687:
801:
793:
953:
573:
466:
1409:
88:
123:
95:
116:
1397:
1385:
1361:
1373:
4111:
64:
391:
4123:
581:
660:) Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship. During Qu rule, powerful families established marriage ties with each other and dominated the kingdom, they included the Zhang, Fan, Yin, Ma, Shi and Xin families. Later, when the
595:
households in
Gaochang. The Rouran Khaganate, which was based in Mongolia, appointed a Han Chinese named Kan Bozhou to rule as King of Gaochang in 460, and it became a separate vassal kingdom of the Khaganate. Kan was dependent on Rouran backing. Yicheng and Shougui were the last two kings of the
697:
The
Kingdom of Gaochang was made out of Han Chinese migrants and ruled by the Han Chinese Qu family which originated from Gansu. Jincheng commandery 金城 (Lanzhou), district of Yuzhong 榆中 was the home of the Qu Jia. The Qu family was linked by marriage alliances to the Turks, with a Turk being the
952:
1717:
The
Yanghai graveyard is assigned to the Subeixi (Subeshi) culture (e.g. Jiang et al., 2006, 2009), conventionally dated to the first millennium BC (Chen, 2002; Han, 2007; Xinjiang, 2011). The culture is associated with the Cheshi (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor,
698:
grandmother of King Qu Boya's. During this period, Gaochang's administration, language, city planning, and
Confucian society was so heavily dominated by Chinese models that it was known in Sogdian as "Chinatown", a usage which continued as late as the tenth-century Persian geography
939:
spread to China from India along the northern branch of the Silk Road predominantly in the 4th and 5th centuries as the Liang rulers were
Buddhists. The building of Buddhist grottos probably began during this period. There are clusters close to Gaochang, the largest being the
755:
Gaochang was populated by Han people and Shanxi (Hedong) was the original home of the royal family at the time of the Tang dynasty's annexation. The Tang dynasty accepted arguments at court who said that because
Gaochang was Han populated that they needed to annex it.
3177:
686:
800:
792:
4179:
3453:
859:
where depictions of Uyghur sponsors may be seen. The
Buddhist Uyghur kings, who called themselves idiquts, retained their nomadic lifestyle, residing in Qocho during the winter, but moved to the cooler
361:
789:
and in 755, the
Chinese were forced to pull back their soldiers from the region. The area was first taken by the Tibetans, then finally by the Uyghurs in 803, who called the area Kocho (Qocho).
1659:
In the late
Neolithic period and the early Bronze age, pottery, ornamentation and bronze culture with the characteristics of West Asia and Central Asia were introduced into Xinjiang, including
2108:
572:
505:. The Chinese set up a military colony/garrison and organized the land into multiple divisions. Han Chinese colonists from the Hexi region and the central plains also settled in the region.
2939:
2373:
547:. Another version of this story says that in 439 a man named Ashina led 500 families from Gansu to Gaochang. In 460, the Rouran forced them to move to the Altai. They became the
679:, but his attempt at sinicization provoked a coup which overthrew the Qu ruler. The Qu family was restored six years later and the successor Qu Wentai welcomed the Tang pilgrim
891:
of his kingdom, and went personally to
Genghis Khan with a sizeable tribute when demanded in 1211. The Uyghurs thus went into the service of the Mongols, who later formed the
2751:
2506:
1681:"The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia"
349:. It was destroyed in wars during the 14th century and old palace ruins and inside and outside cities can still be seen today. Along with other sites along the historic
1870:
2011:
652:) as their king, forming the Qushi Kingdom (麹氏王国, 501-640 CE). Qu Jia hailed from the Zhong district of Jincheng commandery (金城, roughly corresponding to modern day
4159:
3553:
2016:. Vol. 4 of Chinese Archaeological Abstracts. the University of Michigan: Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. p. 1567.
4164:
4154:
917:
828:
4064:
3688:
1988:
Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, Tokyo-Kyoto, 31st August-7th September 1983, Volume 2
465:
3154:
690:
2331:
Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty [Chou Shu 50. 10b-17b]: Translated and Annotated by Roy Andrew Miller
2925:
1986:
715:
4184:
3267:
3020:
749:
3867:
1732:"Wood Utilization During the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China, With Special Emphasis on Betula (Betulaceae)"
338:. Gaochang is considered in some sources to have been a "Chinese colony", that is, it was located in a region otherwise occupied at the time by
719:
1525:
3219:
2880:
2827:
2620:
2593:
2555:
2356:
2312:
2285:
2258:
1898:
1535:
1408:
4069:
3306:
3114:
1913:
Christian, History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, page 449, citing 'Sui annals' and Baumer, History of Central Asia, vol 2, page 174
87:
588:
From the mid-5th century until the mid-7th century, the Gaochang Kingdom was successively controlled by the Kan, Zhang, Ma and Qu clans.
4174:
3214:
2978:
115:
4059:
2516:
1440:
3419:
2748:
2733:
2706:
2681:
2647:
2482:
2383:
2224:
2146:
2084:
2021:
1962:
1822:
1782:
1573:
2932:
2899:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material from Gaochang
3566:
3120:
809:
2010:
Albert E. Dien; Jeffrey K. Riegel; Nancy Thompson Price (1985). Albert E. Dien; Jeffrey K. Riegel; Nancy Thompson Price (eds.).
3892:
741:
711:
425:
4086:
4081:
2774:
1396:
170:
3812:
3589:
3465:
3436:
3390:
2896:
2191:
856:
3872:
3782:
1667:(about 2000-1600 BC), Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800-100 BC), Turpan Subeixi culture (1100 bc-100 BC) and other cultures.
2074:
2063:
East Asia Studies Institute of International Studies University of California CHINESE DYNASTIC HISTORIES TRANSLATIONS No. 6
3431:
3358:
3147:
4091:
3543:
2048:
1384:
3857:
3842:
3400:
3877:
3807:
3882:
3571:
3412:
1845:
Society for the Study of Chinese Religions (U.S.), Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian Studies Center (2002).
852:
4096:
3724:
429:
2790:
2637:
1923:
3772:
3503:
420:) known from Chinese historical sources. The Subeshi culture is documented by three closely related cemeteries the
1937:
509:
3887:
2451:
2435:
39:
1360:
671:
to its west in this period remained chiefly Indo-Iranian in character, in Gaochang it gradually merged into the
3852:
3683:
3385:
3253:
3249:
3140:
3108:
2329:
752:(安西). Before the Chinese conquered Gaochang, it was an impediment to Chinese access to Tarim and Transoxiania.
725:
294:
146:
3762:
2817:
2610:
2583:
2415:
Hansen, Valerie (2005). "The Impact of the Silk Road trade on a local community: The Turfan Oasis, 500-800".
2346:
2302:
1888:
4169:
3847:
3667:
3473:
3257:
2545:
1846:
740:
against the kingdom in 640 and Qu Wentai apparently died of shock at news of the approaching army. Gaochang
733:
552:
2399:
1679:
Beck, Ulrike; Wagner, Mayke; Li, Xiao; Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond; Tarasov, Pavel E. (October 20, 2014).
512:, Northern China split into multiple states, including the Central Asian oases. Gaochang was ruled by the
3923:
3272:
3245:
631:, named Zhang Mengming (張孟明), as his own vassal King of Gaochang. Gaochang thus passed under Gaoche rule.
3363:
4076:
4039:
3832:
1596:
664:
emerged as the supreme power in the region, the Qu dynasty of Gaochang became vassals of the Göktürks.
1372:
4127:
3827:
3704:
3279:
1692:
1481:
2135:
Chang Kuan-ta (1996). Boris Anatol'evich Litvinskiĭ; Zhang, Guang-da; R. Shabani Samghabadi (eds.).
4013:
3978:
3958:
3862:
3837:
3797:
3561:
3395:
3301:
3186:
3026:
902:
786:
421:
357:
2860:
Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903 : vol.1
3792:
3787:
3734:
3609:
1938:"YUM! Archaeologists discover that people in Xinjiang were snacking on dumplings 1,700 years ago"
1864:
1650:
910:
880:
840:
641:). In 501, Ma Ru himself was overthrown and killed, and the people of Gaochang appointed Qu Jia (
634:
Later, Zhang Mengming was killed in an uprising by the people of Gaochang and replaced by Ma Ru (
502:
490:
2474:
2468:
1565:
1559:
1465:
4115:
4049:
3822:
3817:
3802:
3754:
3709:
3594:
3518:
3513:
3497:
3226:
3014:
2876:
2866:
2843:
2823:
2729:
2702:
2677:
2643:
2616:
2589:
2551:
2512:
2478:
2379:
2352:
2308:
2281:
2275:
2254:
2220:
2216:
2187:
2142:
2136:
2080:
2017:
1958:
1952:
1894:
1818:
1814:
1778:
1772:
1753:
1708:
1569:
1531:
1430:
913:
inscriptions of the Yuan period attests to their importance in the Christian community there.
543:, fled to Gaochang where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the
335:
290:
2531:
2248:
2183:
2177:
1730:
Jiang, Hongen; Li, Cheng-Sen; Cao, Hongyong; Shading, Palidanmu; Cheng, Ye-Ming (July 2021).
3533:
3368:
3328:
3291:
3231:
3055:
1743:
1700:
1640:
1166:
1117:
1064:
979:
921:
832:
544:
231:
31:
576:
Mummy of the Qushi Kingdom (麹氏王国) general Zhangxiong (583-633 CE, 左卫大将军张雄). Xinjiang Museum
4149:
4008:
3963:
3777:
3538:
3528:
3353:
3348:
3085:
3079:
2778:
2755:
2375:
Straddling steppe and town: Tang China's relations with the nomads of inner Asia (640-756)
2110:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Volumes 32-34
1884:
855:. The Uyghurs converted to Buddhism and sponsored building of temple caves in the nearby
836:
409:
385:
282:
1696:
4054:
3988:
3953:
3918:
3767:
3619:
3407:
3343:
3286:
3241:
3073:
2972:
661:
591:
At the time of its conquest by the Rouran Khaganate, there were more than ten thousand
532:
521:
339:
2912:
2699:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
1851:. the University of California: Society for the Study of Chinese Religions. p. 24
627:) killed King Kan Shougui, who was the nephew of Kan Bozhou. and appointed a Han from
4143:
3998:
3968:
3943:
3729:
3508:
3483:
3441:
3424:
3375:
3318:
3091:
2984:
2966:
2723:
2671:
2209:
1807:
1660:
1654:
861:
557:
482:
455:
441:
417:
413:
368:
345:
A busy trading center, it was a stopping point for merchant traders traveling on the
4018:
4003:
3948:
3933:
3928:
3714:
3380:
3323:
3262:
2897:
Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums
2771:
1664:
1425:
925:
892:
884:
745:
672:
548:
513:
498:
334:) (Qara-khoja) and Huozhou. Artistic depictions of the city have been published by
318:
314:
63:
30:
This article is about the historical kingdom. For the district in Turpan City, see
3173:
2917:
584:
Manichaean priests, writing at their desks. Manuscript from Qocho. 8th/9th century
450:
was described during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) as being occupied by the
2870:
2859:
1704:
3993:
3983:
3739:
3662:
3493:
3333:
3313:
3209:
3061:
3038:
2907:
1435:
876:
848:
676:
611:
592:
540:
486:
390:
2867:"Religion and Society on the Silk Road: The Inscriptional Evidence from Turfan"
1680:
3938:
3744:
3632:
3194:
2404:. Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica. 1998. p. 87.
1748:
1731:
888:
764:
748:
and turned into a sub-prefecture of Xizhou (西州) and the seat of government of
729:
536:
525:
517:
254:
2902:
1757:
1712:
724:
However, fearing Tang expansion, Qu Wentai later formed an alliance with the
477:
Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC, it was an important site along the
185:
172:
4044:
3973:
3523:
3487:
3478:
737:
478:
399:
350:
346:
2794:
1645:
1628:
416:. The culture is probably associated with the Cheshi state (車師, Chü-shih,
3908:
3652:
3581:
3338:
3163:
3067:
3008:
2990:
2437:
Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia
941:
936:
906:
895:
in the territories of what is now China. The Uyghurs became bureaucrats (
844:
760:
680:
628:
412:(1100-100 BCE). The Subeshi culture contributes some of the later period
406:
154:
69:
17:
458:), while control over the region swayed between the Han Chinese and the
4034:
3913:
3647:
3627:
3599:
3204:
2511:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 119.
2050:
Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty
1629:"The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road"
865:
653:
580:
470:
459:
1470:. Sai ePublications & Sai Shop. pp. 1075–. GGKEY:4TQAY7XLN48.
645:
642:
638:
635:
624:
621:
618:
615:
607:
604:
331:
328:
325:
322:
239:
236:
3657:
3642:
3637:
3199:
2053:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. p. 5
971:
872:
805:
779:
775:
771:
675:
aesthetics. In 607 the ruler of Gaochang Qu Boya paid tribute to the
600:
561:
447:
395:
354:
244:
150:
2670:
Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 4 - The Uighur Kingdom of Qocho".
1603:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
3604:
3448:
3296:
3132:
3032:
3002:
2960:
951:
822:
799:
791:
685:
668:
657:
649:
579:
571:
464:
286:
219:
158:
72:
35:
2642:(illustrated ed.). Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 309.
2334:. University of California Press. pp. 5–. GGKEY:SXHP29BAXQY.
2042:
2040:
897:
3136:
2921:
2722:
Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 7 - The Conquering Mongols".
2453:
Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1597:"Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor"
2903:
Online version of Albert Grünwedel's initial work in the area
524:
as part of a commandery. In 383 the general Lu Guang of the
2819:
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy
796:
Uyghur princesses, cave 9, wall painting from Bezeklik caves
362:
Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor
485:. The Jushi leaders later pledged their allegiance to the
2875:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 176–194,
2113:. the University of Michigan: The Toyo Bunko. p. 107
843:(Kara-Khoja) in 850. The inhabitants of Qocho practiced
4180:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Xinjiang
2913:
Online version of Le Coq's work on monuments of Gaochang
297:, China. The site is also known in published reports as
1530:. the University of Michigan: L. Frédéric. p. 16.
367:
Near Gaochang is another major archeological site: the
2908:
Online version of Grünwedel's further work in the area
839:
invasion of their land. The Uyghurs established the
610:) was rising to challenge power of the Rouran in the
2547:
Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet
1924:"Archaeologists Discover Ancient Dumplings in China"
785:
The Tang dynasty became greatly weakened due to the
759:
Under Tang rule, Gaochang was inhabited by Chinese,
4027:
3901:
3753:
3697:
3676:
3618:
3580:
3552:
3464:
3185:
3101:
3048:
2953:
2307:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 119–.
2179:
The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia
1175:
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
1126:
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
1073:
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
988:
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
405:One of the earliest cultures of the region was the
214:
209:
201:
164:
142:
2544:Matthew Kapstein; Brandon Dotson (July 20, 2007).
2208:
2076:History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3
1954:History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3
1806:
1774:History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3
928:) from 1275 to 1318 by as many as 120,000 troops.
481:. It played a key role as a transportation hub in
2138:The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
1991:. Indiana University: Tōhō Gakkai. p. 997
1527:Encyclopaedia of Asian civilizations, Volume 3
3148:
2933:
1893:. Serindia Publications, Inc. pp. 309–.
956:Armoured soldier from Gaochang, 8-9th century
905:was modified for Mongolian. As far south as
289:city on the northern rim of the inhospitable
8:
1869:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
473:tomb, Gaochang Prefecture period, 327-460 CE
321:, Gaochang was referred to as "Halahezhuo" (
47:
2639:The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith
2277:Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch
1890:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
1467:Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch
4065:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
3689:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
3155:
3141:
3133:
2940:
2926:
2918:
2701:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
2013:Chinese archaeological abstracts: post Han
1848:Journal of Chinese religions, Issues 30-31
62:
46:
2636:Susan Whitfield; British Library (2004).
2274:Charles Eliot; Sir Charles Eliot (1998).
1747:
1644:
1633:Region - Educational Research and Reviews
2816:Victor Cunrui Xiong (February 1, 2012).
2609:Victor Cunrui Xiong (December 4, 2008).
2130:
2128:
1153:
1104:
1051:
964:
436:Jushi Kingdom and early Han Chinese rule
389:
353:, Gaocheng was inscribed in 2014 on the
3268:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
3021:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
2612:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
2440:. Trübner & Company. pp. 122–.
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
1519:
1517:
1456:
1356:
2588:. Brill. June 7, 2013. pp. 201–.
2473:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2378:. University of Michigan. p. 57.
2301:Marc S. Abramson (December 31, 2011).
2215:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1862:
1813:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1564:. Cambridge University Press. p.
909:, preponderance of Gaochang Uyghur in
3220:Chief Official of the Western Regions
2253:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 78–.
2182:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
2107:Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1974).
691:Wall painting from a Christian church
596:Chinese Kan family to rule Gaochang.
7:
4160:Populated places along the Silk Road
4122:
3307:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
2570:
2079:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 306.
1957:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 305.
1777:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 304.
1622:
1620:
1618:
27:Site of historical ruins in Xinjiang
4165:Former countries in Chinese history
4155:Former populated places in Xinjiang
3215:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2979:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2345:Valerie Hansen (October 11, 2012).
2280:. Psychology Press. pp. 206–.
1482:"Virtual Art Exhibit - The Uighurs"
1303:Zhongguang (重光 Zhòngguāng) 620–623
667:While the material civilization of
4060:East Turkistan Government in Exile
3868:2014 China–Vietnam border shootout
2872:Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook
2615:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 175–.
2456:. The Branch. 1876. pp. 196–.
1441:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
2470:A history of Chinese civilization
2211:A history of Chinese civilization
1809:A history of Chinese civilization
1561:A history of Chinese civilization
1464:Charles Eliot (January 4, 2016).
1266:Jianchang (建昌 Jiànchāng) 555–560
901:) of the Mongol Empire and their
683:with great enthusiasm in 629 AD.
4121:
4110:
4109:
3567:Xinjiang Agricultural University
3121:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
2844:"Buddhist Channel | Travel"
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
879:. However, In 1209, the idiqut
122:
121:
114:
94:
93:
86:
3893:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2963:(5th century BC–5th century AD)
2948:Historical polities in Xinjiang
2047:ROY ANDREW MILLER, ed. (1959).
1627:Zhang, Kai (February 4, 2021).
1282:Yanchang (延昌 Yánchāng) 561–601
1239:Yongping (永平 Yǒngpíng) 549–550
712:Tang campaign against Karakhoja
4185:Former monarchies of East Asia
3813:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest
3437:Second East Turkestan Republic
3391:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
2728:. Cambridge University Press.
2676:. Cambridge University Press.
2073:Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999).
1985:Tatsurō Yamamoto, ed. (1984).
1951:Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999).
1771:Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999).
1169:and their according durations
1120:and their according durations
1067:and their according durations
982:and their according durations
857:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
528:seized control of the region.
394:Gaochang's location (close to
380:Subeshi culture (1100-100 BCE)
249:
34:. For the Uyghur kingdom, see
1:
3705:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb
3432:First East Turkestan Republic
3359:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
2822:. SUNY Press. pp. 206–.
2793:. ess.uci.edu. Archived from
2585:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang
2508:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
2372:Jonathan Karam Skaff (1998).
2304:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
1330:Yanshou (延壽 Yánshòu) 624–640
1223:Zhanghe (章和 Zhānghé) 531–548
614:. The Gaoche king Afuzhiluo (
3858:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
3843:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554
3401:Holy War of the Seven Khojas
1705:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056
1601:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
736:sent an army led by General
501:under the Han Chinese ruler
3883:Assassination of Juma Tayir
3572:Xinjiang Medical University
1250:Heping (和平 Hépíng) 551–554
4201:
4175:Destroyed populated places
4087:China–Kyrgyzstan relations
4082:China–Kazakhstan relations
3449:People's Republic of China
2749:The Stones of Zayton speak
2505:Abramson, Marc S. (2011).
2351:. OUP USA. pp. 262–.
2328:Roy Andrew Miller (1959).
1887:; British Library (2004).
1048:Rulers of the Zhang Family
827:After 840 Gaochang became
820:
728:and rebelled against Tang
709:
439:
383:
29:
4105:
3888:Xinjiang internment camps
3171:
2760:China Heritage Newsletter
2434:E. Bretschneider (1876).
1749:10.1177/21582440211046950
1506:冯涛 (2006). "高昌故城保护工程简述".
1414:Manichaean wall painting.
1307:
1243:
1207:Ganlu (甘露 Gānlù) 525–530
1173:
1124:
1071:
986:
235:
80:
61:
52:
40:Gaochang (disambiguation)
4092:China–Pakistan relations
3873:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
3853:June 2013 Shanshan riots
3783:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
3544:Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
3109:Xinjiang under Qing rule
2250:Buddhism in Central Asia
1685:Quaternary International
1402:"Main storage building".
1300:Yanhe (延和 Yánhé) 602–613
1244:Unnamed son of Qu Xuanxi
961:Rulers of the Kan Family
948:Gaochang ruling families
531:In 439, remnants of the
295:Sanbu Township, Xinjiang
285:), was a ruined ancient
3848:April 2013 Bachu unrest
3668:Chinese Islamic cuisine
2725:A history of Inner Asia
2697:Biran, Michal. (2005).
2673:A history of Inner Asia
2550:. Brill. pp. 91–.
2467:Jacques Gernet (1996).
2247:Baij Nath Puri (1987).
2207:Jacques Gernet (1996).
2141:. UNESCO. p. 306.
1805:Jacques Gernet (1996).
1558:Jacques Gernet (1996).
1524:Louis-Frédéric (1977).
1314:Yihe (Yìhé 義和) 614–619
1150:Rulers of the Qu Family
1101:Rulers of the Ma Family
817:Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho
770:7th or 8th century old
560:Turfan tombs contained
489:. In 327, the Gaochang
4097:China–Turkey relations
3878:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
3808:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
3413:Reconquest of Xinjiang
3273:Four Garrisons of Anxi
2176:Rene Grousset (1991).
1742:(3): 215824402110469.
1646:10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242
957:
916:The Gaochang area was
813:
804:Man of Gaochang (高昌國,
797:
694:
585:
577:
508:After the fall of the
474:
402:
38:. For other uses, see
4077:World Uyghur Congress
4070:Independence movement
4040:Migration to Xinjiang
3833:Pishan hostage crisis
2417:Les Sogdiens en Chine
955:
871:Qocho later became a
803:
795:
689:
583:
575:
551:clan that formed the
497:) was created by the
468:
426:Shengjindian cemetery
393:
364:World Heritage Site.
186:42.85278°N 89.52917°E
102:Shown within Xinjiang
3828:2011 Kashgar attacks
3773:1992 Ürümqi bombings
3725:Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi
3504:Gurbantünggüt Desert
3280:Beiting Protectorate
2865:Chen Huaiyu (2014),
1940:. February 15, 2016.
1926:. February 16, 2016.
1486:depts.washington.edu
1366:The road leading in.
829:occupied by remnants
105:Show map of Xinjiang
4014:Ghulam Osman Yaghma
3863:2014 Kunming attack
3838:2012 Yecheng attack
3798:2008 Kashgar attack
3698:Visitor attractions
3562:Xinjiang University
3524:Karakoram Mountains
3396:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3302:Kara-Khanid Khanate
3027:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2762:, No. 5, March 2006
1697:2014QuInt.348..224B
1390:"Main prayer hall".
1163:Durations of reigns
1114:Durations of reigns
1061:Durations of reigns
976:Durations of reigns
920:the Mongols of the
787:An Lushan Rebellion
510:Western Jin dynasty
358:World Heritage List
182: /
49:
3793:2008 Uyghur unrest
3788:2007 Xinjiang raid
3763:1989 Ürümqi unrest
3610:Tocharian clothing
2777:2011-08-20 at the
2754:2013-10-24 at the
958:
911:Church of the East
814:
798:
695:
693:, Qocho 683–770 CE
648:) of Jincheng (in
586:
578:
475:
469:Painted warriors,
446:The region around
403:
191:42.85278; 89.52917
4137:
4136:
4050:Chinese Turkestan
3823:2011 Hotan attack
3818:2010 Aksu bombing
3803:Shaoguan incident
3755:Xinjiang conflict
3710:Flaming Mountains
3600:Meshrep gathering
3519:Turpan Depression
3514:Taklamakan Desert
3498:Southern Xinjiang
3454:PRC incorporation
3420:Republic of China
3364:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3227:Kingdom of Khotan
3130:
3129:
3015:Kingdom of Khotan
2954:Pre-Mongol Empire
2882:978-0-231-15987-6
2829:978-0-7914-8268-1
2797:on March 15, 2016
2622:978-0-8108-6258-6
2595:978-90-04-25233-2
2557:978-90-474-2119-1
2358:978-0-19-515931-8
2314:978-0-8122-0101-7
2287:978-0-7007-0679-2
2260:978-81-208-0372-5
1900:978-1-932476-13-2
1537:978-2-902228-00-3
1431:Flaming Mountains
1350:
1349:
1147:
1146:
1098:
1097:
1045:
1044:
924:(not part of the
716:the Western Turks
599:At this time the
553:Göktürk Khaganate
336:Albert von Le Coq
291:Taklamakan Desert
225:
224:
133:Show map of China
75:of Gaochang ruins
16:(Redirected from
4192:
4125:
4124:
4113:
4112:
3534:Kunlun Mountains
3369:Dzungar genocide
3329:Chagatai Khanate
3292:Uyghur Khaganate
3232:Sixteen Kingdoms
3157:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3056:Chagatai Khanate
2942:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2885:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2769:
2763:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2214:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2173:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1812:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1663:(2500-1500 BC),
1648:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1154:
1105:
1052:
965:
942:Bezeklik grottos
922:Chagatai Khanate
841:Kingdom of Qocho
833:Uyghur Khaganate
720:the oasis states
568:Gaochang Kingdom
545:Rouran Khaganate
430:Yanghai cemetery
422:Subeshi cemetery
251:
242:
197:
196:
194:
193:
192:
187:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
134:
130:Gaochang (China)
125:
124:
118:
106:
97:
96:
90:
66:
50:
32:Gaochang, Turpan
21:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4101:
4023:
4009:Shirzat Bawudun
3964:Saifuddin Azizi
3897:
3778:Ghulja incident
3749:
3693:
3684:Cotton industry
3672:
3614:
3576:
3548:
3539:Pamir Mountains
3529:Altai Mountains
3460:
3354:Dzungar Khanate
3349:Yarkent Khanate
3181:
3167:
3161:
3131:
3126:
3097:
3086:Dzungar Khanate
3080:Yarkent Khanate
3044:
3011:(?–9th century)
2969:(200 BC-709 AD)
2949:
2946:
2893:
2883:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2791:"The Silk Road"
2789:
2788:
2784:
2779:Wayback Machine
2770:
2766:
2756:Wayback Machine
2747:
2743:
2736:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2175:
2174:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1885:Susan Whitfield
1883:
1882:
1878:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1355:
1308:Unnamed usurper
1302:
1301:
1296:
1152:
1103:
1090:
1088:
1050:
1037:
1035:
963:
950:
934:
868:in the summer.
837:Yenisei Kirghiz
825:
819:
744:by the Chinese
734:Emperor Taizong
722:
710:Main articles:
708:
570:
444:
438:
410:Subeshi culture
388:
386:Subeshi culture
382:
377:
293:in present-day
261:), also called
190:
188:
184:
181:
176:
173:
171:
169:
168:
138:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
76:
57:
55:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4198:
4196:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Oases of China
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4119:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4055:East Turkestan
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3989:Zhang Chunxian
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3954:Ehmetjan Qasim
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3919:Jahangir Khoja
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Barin uprising
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:Doppa Festival
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3408:General of Ili
3405:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3344:Turpan Khanate
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Tibetan Empire
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3260:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3118:
3115:Xinjiang (ROC)
3112:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3074:Turpan Khanate
3071:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2973:Loulan Kingdom
2970:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2892:
2891:External links
2889:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2835:
2828:
2808:
2782:
2764:
2741:
2734:
2714:
2707:
2689:
2682:
2662:
2648:
2628:
2621:
2601:
2594:
2575:
2563:
2556:
2536:
2524:
2518:978-0812201017
2517:
2497:
2483:
2459:
2443:
2426:
2407:
2391:
2384:
2364:
2357:
2337:
2320:
2313:
2293:
2286:
2266:
2259:
2239:
2225:
2199:
2192:
2161:
2147:
2124:
2099:
2085:
2065:
2036:
2022:
2002:
1977:
1963:
1943:
1929:
1915:
1906:
1899:
1876:
1837:
1823:
1797:
1783:
1763:
1722:
1671:
1614:
1588:
1574:
1550:
1536:
1513:
1498:
1473:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:did not exist
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:Did not exist
1141:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:Did not exist
1092:
1085:
1083:Zhāng Mèngmíng
1080:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:Did not exist
1039:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1021:Did not exist
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:Did not exist
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
990:
984:
983:
977:
974:
969:
962:
959:
949:
946:
933:
930:
821:Main article:
818:
815:
778:were found in
707:
704:
700:Ḥudūd al-‘Ālam
569:
566:
533:Northern Liang
522:Northern Liang
440:Main article:
437:
434:
384:Main article:
381:
378:
376:
373:
223:
222:
216:
212:
211:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
166:
162:
161:
147:Sanbu Township
144:
140:
139:
129:
120:
119:
113:
112:
111:
110:
101:
92:
91:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
67:
59:
58:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4197:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4130:
4129:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:Uyghur people
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3999:Salih Hudayar
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Rebiya Kadeer
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Sabit Damolla
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Id Kah Mosque
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Kumtag Desert
3507:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:Junggar Basin
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3442:Ili Rebellion
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:Xinjiang Wars
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Kumul Khanate
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Mongol Empire
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3092:Kumul Khanate
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2985:Jushi Kingdom
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:Shule Kingdom
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2809:
2801:September 21,
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2735:0-521-65704-0
2731:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2708:0-521-84226-3
2704:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2683:0-521-65704-0
2679:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2663:
2651:
2649:1-932476-13-X
2645:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2498:
2486:
2484:0-521-49781-7
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2385:9780599084643
2381:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2348:The Silk Road
2341:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2240:
2228:
2226:0-521-49781-7
2222:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2150:
2148:92-3-103211-9
2144:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2088:
2086:81-208-1540-8
2082:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2025:
2023:0-917956-54-0
2019:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1978:
1966:
1964:81-208-1540-8
1960:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1838:
1826:
1824:0-521-49781-7
1820:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1786:
1784:81-208-1540-8
1780:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:Qijia culture
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1577:
1575:0-521-49781-7
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
993:
992:
989:
985:
981:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
966:
960:
954:
947:
945:
943:
938:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
903:Uyghur script
900:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:state of the
874:
869:
867:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
824:
816:
811:
807:
802:
794:
790:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
757:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:Western Turks
721:
717:
713:
705:
703:
701:
692:
688:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
640:
637:
632:
630:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
597:
594:
589:
582:
574:
567:
565:
563:
559:
558:Six Dynasties
555:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:Western China
480:
472:
467:
463:
461:
457:
456:Jushi Kingdom
453:
449:
443:
442:Jushi Kingdom
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Jushi Kingdom
415:
414:Tarim Mummies
411:
408:
401:
397:
392:
387:
379:
374:
372:
370:
365:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
340:West Eurasian
337:
333:
330:
327:
324:
320:
316:
313:. During the
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:(قاراغوجا in
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
246:
241:
238:
233:
229:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
200:
195:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
117:
89:
79:
74:
71:
65:
60:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4126:
4114:
4019:Rahile Dawut
4004:Sattar Sawut
3949:Sheng Shicai
3934:Yang Zengxin
3929:Zuo Zongtang
3735:Karakul Lake
3719:
3715:Jiaohe ruins
3381:Qing dynasty
3324:Yuan dynasty
3263:Tang dynasty
3236:
3076:(1487-1660?)
3064:(1347–1680s)
2996:
2871:
2838:
2818:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2795:the original
2785:
2767:
2759:
2744:
2724:
2717:
2698:
2692:
2672:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2638:
2631:
2611:
2604:
2584:
2578:
2566:
2546:
2539:
2527:
2507:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2469:
2462:
2452:
2446:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2400:
2394:
2374:
2367:
2347:
2340:
2330:
2323:
2303:
2296:
2276:
2269:
2249:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2210:
2202:
2178:
2152:. Retrieved
2137:
2115:. Retrieved
2109:
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2075:
2068:
2055:. Retrieved
2049:
2027:. Retrieved
2012:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1987:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1953:
1946:
1932:
1918:
1909:
1889:
1879:
1853:. Retrieved
1847:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1808:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1773:
1766:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1716:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1665:Siba culture
1658:
1636:
1632:
1605:. Retrieved
1600:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1560:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1526:
1507:
1501:
1491:December 20,
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1466:
1459:
1426:Jiaohe Ruins
1338:
1322:
1290:
1274:
1258:
1231:
1215:
1199:
1184:
1174:
1135:
1125:
1082:
1072:
1029:
1013:
997:
987:
935:
926:Yuan dynasty
918:conquered by
915:
896:
893:Yuan dynasty
885:Genghis Khan
877:Kara-Khitans
870:
853:Christianity
826:
812:(937-976 CE)
784:
769:
758:
754:
746:Tang dynasty
723:
699:
696:
666:
633:
598:
590:
587:
556:
530:
514:Former Liang
507:
499:Former Liang
494:
476:
451:
445:
404:
369:Astana tombs
366:
344:
319:Ming dynasty
315:Yuan dynasty
310:
306:
302:
298:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
248:
227:
226:
44:
3994:Ilham Tohti
3984:Wang Lequan
3740:Kizil Caves
3494:Tarim Basin
3334:Moghulistan
3314:Qara Khitai
3210:Han dynasty
3117:(1912-1992)
3111:(1757-1912)
3094:(1696–1930)
3088:(1634–1758)
3082:(1514–1705)
3070:(1389–1513)
3062:Moghulistan
3058:(1225–1370)
3041:(1124–1218)
3039:Qara Khitai
2993:(77 BC–630)
2981:(60 BC–107)
2571:Chen (2014)
2532:Hansen 2012
1691:: 225–226.
1436:Trade route
1339:Qú Zhìshèng
1030:Kàn Shǒugūi
1014:Kàn Yìchéng
849:Manichaeism
742:was annexed
677:Sui dynasty
612:Tarim Basin
593:Han Chinese
541:Juqu Anzhou
487:Han dynasty
189: /
165:Coordinates
4144:Categories
3939:Jin Shuren
3745:Niya ruins
3663:Tunurkawab
3195:Tocharians
3035:(843–1209)
3029:(840–1212)
2423:: 283–310.
2401:Asia Major
2193:0813513049
1447:References
1378:The ruins.
998:Kàn Bózhōu
889:suzerainty
765:Tocharians
730:suzerainty
537:Juqu Wuhui
526:Former Qin
518:Former Qin
491:Commandery
428:, and the
275:Kara-Khoja
255:Old Uyghur
210:Site notes
205:Settlement
177:89°31′45″E
174:42°51′10″N
4045:Altishahr
3974:Nur Bekri
3959:Wang Zhen
3924:Yaqub Beg
3554:Education
3488:Dzungaria
3479:Tian Shan
3466:Geography
3386:Qing rule
3023:(640-790)
2999:(460-640)
2975:(?–77 BC)
2772:北凉且渠安周造寺碑
1865:cite book
1758:2158-2440
1736:SAGE Open
1713:1040-6182
1655:234007445
1639:(1): 18.
1607:April 17,
1452:Citations
1323:Qú Wéntài
1275:Qú Qiángù
1259:Qú Bǎomào
1232:Qú Xuánxǐ
1167:Era names
1118:Era names
1065:Era names
980:Era names
862:Bishbalik
772:dumplings
738:Hou Junji
706:Tang rule
562:dumplings
535:, led by
503:Zhang Jun
479:Silk Road
400:Silk Road
398:) on the
351:Silk Road
347:Silk Road
342:peoples.
271:Qara-hoja
267:Karakhoja
215:Condition
18:Karakhoja
4116:Category
3909:Amursana
3720:Gaochang
3653:Pamirdin
3339:Kara Del
3242:Göktürks
3237:Gaochang
3164:Xinjiang
3068:Kara Del
3017:(?–1006)
2997:Gaochang
2991:Shanshan
2775:Archived
2752:Archived
2534:, p. 11.
1420:See also
1200:Qú Guāng
1091:491?–496
1087:488?–496
1038:478–491?
1034:478–488?
937:Buddhism
932:Buddhism
907:Quanzhou
883:offered
845:Buddhism
835:fleeing
761:Sogdians
681:Xuanzang
662:Göktürks
629:Dunhuang
407:Iron Age
299:Chotscho
279:Karahoja
250:Gāochāng
228:Gaochang
155:Xinjiang
143:Location
70:Buddhist
48:Gaochang
4128:Commons
4028:Related
3914:Mingrui
3677:Economy
3648:Youtazi
3628:Dapanji
3620:Cuisine
3582:Culture
3254:Eastern
3250:Western
3205:Xiongnu
3187:History
3178:capital
3123:(1949-)
3005:(?–789)
2987:(?-460)
2854:Sources
2655:May 17,
2490:May 17,
2232:June 6,
2154:May 17,
2117:May 17,
2092:May 17,
2057:May 17,
2029:May 17,
1995:May 17,
1970:May 17,
1855:May 17,
1830:May 17,
1790:May 17,
1693:Bibcode
1581:May 17,
1543:May 17,
1353:Gallery
1327:623–640
1311:613–619
1297:619–623
1295:601–613
1291:Qú Bóyǎ
1279:560–601
1263:555–560
1247:551–554
1236:549–550
1220:530–548
1216:Qú Jiān
1204:525–530
1189:501–525
1140:496–501
1018:477–478
1002:460–477
881:Barchuq
866:Urumchi
831:of the
776:wontons
654:Lanzhou
471:Yanghai
460:Xiongnu
375:History
360:as the
232:Chinese
4150:Turpan
3979:Li Zhi
3902:People
3638:Sangza
3474:Cities
3258:Second
3200:Yuezhi
3174:Ürümqi
3166:topics
3102:Modern
3049:Mongol
2879:
2826:
2732:
2705:
2680:
2646:
2619:
2592:
2554:
2515:
2481:
2382:
2355:
2311:
2284:
2257:
2223:
2190:
2145:
2083:
2020:
1961:
1897:
1821:
1781:
1756:
1718:1990).
1711:
1653:
1572:
1534:
1185:Qú Jiā
1160:Pinyin
1111:Pinyin
1058:Pinyin
972:Pinyin
873:vassal
806:Turfan
780:Turfan
718:, and
601:Gaoche
549:Ashina
448:Turfan
424:, the
396:Turpan
355:UNESCO
303:Khocho
283:Uyghur
263:Khocho
247::
245:pinyin
234::
151:Turpan
3658:Xurpa
3643:Samsa
3605:Muqam
3595:Music
3297:Qocho
3246:First
3033:Qocho
3009:Yanqi
3003:Kucha
2961:Wusun
2184:98–99
1651:S2CID
1136:Mǎ Rú
864:near
823:Qocho
810:番客入朝圖
808:) in
669:Kucha
658:Gansu
650:Gansu
452:Jūshī
307:Qocho
287:oasis
259:Qocho
220:ruins
159:China
73:stupa
36:Qocho
3256:and
2877:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2803:2007
2730:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2657:2011
2644:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2492:2011
2479:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2234:2012
2221:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2156:2011
2143:ISBN
2119:2011
2094:2011
2081:ISBN
2059:2011
2031:2011
2018:ISBN
1997:2011
1972:2011
1959:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1871:link
1857:2011
1832:2011
1819:ISBN
1792:2011
1779:ISBN
1754:ISSN
1709:ISSN
1609:2021
1583:2011
1570:ISBN
1545:2011
1532:ISBN
1493:2022
1157:Name
1108:Name
1055:Name
968:Name
898:semu
887:the
851:and
774:and
763:and
750:Anxi
673:Tang
539:and
520:and
317:and
311:Qočo
202:Type
68:The
56:قۇچۇ
3633:Nan
2475:238
2217:253
1815:186
1744:doi
1701:doi
1689:348
1641:doi
1566:253
1343:640
1335:麴智盛
1319:麴文泰
1287:麴伯雅
1271:麴乾固
1255:麴寶茂
1228:麴玄喜
1079:張孟明
1026:闞首歸
1010:闞義成
994:闞伯周
495:jùn
309:or
277:or
273:,
218:In
4146::
3252:,
3248:,
3244::
2869:,
2758:,
2477:.
2421:17
2419:.
2219:.
2186:.
2164:^
2127:^
2039:^
1867:}}
1863:{{
1817:.
1752:.
1740:11
1738:.
1734:.
1715:.
1707:.
1699:.
1687:.
1683:.
1657:.
1649:.
1635:.
1631:.
1617:^
1599:.
1568:.
1516:^
1508:文博
1484:.
1212:麴堅
1196:麴光
1181:麴嘉
1132:馬儒
1089:or
1036:or
944:.
847:,
782:.
767:.
732:.
714:,
702:.
656:,
564:.
516:,
462:.
432:.
371:.
305:,
301:,
269:,
265:,
257::
253:;
243:;
157:,
153:,
149:,
54:高昌
3500:)
3496:(
3490:)
3486:(
3180:)
3176:(
3156:e
3149:t
3142:v
2941:e
2934:t
2927:v
2886:.
2846:.
2832:.
2805:.
2738:.
2711:.
2686:.
2659:.
2625:.
2598:.
2573:.
2560:.
2521:.
2494:.
2388:.
2361:.
2317:.
2290:.
2263:.
2236:.
2196:.
2158:.
2121:.
2096:.
2061:.
2033:.
1999:.
1974:.
1903:.
1873:)
1859:.
1834:.
1794:.
1760:.
1746::
1703::
1695::
1643::
1637:3
1611:.
1585:.
1547:.
1510:.
1495:.
646:嘉
643:麴
639:儒
636:馬
625:羅
622:至
619:伏
616:阿
608:車
605:高
603:(
493:(
454:(
332:卓
329:和
326:拉
323:哈
240:昌
237:高
230:(
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
