233:"After he (Utu-hegal) departed (from) the temple of the god Iskur, on the fourth day he set up ... in the city of Nagsu on the Iturungal canal. On the fifth day he set up ... in the shrine III-tappe. He captured Ur-Ninazu (and) Nabi-Enlil, generals whom he (Tirigan) had sent as envoys to the land of Sumer, (and) put handcuffs on them. After he departed (from) the shrine III-tappe, on the sixth day he set up ... at Karkar. He proceeded to the god Iskur (and) prayed to him"
395:) in his twelfth year. Additional attestations from the period of the latter ruler's reign include a reference to a daughter of this king being the current high priestess of Adad in Karkar, an administrative text from Larsa mentioning a herd of sheep owned by said god, and two passages in texts from Nippur which reference allotments to a certain Adad-ešar, who acted on behalf of said priestess from Karkar. A reference to “Adad of Karkar” also occurs in the prologue of the
408:
It is not certain if Karkar remained a major urban center after the Old
Babylonian period, and the possibility that it was gradually abandoned has been suggested. No non-literary references to it have been identified in sources from later periods. An exception is the name of a certain Rīš-Karkara,
437:’s translation “House, Mountain/Noblest of the Universe”). Another text, a list of temples, also mentions a ziggurat in IM, presumably also to be understood as Karkar in this context, but states it was known as Eudegalanna (“House, Great Wonder of Heaven”).
343:
Sources pertaining to Karkar from the Ur III period are also available. The city was considered a major religious site, and offerings to the temple of Ishkur were provided not only from a center of royal administration,
165:, has been proposed. It has alternatively been suggested that it should be identified as Dabrum, though Marvin A. Powell has argued against this possibility, as the latter city is only mentioned in sources from the
652:
Steinkeller, Piotr, "New Light on the
Hydrology and Topography of Southern Babylonia in the Third Millennium", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 22-84, 2001
256:. He could be referred to with the epithet Lugal-Karkar or Lugal-Karkarra, “lord of Karkar”. He was also the main deity of the local pantheon. In addition to Ishkur, his wife
440:
In a fragmentary literary text of the Old
Babylonian (or possibly following Kassite) era there is a reference to an uprising by troops that "deposed four kings" at Karkar.
129:. However, not every instance of IM can be interpreted as a reference to Karkar, as the same logogram could also be used to render the names of two other cities:
49:. Identification with the archeological site Tell Äśidr has been proposed, though it is not universally accepted. The city is first mentioned in texts from the
372:
has also been suggested, which mentions the appointment of a priestess of Ishkur who was “chosen by omens” might also be related to the traditions of Karkar.
189:
times, which according to Powell supports the possibility that habitation continued through the entire period during which cuneiform was in use in modern
405:. The name of the city could also be used as an element of personal names, according to Daniel Schwmer as a stand-in for the name of its main deity.
1173:
1087:
Die
Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
264:
dedicated to the weather god existed in the city. It bore the ceremonial name
Eugalgal (also spelled Eugalgalla), “House of Great Storms”. In the
73:
periods mention Karkar, in later times attestations are limited to literary texts, and it is not certain if the city continued to be inhabited.
1163:
1168:
1095:
981:
617:
R. McC. Adams and H. Nissen, "The Uruk
Countryside: The Natural Setting of Urban Societies", Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972
250:
666:
1000:
661:
Frayne, Douglas, "Uruk", Pre-Sargonic Period: Early
Periods Volume 1 (2700-2350 BC), University of Toronto Press, pp. 409-440, 2008
622:
81:
While in addition to Karkar forms
Karkara, Kakra and Kakru are also attested, the first spelling is considered conventional. In
931:
Zomer, Elyze, "An
Uprising at Karkar: A New Historical-Literary Text.", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 71, pp. 111–20, 2019
449:
274:, respectively in lines 295 and 297. It is also possible that Edurku, “House, Pure Abode”, a sanctuary of Shala attested in a
161:. Identification with Tell Äśidr, an archeological site also located on the Tigris, some twenty kilometers to the southeast of
615:
1020:"Tigris A. 3. bis Mitte 2. Jahrtausend · Tigris A. From the 3rd millennium to the first half of the 2nd millennium B.C."
375:
Karkar and its temple are documented in sources from the Old
Babylonian period. The city is mentioned in year names of
364:
as well. Additionally, a year name of an unspecified king from the Third Dynasty of Ur, according to Douglas Frayne
65:
dedicated to him located there is well attested. While various royal inscriptions and administrative texts from the
282:
1158:
410:
360:. A single reference to a transaction concerning goods meant for this sanctuary occurs in the text corpus from
37:. Its exact location is unknown, though based on textual sources it is known that it is to be sought on the
20:
149:
The exact location of Karkar remains unknown. Based on textual sources it is known it was located on the
286:
194:
70:
306:
297:
prayed to him in this city to gain his support in an upcoming battle during his campaign against the
301:. While a temple hymn focused on the sanctuary is known too, and was traditionally associated with
270:
the same sanctuary is referred to as Eugalgim, “House Like a Great Storm”. Both names occur in the
101:, use the logogram as opposed to a phonetic writing, though at the time the sign had the form of NI
266:
1066:
170:
169:
and years immediately preceding it, while Tell Äśidr might have been inhabited as early as in the
249:
he came to be fully fused with Adad, who was already associated with him at least by scribes in
289:, but presumably originally composed in the late third millennium BCE, according to which king
1137:
1101:
1091:
1058:
1006:
996:
977:
662:
618:
413:
text. Karkar might also be attested under the logographic spelling of its name in the list of
397:
238:
198:
118:
106:
58:
109:), as opposed to IM (sign 264). The same logogram, if instead written with the determinative
1129:
1050:
969:
434:
1114:
321:
186:
426:
311:
182:
1152:
345:
261:
246:
166:
62:
1115:"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies Part I"
178:
1019:
384:
121:
to compare this scribal convention to the use of the logogram EN.LĂŤL to represent
946:
229:. The campaign left Uruk, passed through Nagsu and then proceeded on the Karkar.
376:
320:
presumably mention religious officials from Karkar. He highlights the existence
317:
253:
218:
214:
174:
154:
98:
50:
42:
30:
1133:
285:
of the weather god in Karkar occurs in a text known from three copies from the
141:. In these two cases the reasoning behind the use of this logogram is unknown.
302:
290:
222:
1141:
1062:
1105:
1010:
454:
418:
402:
82:
968:. RIM. The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. University of Toronto Press.
425:(final section of the text K 4337), most likely originally composed in the
278:
litany, was similarly located in Karkar and formed a part of the Eugalgal.
973:
414:
365:
138:
422:
357:
298:
226:
162:
158:
97:), is also attested. The oldest attestations of the name, dated to the
46:
1070:
1038:
369:
361:
242:
150:
134:
122:
114:
110:
66:
54:
38:
1085:
1054:
1039:"Karkar, Dabrum, and Tall Ǧidr: An Unresolved Geographical Problem"
388:
349:
257:
130:
126:
380:
353:
294:
202:
190:
34:
429:. It mentions a ziggurat located in this city, Earattakišarra (
221:. The city is listed in the campaign itinerary of Uruk ruler
305:, it cannot be dated precisely. Additionally, as argued by
879:
877:
864:
862:
636:
634:
632:
630:
177:
periods, with oldest certainly dated evidence coming from
575:
573:
571:
517:
515:
513:
488:
486:
484:
482:
741:
739:
737:
724:
722:
324:
administrative texts dealing with rations meant for the
217:. The city served as a cult center of the Mesopotamian
201:
times is lacking. A text mentions a land shipment from
546:
544:
542:
94:
90:
993:
House Most High: the Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia
181:III period. It continued to be inhabited up to the
53:. It served as a cult center of the weather god
231:
213:Karkar is already attested in sources from the
117:, who was associated with Karkar, which lead
8:
356:, as documented in texts from the reign of
105:(sign 396 in the modern classification of
1122:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
1049:(1). University of Chicago Press: 47–52.
401:in an enumeration of the main deities of
383:, who prepared a throne for its god, and
340:) priest of Ishkur as possible examples.
895:
883:
868:
853:
841:
817:
805:
793:
781:
769:
713:
701:
689:
677:
640:
579:
533:
504:
492:
473:
409:“Karkar is acclaimed”,) identified in a
562:
466:
1090:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
919:
907:
829:
757:
745:
728:
603:
591:
550:
521:
391:, who appointed a new high priestess (
237:While originally referred to with the
205:to Karkar which took one days travel.
7:
14:
316:, some of the early sources from
260:was also worshiped in Karkar. A
1174:Former populated places in Iraq
1043:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
450:Cities of the ancient Near East
137:, and Muru, the cult center of
93:). A logographic writing, IM (
1:
1164:Lost ancient cities and towns
1169:Archaeological sites in Iraq
1024:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
995:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
966:Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC)
951:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
281:The oldest reference to the
193:, even though evidence from
945:Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1980),
1190:
1134:10.1163/156921207783876404
1037:Powell, Marvin A. (1980).
1018:Heimpel, Wolfgang (2014),
991:George, Andrew R. (1993).
18:
1113:Schwemer, Daniel (2007).
1084:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
225:against the Gutian ruler
16:Lost ancient city in Iraq
964:Frayne, Douglas (1997).
953:(in German), vol. 5
85:the name was written as
57:, later known under the
235:
1128:(2). Brill: 121–168.
974:10.3138/9781442657069
287:Old Babylonian period
272:Canonical Temple List
133:, the cult center of
125:, the cult center of
113:, designated the god
209:Textual attestations
185:, and then again in
33:city in present-day
19:For other uses, see
692:, pp. 137–138.
680:, pp. 131–132.
536:, pp. 130–131.
431:é-aratta-ki–šár-ra
1097:978-3-447-04456-1
983:978-1-4426-5706-9
594:, pp. 47–48.
524:, pp. 63–64.
411:Middle Babylonian
398:Laws of Hammurabi
145:Proposed location
119:Dietz-Otto Edzard
107:archaic cuneiform
61:name Adad, and a
1181:
1145:
1119:
1109:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1014:
987:
960:
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755:
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537:
531:
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496:
490:
477:
471:
435:Andrew R. George
348:, but also from
332:) priestess and
315:
96:
92:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1159:Sumerian cities
1149:
1148:
1117:
1112:
1098:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1036:
1029:
1027:
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598:
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578:
569:
561:
557:
549:
540:
532:
528:
520:
511:
503:
499:
491:
480:
472:
468:
463:
446:
433:; according to
309:
307:Daniel Schwemer
211:
147:
104:
79:
29:was an ancient
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1110:
1096:
1081:
1055:10.1086/372778
1034:
1026:, vol. 14
1015:
1001:
988:
982:
961:
940:
937:
934:
933:
924:
912:
900:
898:, p. 638.
888:
886:, p. 141.
873:
871:, p. 435.
858:
856:, p. 306.
846:
844:, p. 139.
834:
822:
820:, p. 139.
810:
808:, p. 132.
798:
796:, p. 131.
786:
784:, p. 136.
774:
772:, p. 134.
762:
750:
748:, p. 153.
733:
731:, p. 152.
718:
716:, p. 166.
706:
704:, p. 702.
694:
682:
670:
667:978-0802035868
654:
645:
643:, p. 131.
626:
608:
596:
584:
582:, p. 367.
567:
555:
538:
526:
509:
507:, p. 138.
497:
495:, p. 137.
478:
465:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
452:
445:
442:
427:Kassite period
210:
207:
195:Neo-Babylonian
183:Kassite period
146:
143:
102:
78:
75:
71:Old Babylonian
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1186:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
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1123:
1116:
1111:
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1103:
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1035:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1002:0-931464-80-3
998:
994:
989:
985:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
952:
948:
943:
942:
938:
928:
925:
922:, p. 69.
921:
916:
913:
910:, p. 45.
909:
904:
901:
897:
896:Schwemer 2001
892:
889:
885:
884:Schwemer 2007
880:
878:
874:
870:
869:Schwemer 2001
865:
863:
859:
855:
854:Schwemer 2001
850:
847:
843:
842:Schwemer 2007
838:
835:
832:, p. 18.
831:
826:
823:
819:
818:Schwemer 2001
814:
811:
807:
806:Schwemer 2007
802:
799:
795:
794:Schwemer 2001
790:
787:
783:
782:Schwemer 2001
778:
775:
771:
770:Schwemer 2001
766:
763:
760:, p. 81.
759:
754:
751:
747:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
714:Schwemer 2001
710:
707:
703:
702:Schwemer 2001
698:
695:
691:
690:Schwemer 2007
686:
683:
679:
678:Schwemer 2007
674:
671:
668:
664:
658:
655:
649:
646:
642:
641:Schwemer 2007
637:
635:
633:
631:
627:
624:
623:0-226-00500-3
620:
616:
612:
609:
606:, p. 48.
605:
600:
597:
593:
588:
585:
581:
580:Schwemer 2001
576:
574:
572:
568:
565:, p. 26.
564:
559:
556:
553:, p. 64.
552:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
534:Schwemer 2007
530:
527:
523:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
505:Schwemer 2001
501:
498:
494:
493:Schwemer 2001
489:
487:
485:
483:
479:
476:, p. 12.
475:
474:Schwemer 2001
470:
467:
460:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
443:
441:
438:
436:
432:
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394:
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359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Puzrish-Dagan
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
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313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
268:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
247:Ur III period
244:
240:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:Ur III period
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
100:
88:
84:
76:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
1125:
1121:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1046:
1042:
1028:, retrieved
1023:
992:
965:
955:, retrieved
950:
939:Bibliography
927:
915:
903:
891:
849:
837:
825:
813:
801:
789:
777:
765:
753:
709:
697:
685:
673:
657:
648:
611:
599:
587:
563:Heimpel 2014
558:
529:
500:
469:
439:
430:
407:
396:
392:
374:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
280:
275:
271:
267:Temple Hymns
265:
251:pre-Sargonic
236:
232:
212:
148:
86:
80:
31:Mesopotamian
26:
25:
920:George 1993
908:George 1993
830:Frayne 1997
758:George 1993
746:George 1993
729:George 1993
604:Powell 1980
592:Powell 1980
551:Edzard 1980
522:Edzard 1980
421:names from
377:Iddin-Dagan
326:ereš-dingir
310: [
219:weather god
215:Uruk period
171:Jemdat Nasr
99:Uruk period
51:Uruk period
1153:Categories
1076:2023-03-26
1030:2023-03-24
957:2023-03-26
461:References
303:Enheduanna
223:Utu-hengal
199:Achaemenid
153:, between
91:𒋼𒀀𒋼𒀀đ’†
41:, between
1142:1569-2116
1063:0022-2968
455:Tell Jidr
419:city wall
403:Babylonia
385:Rim-Sîn I
368:, though
291:Utu-hegal
245:, by the
83:cuneiform
1106:48145544
1011:27813103
444:See also
415:ziggurat
366:Ur-Nammu
322:Sargonic
239:Sumerian
187:Parthian
139:Ninkilim
59:Akkadian
423:Nineveh
358:Shu-Sin
299:Gutians
227:Tirigan
163:Kisurra
159:Zabalam
87:kar-kar
47:Zabalam
1140:
1104:
1094:
1071:544108
1069:
1061:
1009:
999:
980:
665:
621:
370:Shulgi
362:Nippur
338:šangûm
276:lipšur
262:temple
243:Ishkur
151:Tigris
135:Ninazu
123:Nippur
115:Ishkur
111:dingir
67:Ur III
63:temple
55:Ishkur
39:Tigris
27:Karkar
21:Karkar
1118:(PDF)
1067:JSTOR
393:entum
389:Larsa
350:Girsu
334:sanga
330:entum
314:]
258:Shala
241:name
179:Ubaid
131:Enegi
127:Enlil
1138:ISSN
1102:OCLC
1092:ISBN
1059:ISSN
1007:OCLC
997:ISBN
978:ISBN
947:"IM"
663:ISBN
619:ISBN
417:and
381:Isin
354:Umma
352:and
318:Adab
295:Uruk
283:cult
254:Mari
203:Umma
197:and
191:Iraq
175:Uruk
173:and
157:and
155:Adab
95:đ’…Žđ’†
77:Name
69:and
45:and
43:Adab
35:Iraq
1130:doi
1051:doi
970:doi
387:of
379:of
293:of
1155::
1136:.
1124:.
1120:.
1100:.
1065:.
1057:.
1047:39
1045:.
1041:.
1022:,
1005:.
976:.
949:,
876:^
861:^
736:^
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570:^
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512:^
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312:de
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1126:7
1108:.
1079:.
1053::
1013:.
986:.
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336:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.