780:
796:
680:
728:
692:
716:
756:
824:
44:
865:
704:
812:
2046:
vinifera cultivation in China.(...) By the studying of the ancient grapevine, we have gained new insight into the viticulture in China. Based on the physical evidence, we have been able to confirm one of the conclusions drawn by Yang (2003), namely that the cultivated grape (V. vinifera) was introduced into
Xinjiang around 300 BCE. On the other hand, we would also argue that the earliest grape cultivation in China was not in the western and southern part of the Tarim Basin, but in the Turpan Basin, based on the evidence to date.
566:
740:
1133:(Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor, 1990). Archaeological and historical data attest it as society with a developed agro-pastoral economy, that existed in and north of the Turfan Basin (Fig. 1) during the first millennium BC. The Subeixi weaponry, horse gear and garments (Mallory and Mair, 2000; Lü, 2001) resemble those of the Pazyryk culture (Molodin and Polos'mak, 2007), suggesting contacts between Subeixi and the Scythians living in the Altai Mountains.
2899:
58:
768:
616:, particularly through bronze weapons, horse harnesses, and ornaments. The Subeshi site of Yanghai yielded what maybe the world's oldest known horse saddle, already displaying many characteristics of today's modern saddles, for which a radiocarbon date of 727–396 BCE (95.4% probability range) has been obtained: this is contemporaneous of possibly older than the previous "oldest saddle" from the Scythian
840:
2889:
50:
2909:
846:
1703:
Iron Age: Khotanese Saka (or any other remnant of the
Scythians of the Eurasian steppe) and Tocharian. Of course, totally different languages may have been spoken by these populations, especially if they were derived from native Neolithic groups, whose languages did not survive into the historical record.
2045:
Tombs, Turpan
District in Xinjiang, China. Anatomical features showed it to be of grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Radiocarbon dating indicates it to be nearly 2300 years old, which would suggest that there was grape cultivation at least from that time. To date, this is the earliest physical evidence of V.
1657:
However, although
Afanasievo-related ancestry has been confirmed among Iron Age Dzungarian populations (around 200–400 BC)7, and Tocharian is recorded in Buddhist texts from the Tarim Basin dating to ad 500–1000 (ref. 13), little is known about earlier Xinjiang populations and their possible genetic
1702:
Once one excludes all the languages imported by foreign missionaries, outside merchants, Chinese administrators, and later Turkic invaders, we are effectively left with two main language groups in the Tarim Basin that might be associated with at least some of the Tarim mummies of the Bronze Age and
584:
The "Witches of
Subeshi" (4th or 3rd century BCE) wore 2-foot-long (0.61 m) black felt conical hats with a flat brim. Though modern Westerners tend to identify this type of hat as the headgear of a witch, there is evidence that these pointed hats were widely worn by both women and men in some
1007:
The
Yanghai graveyard is assigned to the Subeixi (Subeshi) culture (e.g. Jiang et al., 2006, 2009), conventionally dated to the first millennium BC (Chen, 2002; Han, 2007; Xinjiang, 2011). The culture is associated with the Cheshi (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor,
624:
Scythian-style bows were also discovered in
Subeshi. The technical sophistication of these bows suggests intense technological transfer between the Saka areas and the Subeishi culture areas. No other Tarim Basin area benefited from this technological transfer, which was supplemented by some
1588:
Other than in the
Scythian regions in the north and west, similar bows were discovered in the Turfan Basin, at the sites of Subeixi, Yanghai and Shengjindian (all dating to the first millennium BC by carbon dating and typological analysis), while there is little evidence in other areas of
1273:
Hats either of the "Phrygian" type (Cherchen) or high and pointed (Subeshi, east of Turfan, c. Fifth
Century BCE) have been discovered in the tombs; both are reminiscent of Iranian culture (Mallory and Mair Reference Mallory and Mair2000: figs. 111 and 125; Barber Reference Barber and Ten
1589:
Xinjiang1199. Given that the complex shape of these bows was unlikely to have been accidental, it can be suggested that the knowhow for producing these objects came from the northern
Scythian region, in South-western Siberia, and reached Southern Xinjiang across the Turfan Basin....
795:
1421:
and Zebakino-Dongal in Kazakhstan (4); and Subeshi in Xinjiang (31). Except for the rhombic socketed arrowheads, all other bronze weapons, horse harnesses, and ornaments have been found across the northern Chinese steppes from Xinjiang to the Korean Peninsula (32,
1466:
Compared with the oldest known saddle from the Scythian Pazyryk culture site Tuekta barrow no. 1 (430–420 BCE) in north-western Altai, the Yanghai specimen radiocarbon dated to 727–396 BCE (95.4% probability range) is contemporaneous or possibly
2104:
Ten radiocarbon dates on the prosthesis, human bones and wood pieces from the same grave suggest the most probable age of the burial is about 300–200 BC (68% confidence interval), thus introducing the oldest functional leg prosthesis known to
589:". The Subeshi headgear is likely an ethnic badge or a symbol of position in the society. Also found at Subeshi was a man with traces of a surgical operation on his abdomen; the incision is sewn up with sutures made of horsehair.
779:
2028:
1516:
Dated to as early as 700 BCE (Jia et al. 2009), the Yanghai carpet pieces are approximately three centuries older than the Pazyryk carpets (Rudenko 1970), making them the earliest knotted carpets found anywhere in the
620:
site of Tuekta barrow no. 1 (430–420 BCE). Knotted carpet with colorful wave-like motifs were dated to 700 BCE, and are now the oldest known knotted carpet in the world, before the 4th century BCE Pazyryk carpets.
1260:
1747:
The tall hats of the female mummies from Subeshi might also pass for a Saka trait, and so identification of some of the mummies with the Saka or Iranian speakers in the northeast Tarim is a serious possibility
1500:
1062:
949:
In the late Neolithic period and the early Bronze age, pottery, ornamentation and bronze culture with the characteristics of West Asia and Central Asia were introduced into Xinjiang, including
1417:(e.g., Arzhan 1 and Berlik in Fig. 1), with the inventories representing different steppe and forest-steppe cultures, such as Bol'shaya Rechka, Krasnoozero, and late Irmen' in Siberia (4);
1846:
Wertmann, Patrick; Yibulayinmu, Maria; Wagner, Mayke; Taylor, Chris; Müller, Samira; Xu, Dongliang; Elkina, Irina; Leipe, Christian; Deng, Yonghong; Tarasov, Pavel E. (1 September 2023).
2135:
727:
2000:
691:
971:"The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia"
679:
527:
The origins of the Subeshi culture were influenced by the cultures of West Asia and Central Asia as far back as the late Neolithic period and the early Bronze Age, when
755:
715:
1413:
The Liushui bronze weaponry, particularly the very distinctive rhombic arrowheads with one side spur, and horse harnesses (Fig. 2) show great similarity to finds from
1355:
Wagner, Mayke; Wu, Xinhua; Tarasov, Pavel; Aisha, Ailijiang; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Schultz, Michael; Schmidt-Schultz, Tyede; Gresky, Julia (20 September 2011).
1485:
625:
adaptation by the Subeishi people: the bows were slightly bigger, and used lacquer as an original compounds, suggesting technological contact with China as well.
2091:
1116:
1572:
2128:
2060:"Archaeological and palaeopathological study on the third/second century BC grave from Turfan, China: Individual health history and regional implications"
1205:
1085:"Archaeological and palaeopathological study on the third/second century BC grave from Turfan, China: Individual health history and regional implications"
43:
1875:
1731:
1686:
823:
644:
The language of the Subeshi mummies is unknown at this point. Looking at the linguistic history of the region, the Subeshi mummies may have spoken the
2933:
811:
739:
1330:
1022:"Wood Utilization During the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China, With Special Emphasis on Betula (Betulaceae)"
2121:
1939:
1246:
1156:
1162:
703:
2158:
2153:
1296:
2058:
Li, Xiao; Wagner, Mayke; Wu, Xiaohong; Tarasov, Pavel; Zhang, Yongbin; Schmidt, Arno; Goslar, Tomasz; Gresky, Julia (21 March 2013).
1083:
Li, Xiao; Wagner, Mayke; Wu, Xiaohong; Tarasov, Pavel; Zhang, Yongbin; Schmidt, Arno; Goslar, Tomasz; Gresky, Julia (21 March 2013).
2163:
1071:
In the Turpan Basin area after 200 B.C., the Subeishi culture developed into the local walled nation-state called the Gushi Kingdom.
1905:
767:
2912:
854:
535:
and ornamation styles were introduced from the west, before spreading further east to the early cultures of China, such as the
501:
2257:
2001:"Evidence for early viticulture in China: Proof of a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) in the Yanghai tombs, Xinjiang"
1357:"Radiocarbon-dated archaeological record of early first millennium B.C. mounted pastoralists in the Kunlun Mountains, China"
957:(about 2000–1600 BC), Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800–100 BC), Turpan Subeixi culture (1100 BC–100 BC) and other cultures.
1486:"Knotted Carpets from the Taklamakan: A Medium of Ideological and Aesthetic Exchange on the Silk Road, 700 BCE–700 CE"
858:
508:
495:
1848:"The earliest directly dated saddle for horse-riding from a mid-1st millennium BCE female burial in Northwest China"
1561:
1436:"The earliest directly dated saddle for horse-riding from a mid-1st millennium BCE female burial in Northwest China"
1067:
Conference: International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts and Silk Road Culture At: University of Vienna, Vienna
1824:
1175:
The animal style decorations of the Subeixi culture-Yanghai type barrel have direct or indirect relations with the
1230:
The Worlds of the Indian Ocean: A Global History: Volume 1: From the Fourth Millennium BCE to the Sixth Century CE
2869:
1063:"The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics"
660:
group. Many of the cultural traits of the Subeshi people, such as the tall pointed hats, may seriously suggest a
546:
The Subeshi culture is known for its Iron Age graveyards of the 1st millennium BCE, which resemble those of the
2247:
2223:
1538:
1197:
864:
1847:
1716:
1671:
565:
969:
Beck, Ulrike; Wagner, Mayke; Li, Xiao; Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond; Tarasov, Pavel E. (20 October 2014).
2569:
586:
515:
After 200 BCE, the Subeshi culture may have evolved into the later walled nation-state culture of the
2902:
2874:
2795:
2472:
2067:
2012:
1614:
1368:
1092:
982:
2750:
2703:
2680:
1928:
2831:
2785:
2760:
2720:
2426:
1291:
850:
570:
238:
2888:
1319:
2663:
2579:
2359:
2267:
2196:
2179:
1981:
1816:
1777:
1252:
940:
665:
653:
428:
251:
153:
562:. In particular, weaponry, horse gear and garments are similar to those of the Pazyryk culture.
490:) known from Chinese historical sources. The culture includes three closely related cemeteries:
2864:
2836:
2803:
2653:
2586:
2389:
2329:
2262:
2252:
2235:
2218:
2083:
1867:
1808:
1648:
1630:
1457:
1404:
1386:
1242:
1152:
1146:
1108:
1043:
998:
273:
114:
83:
1020:
Jiang, Hongen; Li, Cheng-Sen; Cao, Hongyong; Shading, Palidanmu; Cheng, Ye-Ming (July 2021).
65:
2668:
2625:
2613:
2591:
2529:
2524:
2512:
2467:
2438:
2416:
2295:
2201:
2075:
2020:
1973:
1859:
1769:
1638:
1622:
1447:
1394:
1376:
1234:
1100:
1033:
990:
930:
613:
574:
225:
1286:
2851:
2769:
2737:
2713:
2708:
2455:
2406:
2334:
2283:
1129:
The whole graveyard including tomb M2 belongs to the Subeixi culture, associated with the
881:
876:
617:
559:
555:
467:
201:
127:
585:
Central Asian tribes. For instance, the Persian king Darius recorded a victory over the "
2071:
2016:
1897:
1618:
1372:
1096:
986:
2892:
2846:
2808:
2658:
2648:
2642:
2596:
2541:
2507:
2477:
2411:
2401:
2365:
1643:
1602:
1399:
1356:
649:
103:
2927:
2775:
2745:
2502:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2312:
2191:
1256:
950:
944:
869:
802:
786:
746:
645:
578:
540:
516:
487:
483:
438:
212:
188:
168:
1985:
1781:
2841:
2618:
2574:
2431:
2383:
2344:
1797:"From Three Possible Iron-Age World-Systems to a Single Afro-Eurasian World-System"
954:
886:
839:
536:
328:
293:
282:
260:
2079:
1964:
Xin, Xiaoyu (2015). "Research on Prehistoric Hats in Xinjiang (2000 BC–200 BC)".
1760:
Xin, Xiaoyu (2015). "Research on Prehistoric Hats in Xinjiang (2000 BC–200 BC)".
1104:
994:
2725:
2606:
2557:
2228:
2206:
2184:
2113:
890:
479:
2059:
1626:
1361:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1084:
970:
49:
2673:
2601:
2317:
2300:
2288:
2241:
2211:
2024:
1863:
1452:
1435:
1238:
1177:
1038:
1021:
629:
593:
528:
343:
2087:
1871:
1812:
1634:
1461:
1390:
1112:
1047:
1002:
2697:
2562:
2534:
1381:
1228:
1148:
Archaeological Research on the Societies of Late Prehistoric Xinjiang, Vol 2
657:
633:
608:, but is also known to have spread across the northern Chinese steppes from
315:
1652:
1408:
935:
918:
845:
1977:
1773:
2517:
1434:
Wertmann, Patrick; Yibulayinmu, Maria; Wagner, Mayke (1 September 2023).
609:
596:. The material culture of the Subeshi culture is very similar to that of
551:
475:
463:
406:
304:
177:
1820:
1796:
592:
The Subeshi culture is a candidate for the Iron Age predecessors of the
2825:
2485:
2460:
2305:
2042:
1418:
919:"The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road"
605:
532:
442:
17:
2448:
1414:
1182:
1130:
601:
471:
402:
94:
1530:
2443:
2421:
2394:
2322:
1227:
Beaujard, Philippe (2019). "China: From Kingdoms to Unification".
863:
849:) in the context of Iron Age continental Asia, with main sites of
838:
564:
410:
374:
356:
74:
1320:"The Problem of Tocharian Origins: An Archaeological Perspective"
868:
The Subeshi cemetery (at the top) within the general area of the
801:
A wooden prosthetic leg from Shengjindian cemetery, c. 300 BCE,
661:
597:
547:
2117:
805:. This is "the oldest functional leg prosthesis known to date".
543:(2500–1500 BCE) or Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800–100 BCE).
1569:
Corso di Dottorato di ricerca in Studi sull'Africa e sull'Asia
486:. It might be associated with the Cheshi state (車師, Chü-shih,
1603:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies"
656:, or an unknown language if they were derived from a local
482:. The Subeshi culture contributes some of the later period
1562:"Bronze Age communities and bronze metallurgy in Xinjiang"
1061:
Lan-Hai Wei, Ryan; Li, Hui; Xu, Wenkan (26–28 June 2013).
1198:"Expedition Magazine Ancient Mummies of the Tarim Basin"
664:
origin, but they could also be derived from the earlier
889:, an early contemporary from the southern area of the
373:
General location of the Subeshi culture, next to the
2817:
2794:
2759:
2736:
2689:
2634:
2550:
2495:
2375:
2276:
2172:
785:Grapevine from Yanghai, said to be the ancestor of
434:
424:
416:
398:
1658:relationships with the Afanasievo or other groups.
773:A Subeshi culture bow, c. 800 BCE, Xinjiang Museum
733:Wooden objects, Yanghai cemetery, Subeshi culture
569:A wooden bucket of the Subeshi culture, with the
1601:Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (2021).
697:Cone-shaped high-peaked hat, Subeshi cemetery.
379:
2129:
1929:"Research on the Subeixi Culture in Xinjiang"
721:Subeixi or Saka armour, 8th–3rd century BCE.
8:
1535:Journal of the Society of Archer-Antiquaries
1531:"Scythian-Style Bows Discovered in Xinjiang"
761:Helmet-shaped earflap hat, Subeshi cemetery.
632:ancestry has been identified among Iron Age
32:
1233:. Cambridge University Press. p. 522.
2136:
2122:
2114:
1717:"Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin"
1672:"Bronze Age Languages of the Tarim Basin"
1642:
1451:
1398:
1380:
1037:
934:
923:Region – Educational Research and Reviews
902:
829:Carpet from Yanghai-1, 7th century BCE.
817:Carpet from Yanghai-1, 7th century BCE.
675:
57:
1208:from the original on 28 September 2023
31:
1506:from the original on 13 November 2023
1479:
1477:
1475:
1165:from the original on 14 November 2023
7:
2031:from the original on 1 November 2023
1945:from the original on 1 November 2023
1827:from the original on 1 November 2023
1336:from the original on 20 October 2023
1181:– tall vertical slab (鹿石) from Tuva
912:
910:
908:
906:
2908:
1299:from the original on 20 August 2019
385:), and contemporary Asian polities
27:Iron Age culture in Xinjiang, China
843:Map of the Subeshi culture sites (
25:
2094:from the original on 2 March 2024
2005:Journal of Archaeological Science
1898:"Scale Armor Subeixi or Scythian"
1737:from the original on 2 March 2024
1692:from the original on 2 March 2024
1578:from the original on 25 July 2022
1541:from the original on 2 March 2024
1263:from the original on 2 March 2024
1119:from the original on 2 March 2024
2934:Archaeological cultures of China
2907:
2898:
2897:
2887:
1908:from the original on 6 June 2016
1878:from the original on 26 May 2023
1151:. Springer Nature. p. 183.
844:
822:
810:
794:
778:
766:
754:
738:
726:
714:
702:
690:
678:
454:(1100–100 BCE, Ch: 苏贝希文化), also
56:
48:
42:
1852:Archaeological Research in Asia
1440:Archaeological Research in Asia
1902:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1529:Dwyer, Bede (1 January 2003).
917:Zhang, Kai (4 February 2021).
1:
2144:Prehistoric cultures of China
2041:A stem was discovered in the
745:Subeshi culture earthenware.
478:, at the eastern edge of the
386:
2080:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010
1145:Wu, Guo (23 November 2022).
1105:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010
995:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056
573:motif of an elk with horns.
1795:Beaujard, Philippe (2010).
2950:
1627:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7
2883:
2870:Yellow River civilization
2860:
2149:
2025:10.1016/j.jas.2009.02.010
1864:10.1016/j.ara.2023.100451
1453:10.1016/j.ara.2023.100451
1287:"The Mummies of Xinjiang"
1239:10.1017/9781108341004.017
1039:10.1177/21582440211046950
587:Sakas of the pointed hats
466:culture from the area of
37:
2551:Middle and Upper Yangtze
2064:Quaternary International
1801:Journal of World History
1089:Quaternary International
975:Quaternary International
685:Tomb at Yanghai cemetery
55:
1382:10.1073/pnas.1105273108
1318:Mallory, J. P. (2015).
539:(about 2000–1600 BCE),
2635:Lower Yangtze and Huai
2258:Liaoning bronze dagger
1032:(3): 215824402110469.
936:10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242
872:
861:
628:In terms of genetics,
581:
1978:10.5539/ASS.V11N7P333
1774:10.5539/ASS.V11N7P333
867:
842:
709:Subeixi horse saddle.
568:
502:Shengjindian cemetery
2875:Yangtze civilization
2066:. 290–291: 335–343.
1966:Asian Social Science
1762:Asian Social Science
1327:Sino-Platonic Papers
1274:Grotenhuis2002: 64).
1091:. 290–291: 335–343.
2376:Middle Yellow River
2072:2013QuInt.290..335L
2017:2009JArSc..36.1458J
1619:2021Natur.599..256Z
1373:2011PNAS..10815733W
1367:(38): 15733–15738.
1202:Expedition Magazine
1097:2013QuInt.290..335L
987:2014QuInt.348..224B
640:Origin and language
571:Scytho-Siberian art
34:
2496:Lower Yellow River
2277:Upper Yellow River
2173:Northeastern China
1999:Jiang, H. (2009).
1484:He, Zhang (2019).
873:
862:
666:Afanasievo culture
654:Tocharian language
582:
429:Chemurchek culture
399:Geographical range
2921:
2920:
2865:Liao civilization
1807:(1): 9, note 20.
1613:(7884): 256–261.
1560:Festa, Marcella.
1248:978-1-108-42456-1
1158:978-981-19-6889-1
529:bronze technology
448:
447:
384:
275:MACEDONIAN EMPIRE
16:(Redirected from
2941:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2891:
2248:Upper Xiajiadian
2224:Lower Xiajiadian
2138:
2131:
2124:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2011:(7): 1458–1465.
1996:
1990:
1989:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1646:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1490:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1455:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1402:
1384:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1324:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1295:. 1 April 1994.
1283:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1172:
1170:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1017:
1011:
1010:
966:
960:
959:
953:(2500–1500 BC),
938:
914:
848:
826:
814:
798:
782:
770:
758:
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
682:
614:Korean Peninsula
575:Yanghai cemetery
509:Yanghai cemetery
496:Subeshi cemetery
391:
388:
383:
382:
378:
365:
363:
352:
350:
339:
337:
324:
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309:
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289:
287:
278:
276:
269:
267:
256:
254:
247:
245:
234:
232:
221:
219:
208:
206:
197:
195:
184:
182:
173:
171:
164:
162:
149:
147:
136:
134:
123:
121:
110:
108:
99:
97:
90:
88:
79:
77:
70:
68:
60:
59:
52:
46:
35:
21:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2879:
2856:
2813:
2790:
2755:
2732:
2685:
2630:
2546:
2491:
2371:
2272:
2168:
2145:
2142:
2112:
2111:
2097:
2095:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2034:
2032:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1931:
1927:Shao, Hui-qiu.
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1719:
1715:Mallory, J. P.
1714:
1713:
1709:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1674:
1670:Mallory, J. P.
1669:
1668:
1664:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1122:
1120:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1019:
1018:
1014:
968:
967:
963:
916:
915:
904:
899:
882:Xiaohe Cemetery
877:Astana Cemetery
837:
830:
827:
818:
815:
806:
799:
790:
783:
774:
771:
762:
759:
750:
743:
734:
731:
722:
719:
710:
707:
698:
695:
686:
683:
674:
642:
618:Pazyryk culture
560:Altai Mountains
556:Pazyryk culture
525:
523:Characteristics
468:Shanshan County
460:Subeixi culture
452:Subeshi culture
394:
393:
389:
380:
370:
369:
368:
367:
366:
357:
355:
353:
344:
342:
340:
333:
329:
327:
325:
316:
314:
312:
305:
303:
301:
296:
294:
292:
290:
285:
283:
281:
279:
274:
272:
270:
264:
261:
259:
257:
252:
250:
248:
239:
237:
235:
226:
224:
222:
213:
211:
209:
202:
200:
198:
192:
189:
187:
185:
178:
176:
174:
169:
167:
165:
158:
154:
152:
150:
141:
139:
137:
131:
128:
126:
124:
118:
115:
113:
111:
104:
102:
100:
95:
93:
91:
84:
82:
80:
75:
73:
71:
66:
64:
62:
61:
53:
33:Subeshi culture
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2947:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2690:Southern China
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2478:Xiaoshuangqiao
2475:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2050:
1991:
1956:
1919:
1889:
1838:
1787:
1752:
1707:
1662:
1593:
1552:
1521:
1471:
1426:
1347:
1310:
1278:
1247:
1219:
1189:
1157:
1137:
1075:
1053:
1012:
961:
901:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
884:
879:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
821:
819:
816:
809:
807:
800:
793:
791:
784:
777:
775:
772:
765:
763:
760:
753:
751:
744:
737:
735:
732:
725:
723:
720:
713:
711:
708:
701:
699:
696:
689:
687:
684:
677:
673:
670:
650:Khotanese Saka
641:
638:
600:sites such as
524:
521:
513:
512:
505:
498:
446:
445:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
421:
418:
414:
413:
400:
396:
395:
372:
371:
354:
341:
326:
313:
302:
291:
280:
271:
258:
249:
236:
223:
210:
199:
186:
175:
166:
151:
138:
125:
112:
101:
92:
81:
72:
63:
54:
47:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2946:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2914:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
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2297:
2294:
2290:
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2285:
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2279:
2275:
2269:
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2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2106:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:The Silk Road
1487:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
962:
958:
956:
952:
951:Qijia culture
946:
942:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
909:
907:
903:
896:
892:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:Tarim Mummies
866:
860:
856:
852:
847:
841:
834:
825:
820:
813:
808:
804:
803:Turpan Museum
797:
792:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
757:
752:
748:
747:Turpan Museum
741:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
705:
700:
693:
688:
681:
676:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:Saka language
639:
637:
636:populations.
635:
631:
626:
622:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
580:
579:Turpan Museum
576:
572:
567:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
541:Qijia culture
538:
534:
530:
522:
520:
518:
517:Jushi Kingdom
510:
506:
503:
499:
497:
493:
492:
491:
489:
488:Jushi Kingdom
485:
484:Tarim Mummies
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
444:
440:
439:Jushi Kingdom
437:
433:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
376:
364:
362:
361:
351:
349:
348:
338:
336:
335:
323:
321:
320:
310:
308:
299:
288:
277:
268:
266:
255:
246:
244:
243:
233:
231:
230:
220:
218:
217:
207:
205:
196:
194:
183:
181:
172:
163:
161:
160:
148:
146:
145:
135:
133:
122:
120:
109:
107:
98:
89:
87:
78:
69:
51:
45:
36:
30:
19:
2780:
2619:Panlongcheng
2432:Yangguanzhai
2384:Nanzhuangtou
2103:
2096:. Retrieved
2063:
2053:
2040:
2033:. Retrieved
2008:
2004:
1994:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1935:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1855:
1851:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1804:
1800:
1790:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1746:
1739:. Retrieved
1727:
1723:
1710:
1701:
1694:. Retrieved
1682:
1678:
1665:
1656:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1587:
1580:. Retrieved
1568:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1534:
1524:
1515:
1508:. Retrieved
1496:
1492:
1465:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1412:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1326:
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1290:
1281:
1272:
1265:. Retrieved
1229:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1201:
1192:
1176:
1174:
1167:. Retrieved
1147:
1140:
1128:
1121:. Retrieved
1088:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1006:
978:
974:
964:
955:Siba culture
948:
926:
922:
887:Cherchen Man
855:Shengjindian
787:Chinese wine
643:
627:
623:
591:
583:
545:
537:Siba culture
526:
514:
459:
455:
451:
449:
420:1100–100 BCE
359:
358:
346:
345:
331:
330:
318:
317:
306:
262:
241:
240:
228:
227:
215:
214:
203:
190:
179:
156:
155:
143:
142:
140:
129:
116:
105:
85:
29:
2903:Archaeology
2786:Shirenzigou
2726:Fanchengdui
2721:Fanchengdui
2580:Tangjiagang
2558:Pengtoushan
2229:Xinglonggou
2207:Xinglonggou
2185:Xinglonggou
2154:Paleolithic
981:: 225–226.
891:Tarim Basin
480:Tarim Basin
435:Followed by
425:Preceded by
2714:Dayangzhou
2674:Guangfulin
2664:Lingjiatan
2602:Sanxingdui
2570:Chengbeixi
2360:Maoqinggou
2318:Xishanping
2301:Xishanping
2289:Xishanping
2268:Chaodaogou
2242:Xituanshan
2212:Niuheliang
2197:Zhaobaogou
2180:Xinglongwa
2164:Bronze Age
2098:21 October
1912:21 October
1882:21 October
1858:: 100451.
1831:21 October
1724:Expedition
1679:Expedition
1545:21 October
1446:: 100451.
1340:21 October
1303:21 October
1267:21 October
1212:21 October
1123:21 October
897:References
634:Dzungarian
630:Afanasievo
594:Tocharians
390: 325
347:Massagetae
157:Slab-grave
2837:Xichengyi
2804:Dabenkeng
2698:Zengpiyan
2654:Majiabang
2643:Kuahuqiao
2587:Qujialing
2563:Bashidang
2535:Chengziya
2473:Zhengzhou
2427:Jiangzhai
2390:Peiligang
2366:Majiayuan
2330:Zhukaigou
2263:Jinggouzi
2253:Baijinbao
2236:Laohushan
2219:Xiaoheyan
2159:Neolithic
2088:1040-6182
1872:2352-2267
1813:1045-6007
1730:(3): 50.
1685:(3): 46.
1635:0028-0836
1462:2352-2267
1391:0027-8424
1257:241614518
1113:1040-6182
1048:2158-2440
1026:SAGE Open
1003:1040-6182
945:234007445
929:(1): 18.
672:Artifacts
658:Neolithic
652:) or the
319:Scythians
86:Korgantas
2928:Category
2761:Xinjiang
2669:Liangzhu
2626:Feijiahe
2614:Erligang
2592:Shijiahe
2530:Longshan
2525:Dawenkou
2518:Xishuipo
2513:Yangshao
2468:Erligang
2439:Longshan
2417:Yangshao
2296:Majiayao
2202:Hongshan
2092:Archived
2029:Archived
1986:56018775
1940:Archived
1906:Archived
1876:Archived
1825:Archived
1821:20752924
1782:56018775
1732:Archived
1687:Archived
1653:34707286
1573:Archived
1539:Archived
1501:Archived
1409:21911387
1331:Archived
1297:Archived
1292:Discover
1261:Archived
1206:Archived
1163:Archived
1117:Archived
835:See also
610:Xinjiang
552:Scythian
476:Xinjiang
464:Iron Age
462:, is an
456:Subeishi
407:Xinjiang
229:Chandman
2913:History
2893:History
2852:Shajing
2826:Beifudi
2781:Subeshi
2709:Wucheng
2486:Huanbei
2461:Xinzhai
2456:Erlitou
2407:Dadiwan
2335:Xindian
2306:Banshan
2284:Dadiwan
2068:Bibcode
2043:Yanghai
2035:2 March
2013:Bibcode
1949:2 March
1741:2 March
1696:2 March
1644:8580821
1615:Bibcode
1582:2 March
1510:2 March
1419:Tasmola
1415:kurgans
1400:3179056
1369:Bibcode
1169:2 March
1093:Bibcode
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859:Yanghai
851:Subeixi
612:to the
606:Tasmola
558:of the
533:pottery
443:Xiongnu
381:
377:realm (
334:matians
297:DYNASTY
265:culture
204:Pazyryk
193:culture
180:SABEANS
159:culture
144:Subeshi
18:Yanghai
2847:Shanma
2809:Beinan
2796:Taiwan
2770:Xiaohe
2751:Qugong
2704:Shixia
2681:Maqiao
2659:Songze
2649:Hemudu
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2746:Karuo
2738:Tibet
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2444:Taosi
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2340:Xicha
2323:Lajia
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2192:Xinle
2105:date.
1982:S2CID
1972:(7).
1943:(PDF)
1932:(PDF)
1817:JSTOR
1778:S2CID
1768:(7).
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1253:S2CID
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941:S2CID
417:Dates
411:China
360:Dahae
307:MEROË
284:NANDA
242:Sagly
216:Tagar
191:Ordos
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500:the
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