2047:
963:
646:
109:
131:
981:
969:
2104:
974:
341:, Russia). The members are some of the oldest known salamanders. The family is united by several morphological characters, including sculptured skull roof bones. Like some modern salamanders, karaurids were
444:
Skutschas, P.; Kolchanov, V.; Anpilogova, E.; Parakhin, I.; Averianov, A.; Jones, M. (2023). "The last of them? A new relic karaurid stem salamander from the Lower
Cretaceous of Western Siberia, Russia".
516:
Marjanović, D. & Laurin, M. (2014). "An updated paleontological timetree of lissamphibians, with comments on the anatomy of
Jurassic crown-group salamanders (Urodela)".
2088:
1993:
2148:
592:
Skutschas, Pavel P.; Kolchanov, Veniamin V.; Averianov, Alexander O.; Schellhorn, Rico; Kolosov, Petr N.; Jones, Marc E.H.; Martin, Thomas (December 2023).
561:"Cranial anatomy of the stem salamander Kokartus honorarius (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Middle Jurassic of Kyrgyzstan: Skull of Jurassic Stem Salamander"
377:
Jones, Marc E. H.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Skutschas, Pavel; Hill, Lucy; Panciroli, Elsa; Schmitt, Armin D.; Walsh, Stig A.; Evans, Susan E. (2022-07-11).
1980:
2167:
636:
679:
2187:
2172:
2081:
2141:
2182:
2197:
2074:
962:
2134:
2177:
980:
130:
1420:
672:
2192:
1908:
770:
828:
316:
474:"Amphibians from the Middle Jurassic Balabansai Svita in the Fergana Depression, Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia)"
1925:
801:
968:
2046:
2019:
665:
973:
472:
Averianov, Alexander O.; Martin, Thomas; Skutschas, P. P.; Rezvyi, A. S. & Bakirov, A. A. (2008).
1967:
1626:
1315:
607:
525:
488:
390:
351:
306:
1704:
651:
320:
595:"The northernmost occurrence of non-karaurid salamanders (Lissamphibia, Caudata) in the Mesozoic"
594:
541:
125:
2024:
1683:
325:
231:
108:
2006:
1713:
1054:
991:
902:
426:
408:
2118:
2058:
2011:
1998:
1616:
1212:
1205:
1191:
615:
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533:
496:
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416:
398:
266:
117:
1842:
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1519:
1086:
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947:
755:
346:
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262:
611:
529:
492:
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1512:
1487:
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1144:
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378:
334:
473:
2161:
1822:
1727:
1720:
1690:
1533:
1526:
1441:
1308:
1301:
919:
786:
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311:
296:
238:
66:
545:
1498:
1452:
1322:
1294:
1262:
1165:
1023:
912:
874:
840:
721:
688:
270:
619:
1948:
537:
1748:
1473:
1427:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1343:
1158:
1107:
940:
933:
41:
2054:
1832:
1759:
1636:
1374:
1248:
1223:
1114:
1013:
641:
278:
274:
254:
86:
51:
32:
458:
412:
2103:
1852:
1788:
1574:
1540:
1466:
1434:
1332:
1181:
1130:
1067:
926:
403:
172:
142:
91:
430:
2111:
1959:
1942:
1734:
1676:
1669:
1480:
1367:
739:
712:
379:"Middle Jurassic fossils document an early stage in salamander evolution"
301:
291:
289:) and Western Europe (United Kingdom). The family includes four members:
224:
217:
162:
81:
76:
61:
56:
46:
28:
1985:
1592:
1360:
1269:
1237:
1100:
342:
282:
258:
185:
96:
71:
2114:
1646:
706:
330:
286:
152:
1919:
1972:
1863:
1923:
699:
661:
657:
637:
Tetrapod
Zoology article on Karaurids and other early Caudatans
349:
on small fish and invertebrates. The Early
Cretaceous Siberian
2122:
2062:
355:
has been suggested to be a karaurid by some authors.
1848:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1701:
1657:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1356:
1328:
1050:
1039:
1029:
1019:
1009:
899:
1932:
1862:
1787:
1758:
1700:
1656:
1591:
1570:
1497:
1451:
1384:
1342:
1279:
1247:
1222:
1190:
1179:
1143:
1128:
1085:
1065:
989:
898:
839:
812:
781:
754:
593:
559:Skutschas, Pavel; Martin, Thomas (April 2011).
383:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2142:
2082:
673:
8:
2149:
2135:
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1920:
1801:
1605:
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1567:
1187:
1140:
1136:
1082:
1078:
1002:
895:
891:
818:
791:
760:
751:
696:
680:
666:
658:
107:
20:
576:
565:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
500:
420:
402:
364:
345:. Members of the family likely fed via
7:
2100:
2098:
2043:
2041:
372:
370:
368:
299:Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan,
2121:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
2061:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
14:
2053:This article about a prehistoric
2102:
2045:
979:
972:
967:
961:
644:
578:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00663.x
502:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00748.x
129:
2168:Prehistoric amphibian families
1:
1227:(Northeast Indian caecilians)
620:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105686
1090:(American tailed caecilians)
538:10.1080/08912963.2013.797972
16:Extinct family of amphibians
2188:Prehistoric amphibian stubs
2173:Bathonian first appearances
1502:(South American caecilians)
329:from the Early Cretaceous (
253:are a family of stem-group
2214:
2110:This article related to a
2097:
2040:
261:) that are known from the
1903:
1804:
1763:(salamanders crown group)
1608:
1566:
1389:(Indo-African caecilians)
1148:(Asian tailed caecilians)
1139:
1081:
1005:
959:
894:
890:
871:
821:
794:
763:
750:
695:
447:Biological Communications
315:from the Middle Jurassic
305:from the Middle Jurassic
213:
208:
126:Scientific classification
124:
115:
106:
23:
1909:List of amphibian genera
1456:(Neotropical caecilians)
1195:(buried-eyed caecilians)
1071:(caecilians crown group)
995:(caecilians total group)
459:10.21638/spbu03.2023.402
404:10.1073/pnas.2114100119
317:Forest Marble Formation
2183:Taxa described in 1978
1878:several hundred genera
2198:Jurassic animal stubs
2020:Paleobiology Database
1579:(salamanders + frogs
1284:(aquatic caecilians)
1252:(African caecilians)
307:Balabansai Formation
1867:(frogs crown group)
1705:Batrachosauroididae
1347:(common caecilians)
652:Paleontology portal
612:2023CrRes.15205686S
600:Cretaceous Research
530:2014HBio...26..535M
493:2008Palgy..51..471A
395:2022PNAS..11914100J
389:(30): e2114100119.
321:Kilmaluag Formation
2178:Aptian extinctions
992:Gymnophionomorpha
518:Historical Biology
281:), Northern Asia (
2130:
2129:
2070:
2069:
2035:
2034:
2007:Open Tree of Life
1926:Taxon identifiers
1917:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1869:
1797:
1783:
1782:
1765:
1714:Batrachosauroides
1601:
1583:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1504:
1458:
1391:
1349:
1286:
1254:
1229:
1197:
1192:Scolecomorphidae
1175:
1174:
1150:
1124:
1123:
1092:
1073:
1055:Albanerpetontidae
997:
957:
956:
903:Albanerpetontidae
886:
885:
882:
881:
867:
866:
863:
862:
859:
858:
323:of Scotland, and
247:
246:
204:
2205:
2193:Salamander stubs
2151:
2144:
2137:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2049:
2042:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1921:
1868:
1865:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1764:
1761:
1703:
1659:
1644:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1568:
1503:
1500:
1457:
1454:
1390:
1387:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1330:
1285:
1282:
1253:
1250:
1228:
1225:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1091:
1088:
1087:Rhinatrematidae
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1052:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1003:
996:
993:
984:
983:
976:
971:
965:
901:
896:
892:
819:
792:
761:
752:
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744:
697:
682:
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668:
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654:
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624:
623:
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589:
583:
582:
580:
556:
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549:
513:
507:
506:
504:
478:
469:
463:
462:
441:
435:
434:
424:
406:
374:
295:from the Middle-
267:Early Cretaceous
203:Ivachnenko, 1978
202:
197:
134:
133:
118:Karaurus sharovi
111:
101:
38:
37:Bathonian–Aptian
27:Temporal range:
21:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2096:
2095:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1883:
1866:
1858:
1843:Triadobatrachus
1813:Czatkobatrachus
1794:
1792:
1790:
1779:
1762:
1754:
1742:Peratosauroides
1696:
1652:
1627:Kulgeriherpeton
1598:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1546:
1520:Luetkenotyphlus
1501:
1493:
1455:
1447:
1388:
1386:Grandisoniidae
1380:
1346:
1338:
1283:
1281:Typhlonectidae
1275:
1251:
1243:
1226:
1218:
1194:
1184:
1171:
1147:
1145:Ichthyophiidae
1133:
1120:
1089:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1044:Chinlestegophis
1034:Rubricacaecilia
999:
994:
985:
978:
953:
878:
855:
835:
808:
777:
771:Tetrapodomorpha
756:Tetrapodomorpha
746:
702:
701:
691:
686:
650:
645:
643:
633:
628:
627:
591:
590:
586:
558:
557:
553:
515:
514:
510:
476:
471:
470:
466:
443:
442:
438:
376:
375:
366:
361:
352:Kulgeriherpeton
347:suction feeding
339:Kemerovo Oblast
319:of England and
309:of Kyrgyzstan,
263:Middle Jurassic
201:
195:
128:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
36:
35:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2107:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2050:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2016:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1954:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
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1892:
1889:
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1879:
1873:
1871:
1860:
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1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1805:
1799:
1785:
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1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1654:
1653:
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1650:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1586:
1571:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1513:Brasilotyphlus
1508:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1488:Schistometopum
1484:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1213:Scolecomorphus
1209:
1201:
1199:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1134:
1131:Stegokrotaphia
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1076:
1066:
1063:
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1059:
1048:
1037:
1027:
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854:
853:
852:
851:
845:
843:
837:
836:
834:
833:
832:
831:
829:Dissorophoidea
822:
816:
814:Dissorophoidea
810:
809:
807:
806:
805:
804:
795:
789:
783:Batrachomorpha
779:
778:
776:
775:
774:
773:
764:
758:
748:
747:
743:
742:
733:
724:
715:
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700:
693:
692:
687:
685:
684:
677:
670:
662:
656:
655:
640:
639:
632:
631:External links
629:
626:
625:
584:
571:(4): 816–838.
551:
524:(4): 535–550.
508:
487:(2): 471–485.
464:
453:(4): 219–226.
436:
363:
362:
360:
357:
335:Ilek Formation
245:
244:
243:
242:
235:
228:
221:
211:
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2210:
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2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
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2064:
2060:
2056:
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2048:
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2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
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1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
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1861:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1823:Notobatrachus
1817:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1786:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
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1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:Palaeoproteus
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:Opisthotriton
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1691:Marmorerpeton
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
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1638:
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1628:
1621:
1619:
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1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1569:
1565:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:Mimosiphonops
1531:
1529:
1528:
1527:Microcaecilia
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1499:Siphonopidae
1496:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1453:Dermophiidae
1450:
1444:
1443:
1442:Sylvacaecilia
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1316:Potamotyphlus
1313:
1311:
1310:
1309:Nectocaecilia
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:Chthonerpeton
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1206:Crotaphatrema
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
988:
982:
977:
975:
970:
964:
950:
949:
945:
943:
942:
938:
936:
935:
931:
929:
928:
924:
922:
921:
920:Anoualerpeton
917:
915:
914:
910:
909:
907:
904:
897:
893:
889:
877:
876:
870:
849:
848:
847:
846:
844:
842:
838:
830:
826:
825:
824:
823:
820:
817:
815:
811:
803:
802:Temnospondyli
799:
798:
797:
796:
793:
790:
788:
787:Temnospondyli
784:
780:
772:
768:
767:
766:
765:
762:
759:
757:
753:
749:
741:
737:
734:
732:
731:Sarcopterygii
728:
725:
723:
719:
716:
714:
710:
708:
704:
703:
698:
694:
690:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
663:
660:
653:
642:
638:
635:
634:
630:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
588:
585:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:
509:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Palaeontology
475:
468:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
437:
432:
428:
423:
418:
414:
410:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
373:
371:
369:
365:
358:
356:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
318:
314:
313:
312:Marmorerpeton
308:
304:
303:
298:
297:Late Jurassic
294:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
241:
240:
239:Marmorerpeton
236:
234:
233:
229:
227:
226:
222:
220:
219:
215:
214:
212:
207:
200:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
132:
127:
123:
120:
119:
114:
110:
105:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
34:
30:
22:
19:
2123:expanding it
2109:
2063:expanding it
2052:
2037:
1933:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1795:total group)
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1615:
1599:total group)
1597:(salamanders
1581:crown group)
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1344:Caeciliidae
1331:
1323:Typhlonectes
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1295:Atretochoana
1293:
1268:
1263:Boulengerula
1261:
1236:
1211:
1204:
1166:Uraeotyphlus
1164:
1157:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1068:Gymnophiona
1053:
1042:
1032:
1024:Funcusvermis
1022:
1012:
966:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
913:Albanerpeton
911:
875:Lissamphibia
873:
841:Lissamphibia
735:
726:
722:Osteichthyes
717:
689:Lissamphibia
603:
599:
587:
568:
564:
554:
521:
517:
511:
484:
480:
467:
450:
446:
439:
386:
382:
350:
324:
310:
300:
290:
271:Central Asia
250:
248:
237:
230:
223:
216:
198:
179:
116:
18:
1749:Prodesmodon
1474:Geotrypetes
1428:Indotyphlus
1421:Idiocranium
1414:Hypogeophis
1407:Grandisonia
1400:Gegeneophis
1249:Herpelidae
1224:Chikilidae
1159:Ichthyophis
1108:Epicrionops
941:Wesserpeton
934:Shirerpeton
255:salamanders
2162:Categories
2055:salamander
1934:Karauridae
1907:See also:
1833:Prosalirus
1774:115 genera
1661:Karauridae
1637:Triassurus
1375:Oscaecilia
1182:Teresomata
1115:Rhinatrema
1014:Eocaecilia
850:see below↓
606:: 105686.
359:References
279:Kyrgyzstan
275:Kazakhstan
251:Karauridae
199:Karauridae
33:Cretaceous
24:Karauridae
1949:Q11226950
1853:Vieraella
1789:Salientia
1684:Kuzbassia
1575:Batrachia
1541:Siphonops
1467:Dermophis
1435:Praslinia
1333:Ymboirana
927:Celtedens
740:Tetrapoda
705:Kingdom:
413:0027-8424
326:Kuzbassia
232:Kuzbassia
149:Kingdom:
143:Eukaryota
2112:Jurassic
1957:BioLib:
1943:Wikidata
1760:Urodela
1735:Parrisia
1677:Kokartus
1670:Karaurus
1481:Gymnopis
1368:Caecilia
713:Chordata
711:Phylum:
707:Animalia
546:84581331
431:35858401
343:neotenic
302:Kokartus
292:Karaurus
225:Kokartus
218:Karaurus
192:Family:
173:Amphibia
163:Chordata
159:Phylum:
153:Animalia
139:Domain:
29:Jurassic
2012:3620668
1986:4816443
1973:4358615
1593:Caudata
1361:Apodops
1270:Herpele
1238:Chikila
1101:Amazops
608:Bibcode
526:Bibcode
489:Bibcode
422:9335269
391:Bibcode
283:Siberia
259:Caudata
209:Genera
186:Caudata
169:Class:
2115:animal
1999:116947
1864:Anura
1793:(frogs
1647:Urupia
1617:Egoria
948:Yaksha
544:
429:
419:
411:
331:Aptian
287:Russia
2117:is a
2057:is a
2025:37341
1994:IRMNG
1960:16267
736:Clade
727:Clade
718:Clade
542:S2CID
477:(PDF)
180:Clade
2119:stub
2059:stub
1981:GBIF
827:see
800:see
769:see
427:PMID
409:ISSN
277:and
249:The
42:PreꞒ
1968:EoL
616:doi
604:152
573:doi
569:161
534:doi
497:doi
455:doi
417:PMC
399:doi
387:119
269:in
265:to
2164::
2022::
2009::
1996::
1983::
1970::
1945::
785:/
738::
729::
720::
614:.
602:.
598:.
567:.
563:.
540:.
532:.
522:26
520:.
495:.
485:51
483:.
479:.
451:68
449:.
425:.
415:.
407:.
397:.
385:.
381:.
367:^
333:)
285:,
182::
92:Pg
2150:e
2143:t
2136:v
2125:.
2090:e
2083:t
2076:v
2065:.
1849:†
1839:†
1829:†
1819:†
1809:†
1702:†
1658:†
1643:†
1633:†
1623:†
1613:†
1357:†
1329:†
1058:?
1051:†
1047:?
1040:†
1030:†
1020:†
1010:†
905:?
900:†
681:e
674:t
667:v
622:.
618::
610::
581:.
575::
548:.
536::
528::
505:.
499::
491::
461:.
457::
433:.
401::
393::
337:(
273:(
257:(
196:†
97:N
87:K
82:J
77:T
72:P
67:C
62:D
57:S
52:O
47:Ꞓ
31:-
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