãmwĩn
3271:be.fat-IND1
3257:ŋa omacopɨn
3090:the simple
2960:õn aʔ=wĩ-a
2421:and (IND2)
2395:Indicatives
2344:‘who, what’
2319:=sleep-IND1
2183:caropap=tem
2056:‘My house’
1941:impersonal
1908:3rd person
1889:2nd person
1855:1st person
1789:3rd person
1770:2nd person
1732:1st person
1680:3rd person
1661:2nd person
1623:1st person
1426:noun phrase
1354:compounding
683:Approximant
363:evidentials
296:Denny Moore
275:phonology.
252:of Brazil.
6655:Categories
6511:(Jau-Navo)
6415:Tenetehara
6391:Tenetehara
6269:Paraguayan
6009:Kepkiriwát
5779:Gabas 1999
5664:Gabas 1989
5543:: 117–128.
5490:Ethnologue
5472:References
4937:sleep-GER
4618:towenaoba
4246:‘I shot.’
4133:Past Tense
3900:=be.angry-
3882:-kill-IND1
3806:õn omãmnoy
3625:1SG=tooth
3608:-be.dirty.
3547:cãn nakəga
3505:sleep-IND1
3408:wat owã o=
3334:empty-IND1
3320:õn amapəri
3204:sleep-IND1
3126:reciprocal
3103:comitative
2964:yaʔti nã-n
2536:təgana peʔ
2401:indicative
2365:pronouns:
2335:pronouns:
1877:inclusive
1858:exclusive
1825:impersonal
1598:absolutive
1586:possessive
1524:reciprocal
1464:indicative
1462:the first
1451:ideophones
1422:open class
1410:transitive
1382:possessive
1374:adjectives
1332:Morphology
1163:wakak naká
762:"peanut".
754:unreleased
506:Consonants
371:narratives
355:morphology
300:Portuguese
6640:indicate
6574:Takunyapé
6563:Emerillon
6525:Uru-Pa-In
6515:Kagwahiva
6421:Guajajara
6380:Potiguara
6367:Nheengatu
6168:Munduruku
6153:Munduruku
6137:Maritsauá
5985:Karitiâna
5979:Kabixiana
4844:proclitic
4579:towenaoba
4102:Semantics
4018:kill-IND1
3977:toroyapít
3820:-see-IND1
3712:-be.quiet
3693:abegahmōm
3677:-maʔwap-a
3655:-maʔwap-a
3649:memaʔwaba
3419:walk-IND1
3190:õn amaken
3137:reflexive
3105:causative
3092:causative
3038:=see-IND1
2844:{to eat}-
2543:there LOC
2228:sad=ADVZ
2225:karo=kõna
2208:karo=kõna
2129:=cry-IND1
2093:=cry-IND1
1929:feminine
1847:singular
1757:inclusive
1736:exclusive
1724:Singular
1648:inclusive
1627:exclusive
1615:Singular
1535:reflexive
1446:Particles
1418:Auxiliary
1358:synthetic
1303:→
1267:→
1257:o=kuŋ kɨt
1218:→
1208:naʔyop nõ
1173:→
1128:→
1118:óra pecép
1092:→
1082:cawap wɨy
744:geminated
721:Allophony
715:rhotacism
652:Fricative
551:Voiceless
485:June 2021
415:Phonology
351:phonetics
346:phonology
269:allophony
214:Glottolog
198:ISO 639-3
6554:Northern
6544:Kamayurá
6535:Kamayurá
6509:Karipuna
6429:Turiwára
6410:Tapirapé
6349:Old Tupi
6324:Pauserna
6106:Puruborá
6093:Ramarama
6088:Puruborá
5819:41615767
5560:online,
5556:“Karo.”
5416:a?=top-t
5371:negative
5366:yat, iga
5357:Lastly,
5296:yaʔwat-t
5124:yaʔwat-t
4808:kap, yat
4797:marker.
4626:i=kap=ap
4554:i=kap=ap
4367:X
4364:long.ago
4297:long.ago
4228:púŋ wet
4090:2PL 2PL=
3894:o=waká-n
3842:tomãmwĩn
3816:1SG 1SG=
3759:marker.
3684:-fry-GER
3561:walk-GER
3330:1SG 3SG=
3327:-pərəp=t
3300:-pərəp=t
3230:omacopɨn
3200:1SG 3SG=
2883:o=ker-a
2850:‘eater’
2795:agentive
2718:to=wirup
2686:big=ADVZ
2637:to=wirup
2399:The two
2283:see-IND1
2232:2PL=EMPH
2172:1PL.INCL
2051:1SG.POSS
2010:3IMP=see
1811:feminine
1702:feminine
1590:ergative
1582:personal
1576:Pronouns
1570:morpheme
1548:optative
1378:personal
1366:pronouns
1293:nãp naká
1200:stressed
524:Alveolar
519:Bilabial
408:Puruborá
399:Ramaráma
290:Rondônia
257:analytic
242:Ramarama
221:karo1305
176:Dialects
160:Ramarama
117:Ramarama
96:May 2020
6638:Italics
6585:Wayampi
6493:Kawahíb
6471:Araweté
6453:Amanayé
6329:Sirionó
6319:Guarayu
6310:Guarayu
6241:Chiripá
6235:Guarani
6221:Guarani
6162:Kuruaya
6048:Aruáshi
6015:Makurap
6003:Akuntsu
4993:mãygãra
4990:mãygãra
4634:Father
4588:=dance-
4515:o=kap-t
4461:o=kap-t
4014:3PL 3R-
4007:tap to=
3908:omãmkəy
3878:3SG 3R=
3780:omãmnoy
3700:-kahmōm
3622:-meŋã-n
3600:-meŋã-n
3594:bemeŋãn
3293:amapəri
3264:copɨt-t
3250:be.fat-
3237:copɨt-t
3066:Valency
3060:valency
2911:aʔ=wĩ-a
2862:=sleep-
2856:o=ker-a
2829:to eat-
2582:mãygãra
2490:mãygãra
2352:‘which’
2349:kɨgomət
2303:=sleep-
2279:jaguar
2123:=peri-t
2105:=peri-t
2091:3SG.FEM
1850:plural
1782:karowat
1727:Plural
1618:Plural
1594:subject
1430:Adverbs
1346:clitics
1342:affixes
1025:without
928:mãygãra
814:Central
727:lenited
546:Plosive
539:Glottal
529:Palatal
477:See why
307:History
279:Setting
248:, is a
88:See why
6556:(VIII)
6520:Kayabi
6503:Apiaká
6459:Anambé
6400:Akwáwa
6373:Omagua
6362:Cocama
6248:Jopara
6143:Xipaya
6131:Juruna
6123:Yuruna
6030:Wayoró
6025:Tupari
6020:Mekens
5995:Tupari
5972:Arikem
5963:Arikem
5817:
5450:taykir
5387:taykir
5383:taykir
5375:taykit
5299:leave.
5293:yaʔwan
5277:jaguar
5127:leave.
5121:yaʔwan
5105:jaguar
5025:child]
4947:Here,
4928:ket-a
4872:sleep-
4811:, and
4681:o=pi-t
4543:Father
4447:bring-
4192:o=ʔe-t
4127:future
4075:INTERR
4047:capé-t
4011:yapí-t
3984:yapí-t
3891:owakán
3871:at to=
3861:-kill-
3813:-top-t
3787:-top-t
3757:dative
3618:o=yãy
3589:=tooth
3525:nakəga
3484:sleep-
3378:orakət
3373:mother
3323:õn aʔ=
3313:empty-
3193:õn aʔ=
3183:sleep-
3163:amaken
3046:Syntax
3031:=top-t
3012:=top-t
2917:=kill-
2697:cú=tem
2679:cú-tem
2665:cú-tem
2554:təgana
2515:təgana
2429:copula
2313:=ken-t
2295:=ken-t
2272:ameko
2248:jaguar
2235:‘You (
1602:object
1546:is an
1478:gerund
1434:clause
1402:gender
1398:number
1388:, and
1352:, and
1068:sandhi
1058:Sandhi
1030:parato
966:Stress
796:Vowels
593:Voiced
359:syntax
334:German
318:Gavião
155:Tupian
128:Brazil
6568:Guajá
6537:(VII)
6443:Xingu
6341:(III)
6284:Kaiwá
6202:Awetï
6112:Urumi
6073:Suruí
6068:Mondé
6040:Mondé
5894:(PDF)
5876:(PDF)
5815:JSTOR
5791:UFPA.
5422:=see-
5413:a?toy
5274:ameko
5271:ameko
5249:CL.RD
5216:CL.RD
5204:house
5102:ameko
5099:ameko
5066:kap-t
5034:kap-t
5007:kill-
5004:wɪ̃-a
4996:snake
4931:kap-t
4919:kera
4899:kap-t
4863:ket-a
4777:RPAST
4748:RPAST
4624:iyõm
4614:iyõm
4444:ʔat-a
4436:water
4370:RPAST
4332:RPAST
4281:-tell
4275:obetõ
4272:obetõ
4184:shoot
4060:beat-
4043:karo=
4030:kaʔto
4027:kaʔto
3997:kill-
3875:-wĩ-n
3849:-wĩ-n
3809:õn o=
3799:-see-
3742:IPASS
3709:IPASS
3682:IPASS
3680:meat
3663:-fry-
3660:IPASS
3627:IPASS
3605:IPASS
3583:o=yãy
3554:kək-a
3540:walk-
3531:kək-a
3498:ket-t
3475:ket-t
3469:raken
3398:walk-
3332:CAUS-
3269:CAUS-
3260:ŋa o=
3202:CAUS-
3197:ket-t
3170:ket-t
3020:=see-
3001:fall-
2990:amɑan
2939:yaʔti
2724:=food
2684:-IND1
2643:=food
2596:kill-
2585:snake
2557:there
2541:-IND1
2518:there
2493:snake
2457:/-ap/
2387:yeket
2276:top-t
2256:top-t
2245:ameko
2223:kaʔto
2195:kaʔto
2174:ASSOC
2160:ASSOC
2113:=cry-
2087:=wé-t
2077:=cry-
2065:=wé-t
2053:house
2040:house
2001:i=top
1985:i=top
1901:karo=
1803:tabat
1763:iʔyat
1749:teʔet
1673:kaʔto
1600:, or
1553:=to ʔ
1543:pe ʔ-
1530:mã m-
1394:Nouns
1370:verbs
1281:okuŋ
1232:naʔyo
1045:káwan
959:anana
946:cẽrat
809:Front
768:naʔmi
759:makap
656:Trill
620:Nasal
534:Velar
379:myths
285:Arara
184:Uruku
181:Arara
6595:Zo'é
6495:(VI)
6477:Aurá
6393:(IV)
6339:Tupi
6312:(II)
6299:Xeta
6262:Mbyá
6230:Aché
6186:Mawé
6101:Karo
6078:Zoro
5485:Karo
5424:IND1
5343:iʔke
5327:iʔke
5324:iʔke
5307:nyat
5301:IND1
5201:kaʔa
5198:kaʔa
5192:POSS
5129:IND1
5046:IND1
5020:owẽ]
5001:wɪ̃a
4964:and
4911:IND1
4890:big]
4857:kera
4774:PAST
4729:PAST
4701:long
4689:IND1
4678:opit
4640:PAST
4616:ikap
4608:PAST
4572:IND2
4560:3IMP
4549:ikap
4540:iyõm
4537:iyõm
4527:PAST
4506:okay
4498:PAST
4479:IND1
4456:okay
4441:ʔara
4424:POSS
4402:and
4279:3IMP
4264:toto
4261:toto
4242:PAST
4222:PAST
4204:IND1
4167:and
4143:and
4125:and
4123:past
4108:edit
4092:REC-
4071:ahyə
4068:ahyə
4062:IND1
4016:REC-
3999:IND1
3948:-DAT
3946:REFL
3941:-kəy
3924:REFL
3915:-kəy
3902:IND1
3880:REFL
3863:IND1
3858:REFL
3818:REFL
3801:IND1
3796:REFL
3740:3SG=
3723:cop-
3720:nã-a
3673:cĩm
3644:meat
3610:IND1
3580:oyãy
3559:COM-
3557:cat
3550:cãn
3503:COM-
3486:IND1
3464:baby
3461:owẽ́
3458:owẽ́
3452:POSS
3417:COM-
3412:kə-t
3400:IND1
3385:kə-t
3361:POSS
3315:IND1
3309:CAUS
3252:IND1
3246:CAUS
3185:IND1
3179:CAUS
3135:the
3132:mãm-
3124:the
3113:the
3101:the
3072:edit
3036:NOMZ
3022:IND1
3017:NOMZ
2998:at-a
2993:rain
2969:NOMZ
2962:kanã
2955:IND1
2947:nã-n
2942:like
2932:NOMZ
2926:kanã
2891:NOMZ
2885:kanã
2877:NOMZ
2871:kanã
2846:NOMZ
2832:NOMZ
2806:kanã
2778:kanã
2752:IND2
2738:IND2
2735:eat-
2702:ADVZ
2700:big=
2670:ADVZ
2668:big=
2658:IND1
2613:IND2
2599:IND2
2508:IND1
2504:kill
2461:/-m/
2447:/-n/
2305:IND1
2281:1SG=
2267:IND1
2265:see-
2216:EMPH
2188:ADVZ
2186:sad=
2166:iʔtə
2149:INCL
2139:iʔtə
2115:IND1
2079:IND1
2047:kaʔa
2037:kaʔa
2030:POSS
1991:=see
1989:3IMP
1922:tap=
1831:yat=
1817:ŋaat
1654:iʔtə
1584:and
1559:=tem
1533:the
1522:the
1511:the
1500:the
1489:the
1476:the
1412:and
1406:case
1321:naká
1191:naká
1187:waga
1146:ecép
1142:óra
1106:cawa
1051:yaba
1036:naká
1015:Tone
1007:yogá
1001:wíup
992:cigã
977:yogo
826:High
819:Back
784:The
732:yaba
441:lang
365:and
246:Karo
165:Karo
110:Karo
52:lang
6445:(V)
6223:(I)
5855:doi
5849:,”
5487:at
5463:FUT
5459:NEG
5454:iga
5440:FUT
5434:iga
5430:iga
5420:3SG
5407:3SG
5393:NEG
5360:iga
5350:NEG
5348:FUT
5341:yat
5331:NEG
5317:FUT
5311:yat
5288:big
5263:yat
5252:FUT
5243:yat
5232:FUT
5226:yat
5222:yat
5212:ʔaʔ
5188:1SG
5184:wat
5181:wat
5173:yat
5162:FUT
5156:yat
5145:FUT
5139:yat
5135:yat
5116:big
5091:Yat
5085:yat
5070:(ø)
5061:(ø)
5057:kay
5052:(ø)
5042:FUT
5038:AUX
5031:kay
5009:GER
4984:(ø)
4979:(ø)
4974:(ø)
4956:kay
4935:3R=
4926:to=
4922:kay
4907:FUT
4903:AUX
4896:kay
4885:cú]
4874:GER
4861:to=
4839:kap
4833:kap
4824:kap
4814:iga
4794:kán
4768:kán
4759:kán
4742:kán
4737:kán
4709:mãm
4706:mãm
4698:məy
4695:məy
4685:1SG
4672:1SG
4657:kán
4590:GER
4568:FUT
4564:AUX
4475:FUT
4471:AUX
4466:1SG
4449:GER
4433:icɨ
4430:icɨ
4420:1SG
4416:wat
4413:war
4405:yat
4399:kap
4381:kán
4358:kán
4355:mãm
4352:mɫy
4346:ŋán
4343:mãm
4340:mɨy
4326:kán
4321:ŋán
4309:mãm
4304:mãm
4292:mɫy
4287:mɨy
4253:kán
4200:AUX
4196:1SG
4189:wet
4181:púŋ
4178:púŋ
4170:kán
4158:kán
4146:kán
4085:ro-
4056:REC
4051:2PL
4045:ro-
4034:2PL
4009:ro-
3993:REC
3982:ro-
3980:to=
3971:3PL
3967:tap
3964:tap
3939:mãm
3929:DAT
3919:1SG
3913:mãm
3898:1SG
3873:mãm
3847:mãm
3845:to=
3836:3SG
3811:mãm
3791:1SG
3785:mãm
3774:1SG
3733:aʔ=
3725:GER
3704:3SG
3696:aʔ=
3665:GER
3641:cĩm
3638:cĩm
3587:1SG
3552:ta-
3542:GER
3536:COM
3529:ta-
3520:cat
3517:cãn
3514:cãn
3496:ta-
3480:COM
3473:ta-
3448:1SG
3444:wat
3441:wat
3435:1SG
3410:ta-
3394:COM
3389:1SG
3383:ta-
3370:owã
3367:owã
3357:1SG
3353:wat
3350:wat
3304:3SG
3296:aʔ=
3287:1SG
3262:ma-
3241:1SG
3235:ma-
3224:FEM
3220:3SG
3195:ma-
3174:3SG
3168:ma-
3166:aʔ=
3157:1SG
3121:to-
3110:pe-
3098:ta-
3087:ma-
3003:GER
2984:1SG
2951:COP
2919:GER
2915:3SG
2905:1SG
2864:GER
2860:1SG
2838:ʔo-
2823:ʔo-
2812:ko=
2790:-ap
2784:ko=
2772:-ap
2729:ʔo-
2712:3SG
2654:eat
2631:3SG
2590:wĩ-
2576:1SG
2566:LOC
2562:peʔ
2527:LOC
2523:peʔ
2498:wĩ-
2484:1SG
2439:SOV
2379:tət
2371:yét
2341:nãn
2317:3SG
2300:3SG
2261:1SG
2230:2PL
2212:2PL
2201:2PL
2168:tap
2156:tap
2145:1PL
2127:3PL
2121:tap
2110:3PL
2103:tap
2074:FEM
2070:3SG
2045:wat
2026:1SG
2020:wat
2008:2SG
2005:who
1996:nãn
1978:2SG
1965:who
1960:nãn
1934:ŋa=
1915:aʔ=
1882:iʔ=
1870:té=
1742:wat
1694:tap
1592:or
1565:ko=
1519:to-
1508:pe-
1497:ta-
1486:ma-
1404:or
1247:and
1110:wɨy
986:ĩya
897:Low
859:Mid
790:tap
778:ken
773:pre
749:itɨ
739:).
461:IPA
369:in
261:SOV
229:ELP
205:arr
72:IPA
6657::
5671:^
5656:^
5648:,
5637:^
5568:^
5549:^
5531:^
5521:.
5501:^
5403:at
5400:at
5285:cú
5282:cú
5209:ʔa
5113:cú
5110:cú
4950:to
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