214:. Known in various languages as Indian beech, pongam, karanja, honge, kanuga, pongu and naktamala, it is now grown all over the world. Typically the plant starts yielding pods from the fifth year on with the yields increasing each year until it stabilizes around the tenth year. Seeds are usually harvested in the spring, each seed weighing from about 1.1 grams (0.039 oz) to 1.8 grams (0.063 oz). The yield per tree can range from about 10 kilograms (22 lb) to more than 50 kilograms (110 lb) depending on conditions, with an average of 1500-1700 seeds per kilogram. Historically the pods are removed from the trees by beating the branches with sticks and
193:
2883:
1764:
36:
2893:
982:
than pure palm oil and a higher oxidation stability than pure jatropha or pongamia oil. In addition, the methyl esters of pongamia oil have a cloud point of 19 °C, which is outside some country specific standards, and a pour point of 15 °C both of which would be problematic in lower
331:
has a number of different varieties but little research has been published on the differences between them. This combined with variances in soil and weather can change the specific composition of
Pongamia oil. Typically Pongamia oil is composed of the following
695:
for thousands of years. Its toxicity, as well as its color, bitter taste, and disagreeable odour, keep it from being used in cooking, but it does have uses in traditional medicine for treating skin disease and liver disease.
1800:
160:, is common throughout Asia and thus has many different names in different languages, many of which have come to be used in English to describe the seed oil derived from
1143:
1641:
1646:
1793:
1261:
970:
of pongamia oil to the ASTM D6751 standard for biodiesel fuels shows that processed pongamia oil is within the standards. Research has shown that
168:
is often used as the generic name for the tree and is derived from the genus the tree was originally placed in. Other names for this oil include
1102:
2929:
1714:
2897:
2886:
1786:
1301:
119:
1064:
2310:
1219:
57:
100:
2919:
53:
72:
1398:
1158:
1661:
1744:
1734:
1183:
Karmee, Sanjib Kumar; Chadha, Anju (September 2005). "Preparation of biodiesel from crude oil of
Pongamia pinnata".
79:
2697:
711:. The following table shows the physical properties of the methyl esters of pongamia oil versus the ASTM D6751 and
46:
1809:
1719:
1597:
1693:
1666:
1025:
960:† This is not a property of the EN 14214 standard; it is country specific standard for summer/winter seasons.
86:
2924:
2417:
1965:
1294:
2843:
2300:
1651:
992:
68:
2788:
2454:
2352:
1935:
577:
1052:
2524:
2382:
2357:
2152:
2147:
2142:
1915:
1427:
552:
2167:
2137:
2127:
1749:
405:
192:
225:
seeds may change depending on the season and maturity of the tree but in general are as follows:
2464:
2372:
2116:
1992:
1767:
1568:
1393:
1381:
1287:
1242:
298:
2387:
2367:
2111:
2056:
1688:
1580:
1200:
1137:
1120:"Pharmacological effects of karanjin and pongamol [from seed oil of Pongamia pinnata]"
1098:
699:
It is used as a fish poison, as the metabolites karanjin and pongamol are both toxic to fish.
314:
294:
137:
2858:
2848:
2833:
2459:
2280:
2096:
2066:
2046:
2002:
1880:
1620:
1531:
1371:
1260:
Mathiyazhagan, M.; Ganapathi, A.; Jaganath, B.; Renganayaki, N.; Sasireka, N. (April 2011).
1234:
1192:
1002:
565:
2798:
2719:
2484:
2396:
2236:
2078:
1997:
1729:
1591:
1541:
1453:
684:
501:
457:
431:
322:
93:
2863:
2829:
2702:
2661:
2429:
2332:
2157:
2101:
2061:
2051:
2041:
2014:
1955:
1842:
1817:
418:
211:
1119:
2913:
2838:
2619:
2594:
2539:
2295:
2264:
2091:
2086:
1987:
1930:
1739:
1405:
603:
514:
392:
353:
302:
2868:
2853:
2692:
2614:
2504:
2449:
2444:
2402:
2322:
2305:
2211:
2106:
1681:
1551:
1388:
1346:
1326:
1246:
1196:
997:
967:
539:
444:
366:
215:
218:
using mallets or stones. Research is ongoing into mechanical harvesting methods.
2744:
2634:
2629:
2604:
2587:
2577:
2568:
2434:
2285:
2180:
1920:
1724:
1676:
1671:
1656:
1464:
1442:
1415:
1376:
1361:
1336:
642:
616:
35:
2714:
2709:
2666:
2649:
2639:
2609:
2599:
2549:
2439:
2327:
2216:
2036:
1982:
1945:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1859:
1835:
1615:
1585:
1521:
1366:
1331:
1238:
655:
629:
488:
379:
333:
207:
1778:
2793:
2644:
2514:
2489:
2377:
2362:
2347:
2342:
2201:
2132:
2122:
2019:
2009:
1940:
1925:
1890:
1709:
1625:
1526:
1351:
1310:
1262:"Production of Biodiesel from Non-edible plant oils having high FFA content"
1159:"Methanolysis of Pongamia pinnata (karanja) oil for production of biodiesel"
979:
708:
692:
590:
306:
1204:
17:
301:. The oil is yellowish-orange to brown in color. It has a high content of
2534:
2499:
2407:
2392:
2290:
2246:
2231:
2221:
2206:
2196:
1950:
1875:
1609:
1574:
1499:
1489:
1432:
975:
971:
712:
680:
310:
151:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2734:
2654:
2554:
2519:
2509:
2494:
2251:
2162:
2031:
2026:
1905:
1516:
1510:
1459:
1341:
1318:
526:
2819:
2803:
2781:
2766:
2729:
2687:
2682:
2582:
2337:
2241:
1910:
1870:
1562:
1494:
1410:
1356:
318:
2749:
2624:
2544:
2529:
2476:
2226:
2185:
1977:
1855:
1830:
1536:
1479:
1469:
1422:
191:
2756:
2739:
2724:
1969:
1504:
1474:
688:
142:
1782:
1283:
1266:
International
Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
2564:
2269:
1825:
1484:
471:
The physical properties of crude pongamia oil are as follows:
29:
1118:
S., Mahli, S.; P., Basu, S.; P., Sinha, K.; C., Banerjee, N.
1279:
707:
Many studies have been done to convert pongamia oil into
305:, and its disagreeable taste and odor are due to bitter
1227:
In Vitro
Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant
2812:
2675:
2563:
2475:
2260:
2176:
2077:
1964:
1851:
1816:
1702:
1634:
1550:
1441:
1317:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1220:"Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks"
1157:Meher, L C; Naik, S N; Das, L M (November 2004).
141:tree, which is native to tropical and temperate
1642:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
1166:Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research
1794:
1295:
1053:Factsheet from New crops at Purdue University
8:
1142:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
293:Pongamia oil is extracted from the seeds by
1020:
1018:
1801:
1787:
1779:
1302:
1288:
1280:
1647:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1088:
1086:
1084:
1048:
1046:
1044:
717:
473:
338:
227:
1014:
978:to achieve an improved low-temperature
1135:
1065:"Weed Risk Assessment : Pongamia"
7:
2892:
1715:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
221:The basic nutritional components of
58:adding citations to reliable sources
836:Oxidation Stability at 110 °C
974:or pongamia oil can be mixed with
25:
135:is derived from the seeds of the
2891:
2882:
2881:
1763:
1762:
1095:Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels
34:
45:needs additional citations for
1197:10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.011
1:
659:
646:
633:
620:
607:
594:
581:
569:
556:
543:
530:
518:
505:
492:
2930:Biodiesel feedstock sources
1745:Issues relating to biofuels
1735:Energy return on investment
662:
649:
636:
623:
610:
597:
584:
571:
559:
546:
533:
520:
508:
495:
464:
451:
438:
425:
412:
399:
386:
373:
360:
281:
273:
265:
257:
249:
241:
2946:
1810:Non-timber forest products
2877:
1758:
1720:Energy content of biofuel
1239:10.1007/s11627-009-9204-z
1097:. CRC. pp. 255–266.
959:
1694:Thermal depolymerization
1667:Industrial biotechnology
1218:Moser, Bryan R. (2009).
803:Viscosity at 40 °C
1662:Fischer–Tropsch process
1652:Biomass heating systems
309:constituents including
2824:(Iberian agroforestry)
2062:Pacific mountain onion
993:Energy policy of India
983:temperature climates.
966:The comparison of the
867:Unsaponifiable matter
786:Density at 15 °C
200:
2844:Indian forest produce
2315:Hydnocarpus wightiana
1093:Ashok Pandey (2008).
852:Saponification value
715:biodiesel standards:
578:Unsaponifiable matter
195:
2920:Traditional medicine
2087:Bare-toothed russula
1026:"Pongamia Factsheet"
679:It has been used as
553:Saponification value
297:, cold pressing, or
54:improve this article
2698:musical instruments
1956:Woodland strawberry
1750:Sustainable biofuel
1185:Bioresour. Technol
299:solvent extraction
201:
196:Pods and seeds of
2907:
2906:
1776:
1775:
1689:Sabatier reaction
1124:www.cabdirect.org
1104:978-1-56022-175-3
1070:. Daff.qld.gov.au
964:
963:
691:making, and as a
667:
666:
469:
468:
329:Millettia pinnata
295:expeller pressing
286:
285:
223:Millettia pinnata
204:Millettia pinnata
198:Millettia pinnata
147:Millettia pinnata
138:Millettia pinnata
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2937:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2859:Resin extraction
2849:Mushroom hunting
2825:
2571: / etc.
2425:
2318:
2153:Saffron milk cap
2143:Parasol mushroom
1983:Fiddlehead ferns
1803:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1766:
1765:
1610:Pongamia pinnata
1304:
1297:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1090:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1003:Renewable energy
718:
566:Specific gravity
474:
339:
228:
149:, also known as
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2873:
2823:
2808:
2799:Vegetable ivory
2671:
2559:
2471:
2419:
2312:
2274:
2256:
2190:
2172:
2138:Oyster mushroom
2128:Meadow mushroom
2073:
2057:Twincrest onion
1960:
1864:
1847:
1818:Animal products
1812:
1807:
1777:
1772:
1754:
1730:Energy forestry
1698:
1630:
1592:Jatropha curcas
1553:
1546:
1454:Camelina sativa
1444:
1437:
1313:
1308:
1278:
1277:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1011:
989:
705:
685:leather tanning
677:
672:
502:Calorific value
323:karanjachromene
291:
190:
158:Pongamia glabra
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2925:Vegetable oils
2922:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2864:Rubber tapping
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:Forest farming
2827:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2466:Vateria indica
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:Shorea robusta
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:Honey mushroom
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1993:Mahuwa flowers
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:Chinese tallow
1578:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1428:Water hyacinth
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1252:
1233:(3): 229–266.
1210:
1191:(13): 1425–9.
1175:
1149:
1110:
1103:
1080:
1056:
1040:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
988:
985:
962:
961:
957:
956:
954:
952:
949:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
925:
924:
922:
920:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
904:
901:
898:
894:
893:
891:
889:
886:
883:
882:Boiling point
879:
878:
876:
874:
871:
868:
864:
863:
861:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
843:
840:
837:
833:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
783:
782:
779:
776:
773:
771:
770:Cetane Number
767:
766:
764:
762:
759:
756:
755:Caloric value
752:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
735:
734:
731:
728:
727:Methyl esters
725:
722:
704:
701:
676:
673:
671:
668:
665:
664:
661:
658:
652:
651:
648:
645:
639:
638:
635:
632:
626:
625:
622:
619:
613:
612:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:
593:
587:
586:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
568:
562:
561:
558:
555:
549:
548:
545:
542:
536:
535:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
517:
511:
510:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
478:
467:
466:
463:
460:
454:
453:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
434:
428:
427:
424:
421:
415:
414:
411:
408:
402:
401:
400:10.8% – 18.3%
398:
395:
389:
388:
387:44.5% – 71.3%
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
369:
363:
362:
359:
356:
350:
349:
346:
343:
290:
287:
284:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
212:Southeast Asia
189:
186:
128:
127:
69:"Pongamia oil"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2942:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Honey hunting
2837:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
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2755:
2751:
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2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
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2713:
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2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
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2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
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2665:
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2660:
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2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Coconut sugar
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2168:Yellow knight
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Slippery jack
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Heart of palm
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:Edible plants
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Juniper berry
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
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1892:
1889:
1887:
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1879:
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1857:
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1844:
1841:
1837:
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1821:
1819:
1815:
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1804:
1799:
1797:
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1790:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Food vs. fuel
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
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1673:
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1637:
1633:
1627:
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1622:
1619:
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1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:
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1596:
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1579:
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1564:
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1557:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1540:
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1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:vegetable oil
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1272:(2): 119–122.
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:methyl esters
958:
955:
953:
950:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
923:
921:
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
892:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
877:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
862:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
846:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
828:
825:
822:
820:Iodine value
819:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
765:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
716:
714:
710:
702:
700:
697:
694:
690:
686:
682:
674:
669:
657:
654:
653:
644:
641:
640:
631:
628:
627:
618:
615:
614:
605:
604:Boiling point
602:
601:
592:
589:
588:
579:
576:
575:
567:
564:
563:
554:
551:
550:
541:
538:
537:
528:
525:
524:
516:
515:Cetane number
513:
512:
503:
500:
499:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:
461:
459:
456:
455:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:9.5% – 12.4%
435:
433:
430:
429:
422:
420:
417:
416:
409:
407:
404:
403:
396:
394:
391:
390:
383:
381:
378:
377:
370:
368:
365:
364:
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
341:
340:
337:
335:
330:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:triglycerides
300:
296:
288:
278:
277:
270:
269:
262:
261:
254:
253:
246:
245:
238:
237:
233:
230:
229:
226:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
206:is native to
205:
199:
194:
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
148:
144:
140:
139:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
27:Vegetable oil
19:
2896:
2869:Wildcrafting
2854:Naval stores
2832: /
2820:
2789:Tendu leaves
2745:Natural dyes
2615:Gutta-percha
2567: /
2505:Frankincense
2465:
2421:
2412:
2378:Mango butter
2323:Cocoa butter
2314:
2311:Chaulmoogra
2281:Allanblackia
2212:Black pepper
2097:Birch bolete
2047:Canada onion
2032:Wild ginseng
2027:Saw palmetto
1968: /
1858: /
1608:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1573:
1569:Big bluestem
1561:
1554:energy crops
1509:
1452:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1230:
1226:
1213:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1113:
1094:
1072:. Retrieved
1059:
1032:. Retrieved
998:Jatropha oil
965:
928:Flash point
897:Cloud point
798:0.86 - 0.90
795:0.87 - 0.89
792:0.86 - 0.88
706:
698:
678:
540:Iodine value
470:
465:1.1% – 3.5%
452:4.2% – 5.3%
426:2.2% – 4.7%
374:2.4% – 8.9%
361:3.7% – 7.9%
345:Nomenclature
328:
327:
292:
222:
220:
216:decorticated
203:
202:
197:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
150:
146:
136:
133:Pongamia oil
132:
131:
116:
110:January 2019
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2804:Willow bark
2635:Maple syrup
2630:Maple sugar
2605:Fruit syrup
2588:chewing gum
2578:Birch syrup
2435:Shea butter
2107:Chanterelle
2052:Crow garlic
2042:Bear garlic
2037:Wild onions
2015:filé powder
1936:Lingonberry
1921:Huckleberry
1725:Energy crop
1672:Pellet fuel
1657:Biorefinery
1621:Switchgrass
1465:Coconut oil
1443:Energy from
1377:Cooking oil
1362:Biogasoline
1337:Babassu oil
945:Pour point
913:Fire Point
744:0.46 - 0.5
738:Acid value
730:ASTM D6751
675:Traditional
643:Flash point
617:Cloud point
348:Percentage
334:fatty acids
289:Description
263:Crude fiber
234:Percentage
188:Cultivation
178:karanja oil
18:Karanja oil
2914:Categories
2715:Birch beer
2710:Birch bark
2667:Spruce gum
2650:akpeteshie
2640:Palm sugar
2610:Gum arabic
2600:Date sugar
2550:Turpentine
2430:Sandalwood
2333:Eucalyptus
2328:Eucalyptol
2217:Brazil nut
2092:Bay bolete
1946:Strawberry
1901:Cocoa bean
1896:Breadfruit
1886:Blackberry
1860:tree fruit
1635:Technology
1616:Salicornia
1599:Miscanthus
1522:Sugar beet
1394:cellulosic
1367:Bioliquids
1347:Biobutanol
1172:: 913–918.
1129:2016-03-03
1074:2013-11-21
1034:2013-10-02
1009:References
873:2.6 - 2.9
858:184 - 187
826:86.5 - 91
815:3.5 - 5.0
812:1.9 - 6.0
775:41.7 - 56
656:Pour point
630:Fire Point
585:2.6 - 2.9
560:184 - 187
547:86.5 - 87
489:Acid value
458:Lignoceric
432:Eicosenoic
342:Fatty acid
274:15% - 20%
250:17% - 37%
242:27% - 39%
182:pungai oil
174:kanuga oil
162:M. pinnata
80:newspapers
2834:gardening
2794:Thatching
2645:Palm wine
2490:Birch tar
2418:Sal-seed
2343:Japan wax
2296:Candlenut
2237:Malva nut
2202:Areca nut
2123:Matsutake
2079:Mushrooms
2020:root beer
2010:Sassafras
1998:Sago palm
1941:Raspberry
1926:Jackfruit
1891:Blueberry
1843:Wild game
1710:Agflation
1603:giganteus
1532:Sunflower
1527:Sugarcane
1445:foodstock
1352:Biodiesel
1311:Bioenergy
980:viscosity
855:mg KOH/g
741:mg KOH/g
733:EN 14214
721:Property
709:biodiesel
703:Biodiesel
693:lubricant
591:Viscosity
496:4.0 - 12
419:Arachidic
406:Linolenic
307:flavonoid
231:Component
170:honge oil
2887:Category
2703:textiles
2535:Pine tar
2500:Creosote
2450:Tea-tree
2445:Tea-seed
2413:Pongamia
2403:Phulwara
2388:Nagkesar
2383:Murumuru
2358:Kpangnan
2306:Carnauba
2247:Pine nut
2232:Hazelnut
2222:Cinnamon
2207:Bay leaf
2197:Allspice
2119:(reishi)
1951:Tamarind
1916:Gambooge
1876:Bilberry
1768:Category
1703:Concepts
1586:Duckweed
1575:Camelina
1552:Non-food
1500:Rapeseed
1490:Palm oil
1433:Wood gas
1406:Methanol
1399:mixtures
1319:Biofuels
1205:15939268
1138:cite web
987:See also
976:palm oil
972:jatropha
940:>101
937:>130
908:0/-15 †
831:<120
823:g/100 g
758:kcal/kg
750:<0.5
747:<0.8
713:EN 14214
681:lamp oil
557:mg KOH/g
493:mg KOH/g
477:Property
393:Linoleic
354:Palmitic
315:pongamol
311:karanjin
282:2% - 3%
271:Moisture
266:5% - 7%
258:6% - 7%
166:Pongamia
152:Pongamia
2898:Commons
2813:Related
2777:Tanbark
2772:Shellac
2762:Quinine
2735:Gambier
2655:ogogoro
2555:Varnish
2520:Lacquer
2510:Gamboge
2495:Camphor
2485:Benzoin
2395: (
2301:Capuacu
2286:Babassu
2252:Vanilla
2163:Truffle
2148:Red cap
2117:Lingzhi
1906:Coconut
1881:Binukaw
1856:Berries
1517:Soybean
1511:Sorghum
1460:Cassava
1389:Ethanol
1372:Biomass
1342:Bagasse
1327:Alcohol
1247:8730735
781:>51
778:>45
544:g/100 g
527:Density
506:kcal/kg
445:Behenic
367:Stearic
247:Protein
154:pinnata
94:scholar
2821:Dehesa
2782:tannin
2767:Rattan
2730:Forage
2693:edible
2688:Bamboo
2683:Amadou
2662:Rubber
2583:Chicle
2525:Mastic
2477:Resins
2460:Ucuuba
2455:Tucuma
2440:Tamanu
2397:kernel
2368:Mafura
2338:Illipe
2291:Bacuri
2242:Nutmeg
2186:spices
1911:Durian
1871:Banana
1563:Arundo
1495:Potato
1411:Stover
1357:Biogas
1245:
1203:
1101:
870:% w/w
847:>6
595:mm/sec
572:0.925
534:0.924
483:Value
319:tannin
255:Starch
180:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2750:henna
2725:Ferns
2676:Other
2625:Latex
2545:Rosin
2540:Pitch
2530:Myrrh
2515:Kauri
2373:Mahua
2363:Kusum
2353:Kombo
2348:Kokum
2270:waxes
2227:Clove
2133:Morel
2067:Ramps
2003:queen
1978:Betel
1970:roots
1831:Honey
1682:stove
1537:Wheat
1480:Maize
1470:Grape
1423:Straw
1332:Algae
1243:S2CID
1223:(PDF)
1162:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
1029:(PDF)
842:2.24
809:4.77
806:mm/s
789:g/cm
761:3700
724:Unit
687:, in
683:, in
663:-3.0
598:40.2
582:% w/w
509:8742
462:C24:0
449:C22:0
436:C20:1
423:C20:0
413:2.6%
410:C18:3
397:C18:2
384:C18:1
380:Oleic
371:C18:0
358:C16:0
208:South
101:JSTOR
87:books
2757:Peat
2740:Moss
2720:Cork
2620:Kino
2408:Pilu
2393:Palm
2181:Nuts
1836:pine
1826:Furs
1677:mill
1626:Wood
1505:Rice
1475:Hemp
1416:corn
1201:PMID
1144:link
1099:ISBN
934:174
919:230
888:316
689:soap
670:Uses
650:225
637:230
624:3.5
611:316
531:g/cm
480:Unit
321:and
210:and
143:Asia
73:news
2569:gum
2565:Sap
2265:Oil
2102:Cep
1542:Yam
1485:Oat
1235:doi
1193:doi
951:15
948:°C
931:°C
916:°C
903:19
900:°C
885:°C
521:42
279:Ash
239:Oil
156:or
56:by
2916::
1601:×
1268:.
1264:.
1241:.
1231:46
1229:.
1225:.
1199:.
1189:96
1187:.
1170:63
1168:.
1164:.
1140:}}
1136:{{
1122:.
1083:^
1043:^
1017:^
839:h
660:°C
647:°C
634:°C
621:°C
608:°C
336::
325:.
317:,
313:,
184:.
176:,
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