924:, focused not on providing a mechanism for inheritance, but rather on providing a mathematical description for inheritance that was not causal in nature. While Galton proposed a discontinuous theory of evolution, in which species would have to change via large jumps rather than small changes that built up over time, Pearson pointed out flaws in Galton's argument and actually used Galton's ideas to further a continuous theory of evolution, whereas the Mendelians favored a discontinuous theory of evolution. While Galton focused primarily on the application of statistical methods to the study of heredity, Pearson and his colleague Weldon expanded statistical reasoning to the fields of inheritance, variation, correlation, and natural and sexual selection.
882:
there are sound scientific reasons upon which to base our judgments and as a result our opinions as to moral conduct. Even at the present day there are far too many general impressions drawn from limited or too often wrongly interpreted experience, and far too many inadequately demonstrated and too lightly accepted theories for any nation to proceed hastily with unlimited
Eugenic legislation. This statement, however, must never be taken as an excuse for indefinitely suspending all Eugenic teaching and every form of communal action in matters of sex.
748:. This book covered several themes that were later to become part of the theories of Einstein and other scientists. Pearson asserted that the laws of nature are relative to the perceptive ability of the observer. Irreversibility of natural processes, he argued, is a purely relative conception. An observer who travels at the exact velocity of light would see an eternal now, or an absence of motion. He speculated that an observer who travelled faster than light would see time reversal, similar to a cinema film being run backwards. Pearson also discussed
582:
unworthy of study? The giants of literature, the mysteries of many-dimensional space, the attempts of
Boltzmann and Crookes to penetrate Nature's very laboratory, the Kantian theory of the universe, and the latest discoveries in embryology, with their wonderful tales of the development of life—what an immensity beyond our grasp! Mankind seems on the verge of a new and glorious discovery. What Newton did to simplify the planetary motions must now be done to unite in one whole the various isolated theories of mathematical physics.
547:
47:
4462:
849:
sound stock by the accumulated effects of education, good laws, and sanitary surroundings. Such means may render the individual members of a stock passable if not strong members of society, but the same process will have to be gone through again and again with their offspring, and this in ever-widening circles, if the stock, owing to the conditions in which society has placed it, is able to increase its numbers."
3534:
4450:
2239:
853:
History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization has been produced, namely, the struggle of race with race, and the survival of the physically and mentally fitter race. If you want to know whether the lower races of man can evolve a higher type, I fear the only course
943:
For
Pearson, laws of nature were useful for making accurate predictions and for concisely describing trends in observed data. Causation was the experience "that a certain sequence has occurred and recurred in the past". Thus, identifying a particular mechanism of genetics was not a worthy pursuit of
898:
Karl
Pearson was important in the founding of the school of biometrics, which was one of several competing theories to describe evolution and population inheritance at the turn of the 20th century. His series of eighteen papers, "Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution" established him
662:
After Galton's death in 1911, Pearson embarked on producing his definitive biography—a three-volume tome of narrative, letters, genealogies, commentaries, and photographs—published in 1914, 1924, and 1930, with much of
Pearson's own money paying for their print runs. The biography, done "to satisfy
581:
I rush from science to philosophy, and from philosophy to our old friends the poets; and then, over-wearied by too much idealism, I fancy I become practical in returning to science. Have you ever attempted to conceive all there is in the world worth knowing—that not one subject in the universe is
881:
My endeavour during the twenty-two years in which I have held the post of Galton
Professor has been to prove in the first place that Eugenics can be developed as an academic study, and in the second place to make the conclusions drawn from that study a ground for social propagandism only when
848:
Weismann argued that acquired characteristics could not be inherited. Therefore, training benefits only the trained generation. Their children will not exhibit the learned improvements and, in turn, will need to be improved. "No degenerate and feeble stock will ever be converted into healthy and
836:
to entire nations, Pearson saw war against "inferior races" as a logical implication of the theory of evolution. "My view – and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation", he wrote, "is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its
939:
and other biologists for their failure to adopt biometrical techniques in their study of evolution. Pearson criticized biologists who did not focus on the statistical validity of their theories, stating that "before we can accept as a factor we must have not only shown its plausibility but if
854:
is to leave them to fight it out among themselves, and even then the struggle for existence between individual and individual, between tribe and tribe, may not be supported by that physical selection due to a particular climate on which probably so much of the Aryan's success depended.
940:
possible have demonstrated its quantitative ability" Biologists had succumb to "almost metaphysical speculation as to the causes of heredity," which had replaced the process of experimental data collection that actually might allow scientists to narrow down potential theories.
1050:. A system of continuous univariate probability distributions that came to form the basis of the now conventional continuous probability distributions. Since the system is complete up to the fourth moment, it is a powerful complement to the Pearsonian method of moments.
706:, who became a statistician himself and succeeded his father as head of the Applied Statistics Department at University College. Maria died in 1928 and in 1929 Karl married Margaret Victoria Child, a co-worker at the Biometric Laboratory. He and his family lived at 7
2247:
915:
coefficients. Pearson's Law of
Ancestral Heredity stated that germ plasm consisted of heritable elements inherited from the parents as well as from more distant ancestors, the proportion of which varied for different traits. Karl Pearson was a follower of
562:. Comparing Cambridge students to those he knew from Germany, Karl found German students inathletic and weak. He wrote to his mother, "I used to think athletics and sport was overestimated at Cambridge, but now I think it cannot be too highly valued."
920:, and although the two differed in some respects, Pearson used a substantial amount of Francis Galton's statistical concepts in his formulation of the biometrical school for inheritance, such as the law of regression. The biometric school, unlike the
899:
as the founder of the biometrical school for inheritance. In fact, Pearson devoted much time during 1893 to 1904 to developing statistical techniques for biometry. These techniques, which are widely used today for statistical analysis, include the
2614:
McGrayne, Sharon
Bertsch. The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy: Yale UP, 2011. Print. "Karl Pearson...was a zealous
3367:
1085:
paper, Pearson proposed testing the validity of hypothesized values by evaluating the chi distance between the hypothesized and the empirically observed values via the p-value, which was proposed in the same paper. The use of
2372:
1803:
Pearson, Karl (1900). "On the
Criterion that a Given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is Such that it can be Reasonably Supposed to Have Arisen from Random Sampling,"
3200:
Pearson, K. (1900). "On the
Criterion that a given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from Random Sampling".
952:
in 1902. Although the biometric approach to inheritance eventually lost to the Mendelian approach, the techniques Pearson and the biometricians at the time developed are vital to studies of biology and evolution today.
3362:
held in the Manuscripts Room, University College London Library, compiled by M. Merrington, B. Blundell, S. Burrough, J. Golden and J. Hogarth and published by the Publications Office, University College London, 1983.
663:
myself and without regard to traditional standards, to the needs of publishers or to the tastes of the reading public", triumphed Galton's life, work and personal heredity. He predicted that Galton, rather than
5364:
1450:
An Attempt to Correct some of the Misstatements Made by Sir Victor Horsley and Mary D. Sturge, M.D. in the Criticisms of the Galton Laboratory Memoir: A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism,
3068:
Gillham, Nicholas (9 August 2013). "The Battle Between the Biometricians and the Mendelians: How Sir Francis Galton Caused his Disciples to Reach Conflicting Conclusions About the Hereditary Mechanism".
1186:
He was also elected an Honorary Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, University College London and the Royal Society of Medicine, and a Member of the Actuaries' Club. A
590:
Coming to London, I read in chambers in Lincoln's Inn, drew up bills of sale, and was called to the Bar, but varied legal studies by lecturing on heat at Barnes, on Martin Luther at Hampstead, and on
979:
whose object was the development of statistical theory. He edited this journal until his death. Among those who assisted Pearson in his research were a number of female mathematicians who included
5316:
837:
numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races." He reasoned that, if
4498:
5332:
2107:
944:
biologists, who should instead focus on mathematical descriptions of empirical data. This, in part led to the fierce debate between the biometricians and the Mendelians, including
5542:
1850:
2201:
948:. After Bateson rejected one of Pearson's manuscripts that described a new theory for the variability of an offspring, or homotyposis, Pearson and Weldon established
5477:
5472:
3623:
2295:
5467:
1015:
5276:
4491:
3574:
5572:
781:) Further, he stated, "... science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind ... In truth, the field of science is much more
5532:
5517:
5512:
5268:
1134:
Pearson achieved widespread recognition across a range of disciplines and his membership of, and awards from, various professional bodies reflects this:
615:
in 1883. In 1884, he was appointed to the Goldsmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics at University College London. Pearson became the editor of
3503:
5562:
5547:
5292:
4242:
3358:
at the Department of Statistical Sciences at University College London, which has been placed in the public domain. The main source for that page was
2782:
5502:
4722:
3679:
1977:
The Positive Creed of Freethought: with Some Remarks on the Relation of Freethought to Socialism. Being a Lecture Delivered at South Place Institute
330:
4749:
4484:
3908:
3478:
607:, where he read law until 1881 (although he never practised). After this, he returned to mathematics, deputising for the mathematics professor at
4884:
4711:
569:
Back in Cambridge, I worked in the engineering shops, but drew up the schedule in Mittel- and Althochdeutsch for the Medieval Languages Tripos.
5552:
5537:
4079:
3445:
2456:
1011:
Pearson's thinking underpins many of the 'classical' statistical methods which are in common use today. Examples of his contributions are:
3499:
927:
For Pearson, the theory of evolution was not intended to identify a biological mechanism that explained patterns of inheritance, whereas
5577:
5436:
4727:
3901:
3616:
866:
which he founded) to Jewish immigration into Britain. Pearson alleged that these immigrants "will develop into a parasitic race. Taken
3651:
3519:, contains Pearson's biography of Francis Galton, and several other papers – in addition to nearly all of Galton's own published works.
2808:
Farrall, Lyndsay A. (August 1975). "Controversy and Conflict in Science: A Case Study The English Biometric School and Mendel's Laws".
2704:
2571:
460:
2309:
5340:
5284:
4262:
4257:
4210:
3891:
1255:
3224:
Neyman, J.; Pearson, E. S. (1928). "On the use and interpretation of certain test criteria for purposes of statistical inference".
961:
Pearson's work was all-embracing in the wide application and development of mathematical statistics, and encompassed the fields of
1775:"Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man, II: A First Study on the Inheritance of Longevity and the Selective Death-rate in Man,"
877:, indicate a sense of failure of his aim to use the scientific study of eugenics as a guide for moral conduct and public policy.
5567:
5308:
870:, and regarding both sexes, this alien Jewish population is somewhat inferior physically and mentally to the native population".
789:, Ch. II, § 6) "Law in the scientific sense is thus essentially a product of the human mind and has no meaning apart from man." (
3355:
5507:
4272:
980:
5527:
5300:
5164:
5114:
5099:
4737:
4537:
4442:
3609:
3557:
1074:
1033:
771:. "There are many signs", he wrote, "that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude
2270:
2098:
5324:
4542:
3493:
2718:"The Problem of Alien Immigration into Great Britain, Illustrated by an Examination of Russian and Polish Jewish Children"
2153:
1101:
890:
announced that it was renaming two buildings which had been named after Pearson, because of his connection with eugenics.
802:
686:—in accordance with Galton's wishes. Pearson formed the Department of Applied Statistics (with financial support from the
169:
702:
In 1890, Pearson married Maria Sharpe. The couple had three children: Sigrid Loetitia Pearson, Helga Sharpe Pearson, and
5497:
5492:
5224:
4889:
4132:
4125:
1107:
559:
456:
184:
108:
2558:
5522:
4939:
4904:
4854:
3984:
3959:
3944:
3458:
2444:
1432:
The Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring: A Reply to the Cambridge Economists
1164:
1139:
632:
326:
294:
36:
3544:
2476:
Speeches Delivered at a Dinner Held in University College, London, in Honour of Professor Karl Pearson, 23 April 1934
5356:
5250:
5069:
4524:
908:
612:
384:
2100:
Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: An Appreciation. Being a Lecture Delivered to the Teachers of the London County Council
1384:
On a Practical Theory of Elliptical and Pseudo-elliptical Arches, with Special Reference to the Ideal Masonry Arch
5487:
5482:
5034:
4984:
4756:
4157:
4137:
4045:
4041:
3964:
3656:
3579:
3462:
2624:
Porter, Theodore M. Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2004. Print.
2162:
988:
887:
608:
452:
304:
258:
5406:
5174:
4999:
4687:
4567:
4507:
4162:
3802:
3787:
3776:
3753:
3483:
1155:
997:
984:
620:
468:
412:
113:
20:
2109:
The Right of the Unborn Child: Being a Lecture Delivered... to Teachers from the London County Council Schools
1376:
A First Study of the Inheritance of Vision and of the Relative Influence of Heredity and Environment on Sight
4864:
4400:
4147:
4142:
4115:
4050:
4004:
3999:
3934:
3827:
3025:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2310:"Karl Pearson's The Problem of Practical Eugenics · Controlling Heredity · Special Collections and Archives"
1922:
1912:
1765:"Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man, I: A First Study of the Variability and Correlation of the Hand,"
760:
540:
380:
263:
134:
1008:
largely to provide a record of the output of the Department of Applied Statistics not published elsewhere.
5209:
4964:
4824:
4355:
4345:
3763:
3689:
3646:
3595:
3526:
2964:
Morrison, Margaret (1 March 2002). "Modelling Populations: Pearson and Fisher on Mendelism and Biometry".
2920:
2390:
1859:
1846:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1730:
1695:
822:
777:
753:
744:
195:
2666:
2089:
2066:
2057:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1629:
1528:
1519:
1361:
1245:
1227:
1218:
5348:
5204:
5184:
5129:
4761:
4205:
4200:
4152:
4120:
4110:
4069:
3849:
3726:
3632:
3549:
2681:
2651:
2488:
1983:
1965:
1352:
1305:
1209:
1200:
928:
635:, a zoologist who had some interesting problems requiring quantitative solutions. The collaboration, in
472:
218:
4989:
3562:
2600:
2048:
2039:
1999:
1950:
A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials from Galilei to the Present Time
1685:"On a Form of Spurious Correlation which May Arise when Indices are Used in the Measurement of Organs,"
1390:
694:. He remained with the department until his retirement in 1933, and continued to work until his death.
3150:
Wright, S., 1921. Correlation and causation. Journal of agricultural research, 20(7), pp. 557–585
2634:
2407:
1554:
503:, medieval and 16th century German Literature, and Socialism. He became an accomplished historian and
5462:
5457:
5401:
5119:
5084:
4899:
4185:
4180:
4055:
3939:
3844:
3817:
3699:
3311:
3078:
3032:
2912:
2864:
2166:
2120:
2041:
Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics. The Cavendish Lecture: An Address to the Medical Profession
2030:
2008:
1892:
1794:
1742:
1707:
1684:
1674:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1408:
1399:
1374:
1311:
1283:
1261:
1236:
1115:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1037:
675:
492:
484:
480:
164:
118:
2925:
1591:
1537:
546:
5557:
5109:
5064:
5014:
4959:
4844:
4839:
4575:
4247:
3929:
3822:
3797:
3782:
3711:
3567:
3469:
3300:"Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. II. Skew Variation in Homogeneous Material"
1822:
1441:
A Second Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring
1003:
912:
719:
687:
586:
Pearson then returned to London to study law, emulating his father. Quoting Pearson's own account:
464:
93:
3304:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2094:. London: Pub. for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research by H.M. Stationery Office.
2023:
1423:
A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring
862:
Raphael and Jennifer Patai cite Karl Pearson's 1925 opposition (in the first issue of the journal
845:
is correct, the nation is wasting money when it tries to improve people who come from poor stock.
821:. His commitment to socialism and its ideals led him to refuse the offer of being created an OBE (
5229:
5159:
5019:
4974:
4874:
4650:
4395:
4350:
4237:
4060:
3881:
3716:
3706:
3473:
3418:
3241:
3094:
3008:. The contemporary science series. London : New York: Walter Scott; Charles Scribner's Sons.
2981:
2946:
2882:
2833:
2218:
2017:
1900:
1662:
1190:
conference was held in London on 23 March 2007, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of his birth.
1067:
904:
810:
591:
520:
3506:
at the University of Southampton (contains many useful links to further sources of information).
3021:"Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. III. Regression, Heredity, and Panmixia"
2448:
444:
3339:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1272:"Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. III. Regression, Heredity and Panmixia"
46:
5372:
5260:
5219:
5144:
5059:
5029:
4944:
4929:
4798:
4771:
4744:
4645:
4516:
4454:
4325:
4227:
4084:
3874:
3839:
3733:
3672:
3441:
3410:
3050:
2938:
2825:
2700:
2567:
2452:
2289:
2171:
2143:
2133:
1530:
On the Torsion Resulting from Flexure in Prisms with Cross-sections of Uni-axial Symmetry Only
1417:
1251:
1027:
691:
643:
theory, was a fruitful one and lasted until Weldon died in 1906. Weldon introduced Pearson to
451:, and his mother Fanny (née Smith), and he had two siblings, Arthur and Amy. Pearson attended
404:
159:
139:
3590:"Studies in the history of probability and statistics, L: Karl Pearson and the Rule of Three"
3510:
5199:
5194:
5169:
5149:
4914:
4625:
4425:
4380:
4360:
3896:
3886:
3869:
3402:
3319:
3264:
3233:
3206:
3173:
3086:
3082:
3040:
2973:
2930:
2872:
2817:
2762:
2729:
2210:
1871:
1750:
1715:
1654:
1603:
1291:
900:
833:
739:
396:
337:
2337:
5234:
5189:
5079:
5049:
4924:
4909:
4849:
4786:
4682:
4415:
4375:
4297:
4252:
4089:
3994:
3979:
3954:
3768:
3748:
3540:
2158:
1187:
1111:
1078:
1019:
945:
936:
838:
735:
731:
628:
500:
420:
179:
2853:"Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. On the Law of Ancestral Heredity"
2059:
On the Handicapping of the First-born: Being a Lecture Delivered at the Galton Laboratory
1570:
On the Relationship of Health to the Psychical and Physical Characters in School Children
3315:
3259:
Pearson, K. (1901). "On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points is Space".
3036:
2916:
2868:
1896:
1746:
1711:
1287:
5179:
5139:
5089:
5074:
5054:
5004:
4969:
4954:
4934:
4919:
4791:
4732:
4585:
4466:
4335:
4195:
3834:
3743:
2767:
2750:
2734:
2717:
2435:
2083:
Side Lights on the Evolution of Man: Being a Lecture Delivered at the Royal Institution
1370:
1023:
917:
668:
664:
648:
644:
408:
310:
276:
174:
3522:
5451:
5411:
5214:
5154:
5124:
5104:
5044:
5009:
4994:
4979:
4949:
4894:
4819:
4630:
4610:
4600:
4385:
4320:
4292:
4220:
3949:
3864:
3589:
3098:
2985:
2010:
The Academic Aspect of the Science of Eugenics: A Lecture Delivered to Undergraduates
1143:
782:
528:
376:
368:
3422:
2950:
1263:
The New University for London: A Guide to its History and a Criticism of its Defects
1169:
1932: awarded the Rudolf Virchow medal by the Berliner Anthropologische Gesellschaft
5391:
4879:
4665:
4620:
4615:
4557:
4532:
4461:
4430:
4410:
4365:
4330:
4302:
4232:
4190:
4064:
4018:
3989:
3969:
2837:
1838:
Pearson, Karl (1907). "On the Influence of Past Experience on Future Expectation,"
1320:
On the Theory of Contingency and its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation
1149:
1095:
1091:
1087:
966:
703:
604:
476:
448:
212:
4803:
3003:
1812:
1607:
1495:
Mendelism and the Problem of Mental Defect, II: On the Continuity of Mental Defect
4476:
3113:
Statistics in Britain, 1865–1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge
5431:
5421:
5024:
4834:
4781:
4655:
4595:
4590:
4420:
4405:
4390:
4370:
4287:
4215:
4032:
4022:
4009:
3974:
3924:
3854:
3807:
3694:
3684:
2934:
2560:
Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
1985:
National Life from the Stand-point of Science: An Address Delivered at Newcastle
814:
806:
772:
715:
392:
289:
189:
3406:
3137:
Analyse Mathematique. Sur Les Probabilités des Erreurs de Situation d'un Point
2821:
1875:
805:" atheist and a freethinker. Pearson was known in his lifetime as a prominent "
577:, Pearson gives a clear indication of why he studied so many diverse subjects:
5426:
5416:
5134:
5039:
4869:
4859:
4829:
4672:
4640:
4605:
4547:
4307:
4036:
4027:
4014:
3758:
3721:
3533:
3268:
3210:
3090:
2358:" the founder of modern statistics, Karl Pearson." – Bronowski, Jacob (1978).
2148:
2138:
975:
970:
949:
921:
842:
826:
749:
656:
512:
388:
299:
3054:
1993:
A Second Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Marital Infection
1831:
Pearson, Karl (1903). "On a General Theory of the Method of False Position",
4677:
4074:
3667:
3489:
3178:
3161:
2391:"The German Passion-Play: A Study in the Evolution of Western Christianity,"
2196:
1173:
1122:
1044:, as descriptive statistics and for the fitting of distributions to samples.
973:
and social history. In 1901, with Weldon and Galton, he founded the journal
818:
711:
707:
640:
555:
504:
488:
436:
240:
149:
74:
3414:
3387:
3324:
3299:
3045:
3020:
2977:
2942:
2877:
2829:
2214:
2154:
Gresham Professor of Geometry § List of Gresham Professors of Geometry
1755:
1720:
1501:
1296:
1271:
3388:"Karl Pearson and Statistics: The Social Origins of Scientific Innovation"
3368:
entry for Karl Pearson in the Sackler Digital Archive of the Royal Society
2586:
Herbert, Christopher (2001). "Karl Pearson and the Human Form Divine," in
1795:"On the Correlation Between Duration of Life and the Number of Offspring,"
5396:
4776:
4094:
3812:
2176:
1555:
Study of the Data Provided by a Baby-clinic in a Large Manufacturing Town
1401:
The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics
764:
652:
636:
624:
524:
400:
372:
244:
154:
144:
3601:
2436:"4: Exercising the student body: Mathematics, manliness and athleticism"
678:
for a chair in Eugenics. Pearson was the first holder of this chair—the
4699:
4694:
4660:
4635:
4552:
3792:
3245:
1666:
1070:
with the hypothesized value as center point and chi distance as radius.
1063:
1041:
962:
536:
2903:
Pence, Charles H. (2015). "The early history of chance in evolution".
2886:
2222:
2050:
Social Problems, their Treatment, Past, Present, and Future: A Lecture
1488:
On the Correlation of Fertility with Social Value: A Cooperative Study
1241:. London: T. Fisher Unwin. Rep. University Press of the Pacific, 2002.
4766:
4580:
3859:
2545:
2423:
Walkowitz, Judith R., History Workshop Journal 1986 21(1):37–59, p 37
2001:
Nature and Nurture, the Problem of the Future: A Presidential Address
1457:
Pearson, Karl; Nettleship, Edward, & Usher, Charles (1911–1913).
1180:
532:
516:
508:
440:
3237:
2852:
1904:
1658:
1090:, so called alpha type-I error probabilities, was later proposed by
3360:
A list of the papers and correspondence of Karl Pearson (1857–1936)
1847:"Further Considerations on the Correlations of Stellar Characters,"
1813:"On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space,"
1521:
Some Recent Misinterpretations of the Problem of Nurture and Nature
1329:
On the General Theory of Skew Correlation and Non-linear Regression
383:. He founded the world's first university statistics department at
3431:
Karl Pearson: An Appreciation of Some Aspects of his Life and Work
2783:"UCL renames three facilities that honoured prominent eugenicists"
2408:"A Sketch of the Sex-Relations in Primitive and Mediæval Germany,"
651:, who was interested in aspects of evolution such as heredity and
565:
On returning to England in 1880, Pearson first went to Cambridge:
545:
496:
5366:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
2441:
Masters of theory: Cambridge and the rise of mathematical physics
1104:. A hypothesis test using normal approximation for discrete data.
3738:
2032:
Eugenics and Public Health: An Address to Public Health Officers
932:
768:
495:, the mathematician). Pearson also studied Roman Law, taught by
427:, Vol. 1 (1886–1893) and Vol. 2 (1893), following their deaths.
4480:
3605:
2532:. Troubador Pub., p. 108. Also see Pearson, Roger (1991).
742:
and Conrad Habicht, his first reading suggestion was Pearson's
2588:
Victorian Relativity: Radical Thought and Scientific Discovery
1066:. Defined as the probability measure of the complement of the
403:, and his thought is an example of what is today described as
346:
3354:
Most of the biographical information above is taken from the
1510:
1382:
Pearson, Karl; Reynolds, W. D., & Stanton, W. F. (1909).
1026:) was defined as a product-moment, and its relationship with
873:
Pearson concluding remarks on stepping down as editor of the
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
655:. Pearson became Galton's protégé, at times to the verge of
459:, in 1876 to study mathematics, graduating in 1879 as Third
5252:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
2470:
2468:
1696:"On the Reconstruction of the Stature of Prehistoric Races"
1503:
A Statistical Study of Oral Temperatures in School Children
674:
When Galton died, he left the residue of his estate to the
379:. He has been credited with establishing the discipline of
352:
3553:(The Phillips Publishing Co.) LXXIII (5): 577 (March 1912)
3382:, 10, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 447–473.
3205:. Series 5. Vol. 50, no. 302. pp. 157–175.
3162:"Francis Galton's Account of the Invention of Correlation"
2530:
The Chief Sea Lion's Inheritance: Eugenics and the Darwins
1527:
Pearson, Karl; Young, A.W., & Elderton, Ethel (1918).
623:
died. 1891 saw him also appointed to the professorship of
539:, as well as sex-related themes, and was a founder of the
1735:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1729:
Pearson, Karl; Lee, Alice; Bramley-Moore, Leslie (1899).
1700:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1500:
Pearson, Karl; Williams, M.H., & Bell, Julia (1914).
1363:
A First Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
1276:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
667:, would be remembered as the most prodigious grandson of
3263:. Series 6. Vol. 2, no. 11. pp. 559–572.
1615:
Pearson, Karl (1885). "On a Certain Atomic Hypothesis".
594:
and Marx on Sundays at revolutionary clubs around Soho.
467:. He then travelled to Germany to study physics at the
387:
in 1911, and contributed significantly to the field of
5334:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
3438:
Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age
3126:
A History of Mathematical Statistics from 1750 to 1930
1883:
Pearson, Karl (1920). "The Problems of Anthropology".
2199:; Filon, L. N. G. (1936). "Karl Pearson. 1857–1936".
2161:, a close friend and contemporary of Karl Pearson at
1354:
An Experimental Study of the Stresses in Masonry Dams
935:
as the mechanism for inheritance. Pearson criticized
809:" and socialist. He gave lectures on such issues as "
483:, where he attended the lectures of the physiologist
355:
349:
247:, mathematician and statistician (primarily the last)
3516:
2605:. London: Adam & Charles Black, pp. vii, 52, 87.
1793:
Pearson, Karl; Beeton, M., & Yule, G.U. (1900).
1351:
Pearson, Karl, & Pollard, A.F. Campbell (1907).
343:
5384:
5243:
4812:
4710:
4566:
4523:
4280:
4271:
4173:
4103:
3917:
3639:
2395:
The Chances of Death and Other Studies in Evolution
1617:
Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
1563:
Francis Galton, 1822–1922: A Centenary Appreciation
1493:Pearson, Karl, & Jaederholm, Gustav A. (1914).
1410:
A Preliminary Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults
1307:
The Chances of Death and Other Studies in Evolution
738:study group in 1902, with his two younger friends,
340:
282:
272:
251:
235:
205:
127:
101:
82:
56:
30:
3141:, Sci. Math, et Phys., t. 9, p. 255–332. 1846
2434:
1154:1911: awarded the honorary degree of LLD from the
1018:. The correlation coefficient (first developed by
775:of the older physicists." (Preface to second Ed.,
3523:Karl Pearson and the Origins of Modern Statistics
2966:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
2271:"Karl Pearson and the History of Eugenics at UCL"
2071:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (editor).
1967:The Elastical Researches of Barré de Saint-Venant
1944:. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench & Co. (editor).
1851:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1539:A Study of the Long Bones of the English Skeleton
1250:. London: Walter Scott. Dover Publications, 2004
2202:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
1438:Pearson, Karl, & Elderton, Ethel M. (1910).
367:; 27 March 1857 – 27 April 1936) was an English
1630:"On Wöhler's Experiments on Alternating Stress"
1547:The Science of Man: its Needs and its Prospects
1515:, 3 Vol. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
1512:The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton
879:
588:
579:
567:
3498:John Aldrich's Karl Pearson: a Reader's Guide
2686:. London: Adam & Charles Black, pp. 19–20.
2656:. London: Adam & Charles Black, pp. 43–44.
2504:The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics
1845:Pearson, Karl, & Gibson, Winifred (1907).
1211:The Trinity: A Nineteenth Century Passion-play
550:Pearson with Sir Francis Galton, 1909 or 1910.
5278:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
4492:
3617:
2699:. Wayne State University Press, p. 146.
2695:Patai, Raphael, & Jennifer Patai (1989).
2566:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
2493:. London: C, Kegan Paul & Co., pp. 6, 96.
1577:On the Skull and Portraits of George Buchanan
1552:Pearson, Karl, & Karn, Mary Noel (1922).
1407:Pearson, Karl, & Barrington, Amy (1910).
1160:1911: awarded a DSc from University of London
8:
5543:People educated at University College School
2905:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
2683:National Life from the Standpoint of Science
2653:National Life from the Standpoint of Science
1763:Pearson, Karl, & Whiteley, M.A. (1899).
2294:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1913:"On a New Theory of Progressive Evolution,"
16:English eugenicist and polymath (1857–1936)
5270:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
4499:
4485:
4477:
4277:
3624:
3610:
3602:
2857:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
2506:. University of Chicago Press, p. 29.
2068:Tables for Statisticians and Biometricians
1842:, 6th Series, Vol. XIII, pp. 365–378.
1798:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1788:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1778:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1773:Pearson, Karl, & Beeton, Mary (1899).
1768:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1688:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
1678:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
823:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
407:. Pearson was a protégé and biographer of
45:
27:
5294:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
4243:Relationship between religion and science
3323:
3177:
3044:
2924:
2876:
2766:
2733:
2478:. Cambridge University Press, p. 20.
2340:. Royal Statistical Society. 3 March 2007
2338:"Karl Pearson sesquicentenary conference"
2332:
2330:
1754:
1719:
1536:Pearson, Karl, & Bell, Julia (1919).
1338:A Mathematical Theory of Random Migration
1295:
767:, in the sense of ideas or pictures in a
3515:Gavan Tredoux's Francis Galton website,
2590:, Chicago University Press, pp. 145–179.
2362:, Harvard University Press, p. 128.
1818:, 6th Series, Vol. II, pp. 559–572.
1542:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3479:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2641:. London: T. Fisher Unwin, pp. 370–394.
2414:. London: T. Fisher Unwin, pp. 395–426.
2234:
2232:
2188:
1961:. Cambridge University Press (editor).
1923:"On the Inheritance of Mental Disease,"
1835:, 6th Series, Vol. 5, pp. 658–668.
1808:, 5th Series, Vol. L, pp. 157–175.
1645:Pearson, Karl (1891). "Ether Squirts".
1579:. Edinburgh, London: Oliver & Boyd.
1114:to multivariate data by minimising the
443:family. His father was William Pearson
5473:Academics of University College London
4885:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
2997:
2995:
2898:
2896:
2716:Pearson, Karl; Moul, Margaret (1925).
2665:Pearson, Karl (1892). Introduction to
2534:Race, Intelligence and Bias in Academe
2287:
2117:Tables of the Incomplete Beta-function
2078:. Cambridge University Press (editor).
1970:. Cambridge University Press (editor).
1941:The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences
1928:, Vol. IV, Nos. 3–4, pp. 362–380.
1481:Tuberculosis, Heredity and Environment
1056:. A precursor and special case of the
2397:. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 246–406.
1075:statistical hypothesis testing theory
1048:Pearson's system of continuous curves
7:
3598:, Philosophy as Scientia Scientiarum
3283:Principal Component Analysis, 2nd ed
690:), which combined the Biometric and
5478:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
5437:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
3346:. Vol. 59. 1907. p. 1373.
2373:"Pearson, Carl (or Karl) (PR875CK)"
2091:Tables of the Incomplete Γ-Function
2026:. Dulau & Co., London (editor).
1995:. London: Dulau & Co. (editor).
1988:. London: Adam & Charles Black.
1918:, Vol. IV, Nos. 1–2, pp. 1–40.
1860:"A Myth About Edward the Confessor"
425:History of the Theory of Elasticity
5573:British mathematical statisticians
5468:Academics of King's College London
3380:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2768:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1933.tb02102.x
2735:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1925.tb02037.x
2671:. London: Water Scott, p. 32.
1731:"Genetic (Reproductive) Selection"
617:Common Sense of the Exact Sciences
417:Common Sense of the Exact Sciences
395:. Pearson was also a proponent of
14:
5533:British historians of mathematics
5518:20th-century British philosophers
5513:19th-century English philosophers
5342:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
5262:The Outline of History of Mankind
4263:Sociology of scientific knowledge
4258:Sociology of scientific ignorance
4211:History and philosophy of science
3139:Mem. Acad. Roy. Sei. Inst. France
1473:The Problem of Practical Eugenics
1346:Studies in National Deterioration
611:in 1881 and for the professor at
5563:20th-century British biographers
5548:People from Islington (district)
5310:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
4460:
4448:
3532:
3019:Pearson, Karl (1 January 1896).
1854:, Vol. LXVIII, pp. 415–448.
1823:"The Law of Ancestral Heredity,"
1176:of the Royal Statistical Society
1172:1934: offered (and refused) the
1163:1920: offered (and refused) the
603:His next career move was to the
336:
5503:20th-century English historians
2246:. Royal Society. Archived from
2240:"Library and Archive catalogue"
1800:, Vol. LXVII, pp. 159–179.
1647:American Journal of Mathematics
1467:. London: Dulau & Co., Ltd.
1130:Awards from professional bodies
1125:is usually credited to Pearson.
981:Beatrice Mabel Cave-Browne-Cave
825:) in 1920 and also to refuse a
507:and spent much of the 1880s in
411:. He edited and completed both
19:For the English cricketer, see
5302:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
4508:Historical definitions of race
3652:Analytic–synthetic distinction
3545:A New Science and Its Findings
3440:, Princeton University Press.
2119:. Cambridge University Press.
1790:, Vol. LXVI, pp. 140–164.
1460:A Monograph on Albinism in Man
1179:1935: offered (and refused) a
1121:The first introduction of the
991:. He also founded the journal
1:
5326:The Passing of the Great Race
3494:Mathematics Genealogy Project
3433:. Cambridge University Press.
3378:Eisenhart, Churchill (1974).
3115:, Edinburgh University Press.
2112:. Cambridge University Press.
2103:. Cambridge University Press.
2085:. Cambridge University Press.
2019:Treasury of Human Inheritance
1864:The English Historical Review
1780:, Vol. LXV, pp. 290–305.
1770:, Vol. LXV, pp. 126–151.
1572:. Cambridge University Press.
1565:. Cambridge University Press.
1558:. Cambridge University Press.
1549:. Cambridge University Press.
1533:. Cambridge University Press.
1524:. Cambridge University Press.
5553:Academics of Gresham College
5538:Fellows of the Royal Society
5225:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
3596:From Masaryk to Karl Pearson
3366:Additional information from
3285:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
2536:. Scott-Townsend Publishers.
2502:Provine, William B. (2001).
1828:, Vol. II, pp. 221–229.
1690:, Vol. LX, pp. 489–502.
1680:, Vol. LX, pp. 273–283.
1634:The Messenger of Mathematics
1509:Pearson, Karl (1914-24-30).
1229:The Moral Basis of Socialism
1108:Principal component analysis
1001:) in 1925. He published the
797:Political views and eugenics
185:Principal component analysis
4940:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
4905:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
4855:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
3985:Hypothetico-deductive model
3960:Deductive-nomological model
3945:Constructivist epistemology
2935:10.1016/j.shpsa.2014.09.006
2697:The Myth of the Jewish Race
2445:University of Chicago Press
2377:A Cambridge Alumni Database
2360:The Common Sense of Science
1947:Pearson, Karl (1886–1893).
1821:Pearson, Karl (1902–1903).
1608:10.1093/mind/os-VIII.31.338
1079:statistical decision theory
969:, anthropometry, medicine,
957:Contributions to statistics
894:Contributions to biometrics
860:The Myth of the Jewish Race
813:" (this was the era of the
726:Einstein and Pearson's work
633:Walter Frank Raphael Weldon
5594:
5578:British white supremacists
3580:Collier's New Encyclopedia
3407:10.1177/030631277800800101
3386:Norton, Bernard J (1978).
3111:Mackenzie, Donald (1981).
2822:10.1177/030631277500500302
2546:"Karl Pearson Blue Plaque"
2515:Tankard, James W. (1984).
2379:. University of Cambridge.
1785:"On the Law of Reversion,"
1392:The Groundwork of Eugenics
1266:. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
1223:. Strassburg: K.J. Trübner
1110:. The method of fitting a
1102:Pearson's chi-squared test
1040:, a concept borrowed from
886:Nonetheless, in June 2020
785:than an external world." (
170:Pearson's chi-squared test
18:
5035:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
4514:
4439:
4046:Semantic view of theories
3965:Epistemological anarchism
3902:dependent and independent
3463:University College London
3395:Social Studies of Science
3269:10.1080/14786440109462720
3211:10.1080/14786440009463897
3091:10.1007/s11191-013-9642-1
2810:Social Studies of Science
2163:University College School
2074:Pearson, Karl (1919–22).
2062:. London: Dulau & Co.
2053:. London: Dulau & Co.
2044:. London: Dulau & Co.
2035:. London: Dulau & Co.
2013:. London: Dulau & Co.
2004:. London: Dulau & Co.
1979:. London: William Reeves.
1506:. London: Dulau & Co.
1497:. London: Dulau & Co.
1490:. London: Dulau & Co.
1483:. London: Dulau & Co.
1476:. London: Dulau & Co.
1454:. London: Dulau & Co.
1444:. London: Dulau & Co.
1435:. London: Dulau & Co.
1426:. London: Dulau & Co.
1413:. London: Dulau & Co.
1404:. London: Dulau & Co.
1395:. London: Dulau & Co.
1379:. London: Dulau & Co.
1366:. London: Dulau & Co.
1357:. London: Dulau & Co.
1348:. London: Dulau & Co.
1341:. London: Dulau & Co.
1332:. London: Dulau & Co.
1323:. London: Dulau & Co.
1232:. William Reeves, London.
1205:. C, Kegan Paul & Co.
832:A eugenicist who applied
613:University College London
560:King's College, Cambridge
457:King's College, Cambridge
453:University College School
385:University College London
316:
305:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
259:University College London
228:
109:King's College, Cambridge
44:
5407:History of anthropometry
5175:Charles Gabriel Seligman
5000:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
4688:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
3788:Intertheoretic reduction
3777:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3754:Functional contextualism
3509:Encyclopædia Britannica
3484:University of St Andrews
3281:Jolliffe, I. T. (2002).
2639:The Ethic of Freethought
2517:The Statistical Pioneers
2433:Warwick, Andrew (2003).
2412:The Ethic of Freethought
2269:Joe.1 (2 January 2023).
1876:10.1093/ehr/xxv.xcix.517
1592:"Maimonides and Spinoza"
1314:. London: Edward Arnold.
1238:The Ethic of Freethought
1214:. Cambridge: E. Johnson.
1156:University of St Andrews
1088:preset evidence criteria
998:Annals of Human Genetics
985:Frances Cave-Browne-Cave
756:, and wrinkles in time.
684:Galton Chair of Genetics
680:Galton Chair of Eugenics
621:William Kingdon Clifford
469:University of Heidelberg
431:Early life and education
413:William Kingdon Clifford
114:University of Heidelberg
21:Karl Pearson (cricketer)
5568:Antisemitism in England
4865:Daniel Garrison Brinton
4273:Philosophers of science
4051:Scientific essentialism
4000:Model-dependent realism
3935:Constructive empiricism
3828:Evidence-based practice
3429:Pearson, E. S. (1938).
3160:Stigler, S. M. (1989).
3083:2015Sc&Ed..24...61G
3071:Science & Education
2635:"The Woman's Question,"
2244:Sackler Digital Archive
1016:Correlation coefficient
491:(Emil was a brother of
381:mathematical statistics
264:University of Cambridge
135:Chi-square distribution
5508:English mathematicians
5210:Thomas Griffith Taylor
4965:Reginald Ruggles Gates
4356:Alfred North Whitehead
4346:Charles Sanders Peirce
3527:The Rutherford Journal
3436:Porter, T. M. (2004).
3325:10.1098/rsta.1895.0010
3261:Philosophical Magazine
3203:Philosophical Magazine
3046:10.1098/rsta.1896.0007
3005:The grammar of science
3002:Pearson, Karl (1892).
2878:10.1098/rspl.1897.0128
2851:Pearson, Karl (1897).
2749:Pearson, Karl (1933).
2680:Pearson, Karl (1901).
2668:The Grammar of Science
2650:Pearson, Karl (1901).
2633:Pearson, Karl (1888).
2602:The Grammar of Science
2599:Pearson, Karl (1900).
2487:Pearson, Karl (1880).
2474:Pearson, Karl (1934).
2406:Pearson, Karl (1888).
2389:Pearson, Karl (1897).
2215:10.1098/rsbm.1936.0007
2115:Pearson, Karl (1934).
2106:Pearson, Karl (1927).
2097:Pearson, Karl (1923).
2088:Pearson, Karl (1922).
2081:Pearson, Karl (1921).
2065:Pearson, Karl (1914).
2056:Pearson, Karl (1914).
2047:Pearson, Karl (1912).
2038:Pearson, Karl (1912).
2029:Pearson, Karl (1912).
2016:Pearson, Karl (1912).
2007:Pearson, Karl (1911).
1998:Pearson, Karl (1910).
1991:Pearson, Karl (1908).
1982:Pearson, Karl (1901).
1975:Pearson, Karl (1888).
1964:Pearson, Karl (1889).
1938:Pearson, Karl (1885).
1921:Pearson, Karl (1931).
1911:Pearson, Karl (1930).
1885:The Scientific Monthly
1858:Pearson, Karl (1910).
1840:Philosophical Magazine
1833:Philosophical Magazine
1816:Philosophical Magazine
1811:Pearson, Karl (1901).
1806:Philosophical Magazine
1783:Pearson, Karl (1900).
1756:10.1098/rsta.1899.0006
1721:10.1098/rsta.1899.0004
1694:Pearson, Karl (1899).
1683:Pearson, Karl (1897).
1673:Pearson, Karl (1897).
1628:Pearson, Karl (1890).
1590:Pearson, Karl (1883).
1575:Pearson, Karl (1926).
1568:Pearson, Karl (1923).
1561:Pearson, Karl (1922).
1545:Pearson, Karl (1920).
1518:Pearson, Karl (1915).
1486:Pearson, Karl (1913).
1479:Pearson, Karl (1912).
1470:Pearson, Karl (1912).
1447:Pearson, Karl (1911).
1429:Pearson, Karl (1910).
1398:Pearson, Karl (1909).
1389:Pearson, Karl (1909).
1360:Pearson, Karl (1907).
1344:Pearson, Karl (1907).
1335:Pearson, Karl (1906).
1326:Pearson, Karl (1905).
1317:Pearson, Karl (1904).
1304:Pearson, Karl (1897).
1297:10.1098/rsta.1896.0007
1260:Pearson, Karl (1892).
1247:The Grammar of Science
1244:Pearson, Karl (1892).
1235:Pearson, Karl (1888).
1226:Pearson, Karl (1887).
1217:Pearson, Karl (1887).
1208:Pearson, Karl (1882).
1199:Pearson, Karl (1880).
884:
856:
778:The Grammar of Science
745:The Grammar of Science
609:King's College, London
596:
584:
571:
554:Pearson was offered a
551:
479:. He next visited the
475:and metaphysics under
196:The Grammar of Science
5528:English statisticians
5350:Annihilation of Caste
5254:in Different Climates
5205:William Graham Sumner
5185:Samuel Stanhope Smith
5130:James Cowles Prichard
4762:Racial discrimination
4455:Philosophy portal
4206:Hard and soft science
4201:Faith and rationality
4070:Scientific skepticism
3850:Scientific Revolution
3633:Philosophy of science
3550:The American Magazine
3537:Texts on Wikisource:
3179:10.1214/ss/1177012580
3128:. Wiley, p. 651.
3124:Hald, Anders (1998).
2548:, at Openplaques.org.
1675:"On Telegony in Man,"
1416:Pearson, Karl, &
1369:Pearson, Karl, &
1083:"On the criterion..."
1036:. Pearson introduced
851:
730:When the 23-year-old
549:
219:Weldon Memorial Prize
5402:Great chain of being
5120:Ludwig Hermann Plate
5085:Samuel George Morton
4900:Samuel A. Cartwright
4750:in the United States
4181:Criticism of science
4056:Scientific formalism
3940:Constructive realism
3845:Scientific pluralism
3818:Problem of induction
3563:The Doctor's Dilemma
3470:Robertson, Edmund F.
2978:10.1093/bjps/53.1.39
2863:(379–387): 386–412.
2528:Blaney, Tom (2011).
2519:, Schenkman Pub. Co.
2314:library.missouri.edu
2167:Cambridge University
2076:Tracts for Computers
1058:Mahalanobis distance
817:in the UK) and upon
811:the woman's question
725:
722:, on 27 April 1936.
714:, now marked with a
676:University of London
541:Men and Women's Club
493:Paul du Bois-Reymond
485:Emil du Bois-Reymond
481:University of Berlin
435:Pearson was born in
165:Pearson distribution
119:University of Berlin
5498:English eugenicists
5493:English biographers
5358:The Races of Europe
5286:The Races of Europe
5065:Dominick McCausland
5015:Thomas Henry Huxley
4960:Stanley Marion Garn
4840:Robert Bennett Bean
4568:Historical concepts
4248:Rhetoric of science
4186:Descriptive science
3930:Confirmation holism
3823:Scientific evidence
3783:Inductive reasoning
3712:Demarcation problem
3568:George Bernard Shaw
3468:O'Connor, John J.;
3459:Karl Pearson Papers
3316:1895RSPTA.186..343P
3166:Statistical Science
3037:1896RSPTA.187..253P
2917:2015SHPSA..50...48P
2869:1897RSPS...62..386P
1897:1920SciMo..11..451P
1747:1899RSPTA.192..257P
1712:1899RSPTA.192..169P
1288:1896RSPTA.187..253P
1270:Pearson, K (1896).
815:suffragist movement
720:Coldharbour, Surrey
692:Galton Laboratories
573:In his first book,
465:Mathematical Tripos
94:Coldharbour, Surrey
5523:English socialists
5230:Alexander Winchell
5160:Henric Sanielevici
5020:Calvin Ira Kephart
4990:Hans F. K. Günther
4975:Arthur de Gobineau
4875:Alice Mossie Brues
4772:Racial stereotypes
4467:Science portal
4396:Carl Gustav Hempel
4351:Wilhelm Windelband
4238:Questionable cause
4061:Scientific realism
3882:Underdetermination
3717:Empirical evidence
3707:Creative synthesis
2755:Annals of Eugenics
2722:Annals of Eugenics
2275:Professor Joe Cain
2250:on 25 October 2011
1926:Annals of Eugenics
1916:Annals of Eugenics
1418:Elderton, Ethel M.
1148:1898: awarded the
993:Annals of Eugenics
929:Mendelian's theory
905:standard deviation
875:Annals of Eugenics
864:Annals of Eugenics
552:
521:Saig bei Lenzkirch
409:Sir Francis Galton
5445:
5444:
5374:The Race Question
5220:John H. Van Evrie
5145:William Z. Ripley
5115:Charles Pickering
5060:Felix von Luschan
5030:Robert E. Kuttner
4930:Charles Davenport
4799:Whiteness studies
4525:Color terminology
4517:Scientific racism
4474:
4473:
4316:
4315:
4228:Normative science
4085:Uniformitarianism
3840:Scientific method
3734:Explanatory power
3446:978-0-691-12635-7
3356:Karl Pearson page
2458:978-0-226-87375-6
2172:Scientific racism
2144:Ethel M. Elderton
2134:Galton Laboratory
1081:. In the seminal
1034:Method of moments
1028:linear regression
439:, London, into a
405:scientific racism
320:
319:
273:Academic advisors
230:Scientific career
140:Contingency table
77:, London, England
5585:
5488:English atheists
5483:Biostatisticians
5253:
5200:Lothrop Stoddard
5195:Morris Steggerda
5170:Ilse Schwidetzky
5165:Heinrich Schmidt
5150:Alfred Rosenberg
5110:Isaac La Peyrère
4915:Carleton S. Coon
4890:Charles Caldwell
4845:François Bernier
4728:in Latin America
4501:
4494:
4487:
4478:
4465:
4464:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4426:Bas van Fraassen
4381:Hans Reichenbach
4361:Bertrand Russell
4278:
4104:Philosophy of...
3887:Unity of science
3680:Commensurability
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3584:
3541:Nock, Albert Jay
3536:
3486:
3426:
3392:
3348:
3347:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3292:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3232:(1/2): 175–240.
3221:
3215:
3214:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2928:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2713:
2707:
2693:
2687:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2438:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2193:
2123:, 1968 (editor).
1908:
1879:
1760:
1758:
1725:
1723:
1670:
1641:
1624:
1611:
1301:
1299:
1142:: Fellow of the
1006:Research Memoirs
1004:Drapers' Company
901:chi-squared test
834:social Darwinism
793:, Ch. III, § 4)
754:fourth dimension
740:Maurice Solovine
688:Drapers' Company
397:Social Darwinism
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
333:
283:Notable students
89:
70:
68:
49:
39:
28:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5380:
5318:Castes in India
5239:
5235:Ludwig Woltmann
5190:Herbert Spencer
5080:Lewis H. Morgan
5050:Cesare Lombroso
4925:Jan Czekanowski
4910:Sonia Mary Cole
4850:Renato Biasutti
4808:
4787:Nazism and race
4706:
4683:Proto-Mongoloid
4562:
4519:
4510:
4505:
4475:
4470:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4435:
4416:Paul Feyerabend
4376:Michael Polanyi
4312:
4298:Galileo Galilei
4267:
4253:Science studies
4169:
4099:
4090:Verificationism
3995:Instrumentalism
3980:Foundationalism
3955:Conventionalism
3913:
3749:Feminist method
3635:
3630:
3572:
3467:
3455:
3390:
3385:
3375:
3373:Further reading
3352:
3351:
3340:"PEARSON, Karl"
3338:
3337:
3333:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3238:10.2307/2331945
3223:
3222:
3218:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3106:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2926:10.1.1.682.4758
2902:
2901:
2894:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2694:
2690:
2679:
2675:
2664:
2660:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2490:The New Werther
2486:
2482:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2159:Kikuchi Dairoku
2130:
1882:
1857:
1728:
1693:
1659:10.2307/2369570
1644:
1627:
1614:
1602:(31): 338–353.
1589:
1371:Barrington, Amy
1269:
1202:The New Werther
1196:
1188:sesquicentenary
1132:
1112:linear subspace
1073:Foundations of
1020:Auguste Bravais
959:
931:postulated the
896:
839:August Weismann
801:Pearson was a "
799:
736:Olympia Academy
732:Albert Einstein
728:
700:
629:Gresham College
601:
575:The New Werther
433:
421:Isaac Todhunter
369:biostatistician
339:
335:
325:
309:
268:
224:
201:
180:Phi coefficient
123:
102:Alma mater
97:
91:
87:
78:
72:
66:
64:
63:
62:
52:
51:Pearson in 1910
40:
35:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5591:
5589:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5346:
5338:
5330:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5288:(Ripley, 1899)
5282:
5274:
5266:
5258:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5180:Giuseppe Sergi
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Gustaf Retzius
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5090:Josiah C. Nott
5087:
5082:
5077:
5075:Ashley Montagu
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5055:Bertil Lundman
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5005:Earnest Hooton
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4970:George Gliddon
4967:
4962:
4957:
4955:Francis Galton
4952:
4947:
4945:Anténor Firmin
4942:
4937:
4935:Joseph Deniker
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Georges Cuvier
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4792:Racial hygiene
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:W. V. O. Quine
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4336:Rudolf Steiner
4333:
4328:
4326:Henri Poincaré
4323:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Exact sciences
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4174:Related topics
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4133:Social science
4130:
4129:
4128:
4126:Space and time
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4025:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:Scientific law
3832:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Falsifiability
3741:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3673:Mill's Methods
3665:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3592:, Stigler 2012
3587:
3586:
3585:
3570:
3554:
3530:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3496:
3487:
3474:"Karl Pearson"
3465:
3454:
3453:External links
3451:
3450:
3449:
3434:
3427:
3383:
3374:
3371:
3350:
3349:
3331:
3287:
3274:
3251:
3216:
3185:
3152:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3077:(1–2): 61–75.
3060:
3011:
2991:
2956:
2892:
2843:
2816:(3): 269–301.
2800:
2789:. 19 June 2020
2774:
2741:
2728:(2): 125–126.
2708:
2705:978-0814319482
2688:
2673:
2658:
2643:
2626:
2617:
2607:
2592:
2579:
2573:0-902-198-84-X
2572:
2550:
2538:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2480:
2464:
2457:
2425:
2416:
2399:
2382:
2364:
2351:
2326:
2301:
2261:
2228:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1891:(5): 451–458.
1880:
1855:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1801:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1726:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1642:
1625:
1612:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1468:
1455:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1302:
1267:
1258:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1195:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1138:1896: elected
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1105:
1099:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1031:
1024:Francis Galton
958:
955:
895:
892:
868:on the average
798:
795:
727:
724:
699:
696:
669:Erasmus Darwin
665:Charles Darwin
649:Francis Galton
645:Charles Darwin
631:; here he met
600:
597:
527:. He wrote on
455:, followed by
432:
429:
318:
317:
314:
313:
311:Ethel Elderton
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
284:
280:
279:
277:Francis Galton
274:
270:
269:
267:
266:
261:
255:
253:
249:
248:
237:
233:
232:
226:
225:
223:
222:
216:
209:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
129:
128:Known for
125:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
105:
103:
99:
98:
92:
90:(aged 79)
84:
80:
79:
73:
60:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5590:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:Miscegenation
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:Paul Topinard
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:Benjamin Rush
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5125:Alfred Ploetz
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Oscar Peschel
5103:
5101:
5100:Roger Pearson
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:John Mitchell
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:Carl Linnaeus
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:Julian Huxley
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:Ernst Haeckel
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Madison Grant
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Eugen Fischer
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4895:Petrus Camper
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:Louis Agassiz
4818:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Mediterranean
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Rudolf Carnap
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:Auguste Comte
4319:
4318:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Francis Bacon
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4221:Pseudoscience
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Structuralism
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:Received view
4040:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Contextualism
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3575:Pearson, Karl
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:(5): 72–110.
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:(4): 309–72.
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1256:0-486-49581-7
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:Royal Society
1141:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:chi distances
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:
972:
968:
964:
956:
954:
951:
947:
941:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
893:
891:
889:
883:
878:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
855:
850:
846:
844:
841:'s theory of
840:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
783:consciousness
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
763:was based on
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
733:
723:
721:
718:. He died at
717:
713:
709:
705:
698:Personal life
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
595:
593:
587:
583:
578:
576:
570:
566:
563:
561:
557:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:Passion plays
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:G. H. Quincke
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:mathematician
374:
370:
366:
360:
332:
328:
324:
315:
312:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
208:
204:
198:
197:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
130:
126:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
104:
100:
95:
86:27 April 1936
85:
81:
76:
71:27 March 1857
59:
55:
48:
43:
38:
29:
26:
22:
5392:Ethnogenesis
5373:
5365:
5360:(Coon, 1939)
5357:
5349:
5341:
5333:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5301:
5293:
5285:
5277:
5269:
5261:
5251:
5244:Publications
5095:Karl Pearson
5094:
4985:John Grattan
4880:Halfdan Bryn
4745:in Singapore
4712:Sociological
4431:Larry Laudan
4411:Imre Lakatos
4366:Otto Neurath
4341:Karl Pearson
4340:
4331:Pierre Duhem
4303:Isaac Newton
4233:Protoscience
4191:Epistemology
4065:Anti-realism
4063: /
4044: /
4035: /
4021: /
4019:Reductionism
4017: /
3990:Inductionism
3970:Evolutionism
3775:
3662:a posteriori
3661:
3657:
3578:
3561:
3548:
3511:Karl Pearson
3490:Karl Pearson
3477:
3437:
3430:
3398:
3394:
3379:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3343:
3334:
3307:
3303:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3260:
3254:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3202:
3172:(2): 73–79.
3169:
3165:
3155:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2908:
2904:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2787:The Guardian
2786:
2777:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2696:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2646:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2559:
2553:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2498:
2489:
2483:
2475:
2440:
2428:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2317:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:the original
2243:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2116:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1966:
1949:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1888:
1884:
1867:
1863:
1849:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1738:
1734:
1703:
1699:
1687:
1677:
1650:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1616:
1599:
1595:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1459:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1362:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1306:
1279:
1275:
1262:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1194:Publications
1185:
1150:Darwin Medal
1133:
1096:Egon Pearson
1092:Jerzy Neyman
1082:
1054:Chi distance
1030:was studied.
1010:
1002:
996:
992:
974:
967:epidemiology
960:
942:
926:
897:
885:
880:
874:
872:
867:
863:
859:
857:
852:
847:
831:
800:
790:
786:
776:
758:
743:
734:started the
729:
704:Egon Pearson
701:
683:
682:, later the
679:
673:
661:
657:hero worship
641:evolutionary
619:(1885) when
616:
605:Inner Temple
602:
589:
585:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
553:
531:, religion,
477:Kuno Fischer
449:Inner Temple
434:
424:
416:
365:Carl Pearson
364:
323:Karl Pearson
322:
321:
295:John Wishart
252:Institutions
229:
213:Darwin Medal
194:
88:(1936-04-27)
61:Carl Pearson
32:Karl Pearson
25:
5463:1936 deaths
5458:1857 births
5432:Pre-Adamite
5422:Multiracial
5025:Robert Knox
4835:John Beddoe
4782:Master race
4738:in Colombia
4626:East Baltic
4421:Ian Hacking
4406:Thomas Kuhn
4391:Karl Popper
4371:C. D. Broad
4288:Roger Bacon
4216:Non-science
4158:Linguistics
4138:Archaeology
4033:Rationalism
4023:Determinism
4010:Physicalism
3975:Fallibilism
3925:Coherentism
3855:Testability
3808:Observation
3803:Objectivity
3764:alternative
3695:Correlation
3685:Consilience
3401:(1): 3–34.
3310:: 343–414.
3296:Pearson, K.
3031:: 253–318.
2615:atheist..."
2447:. pp.
2443:. Chicago:
2319:27 February
2280:27 February
2197:Yule, G. U.
1870:: 517–520.
1741:: 257–330.
1706:: 169–243.
1282:: 253–318.
1220:Die Fronica
909:correlation
807:freethinker
773:materialism
716:blue plaque
419:(1885) and
393:meteorology
290:Philip Hall
190:Random walk
175:Pearson's r
5558:Germanists
5452:Categories
5427:Polygenism
5417:Monogenism
5135:Otto Reche
5040:Fritz Lenz
4870:Paul Broca
4860:Franz Boas
4830:Erwin Baur
4825:John Baker
4719:By region
4576:Australoid
4308:David Hume
4281:Precursors
4163:Psychology
4143:Economics
4037:Empiricism
4028:Pragmatism
4015:Positivism
4005:Naturalism
3875:scientific
3759:Hypothesis
3722:Experiment
3558:Biometrika
3517:galton.org
3500:Title page
3226:Biometrika
2761:(4): 416.
2183:References
2149:Julia Bell
2139:Biophysics
2121:second ed.
1933:Miscellany
1826:Biometrika
1181:knighthood
976:Biometrika
971:psychology
950:Biometrika
922:Mendelians
913:regression
843:germ plasm
827:knighthood
761:relativity
759:Pearson's
750:antimatter
647:'s cousin
513:Heidelberg
389:biometrics
373:eugenicist
300:Julia Bell
245:eugenicist
67:1857-03-27
4804:Négritude
4733:in Brazil
4678:Mongoloid
4586:Caucasoid
4148:Geography
4116:Chemistry
4075:Scientism
3870:ladenness
3690:Construct
3668:Causality
3344:Who's Who
3099:144727928
3055:1364-503X
2986:145804261
2972:: 39–68.
2921:CiteSeerX
2911:: 48–58.
1623:: 71–120.
1174:Guy Medal
1123:histogram
989:Alice Lee
829:in 1935.
819:Karl Marx
712:Hampstead
708:Well Road
556:Germanics
505:Germanist
489:Darwinism
437:Islington
241:Germanist
150:Histogram
96:, England
75:Islington
5397:Eugenics
4777:Colorism
4723:in India
4631:Ethiopid
4611:Atlantid
4601:Armenoid
4443:Category
4095:Vitalism
3918:Theories
3892:Variable
3813:Paradigm
3700:function
3658:A priori
3647:Analysis
3640:Concepts
3504:Contents
3461:held at
3423:30265567
3415:11615697
3298:(1895).
2951:29105382
2943:26466463
2830:11610080
2290:cite web
2177:Eugenics
2128:See also
1640:: 21–37.
1584:Articles
1420:(1910).
1373:(1909).
765:idealism
653:eugenics
637:biometry
625:Geometry
592:Lassalle
558:post at
525:Brixlegg
461:Wrangler
401:eugenics
239:Lawyer,
155:Kurtosis
145:Eugenics
5385:Related
4813:Writers
4757:Passing
4700:Negrito
4695:Negroid
4666:Turanid
4661:Semites
4636:Hamites
4621:Dinaric
4616:Caspian
4153:History
4121:Physics
4111:Biology
3909:more...
3897:control
3793:Inquiry
3583:. 1921.
3560:" from
3492:at the
3312:Bibcode
3246:2331945
3079:Bibcode
3033:Bibcode
2913:Bibcode
2865:Bibcode
2838:8488406
2793:20 June
2751:"VALE!"
2449:176–226
2344:25 July
1893:Bibcode
1743:Bibcode
1708:Bibcode
1667:2369570
1284:Bibcode
1064:p-value
1042:physics
1038:moments
963:biology
946:Bateson
937:Bateson
803:zealous
537:Werther
501:Mommsen
463:in the
447:of the
363:; born
5376:(1950)
5368:(1943)
5352:(1936)
5344:(1930)
5336:(1920)
5328:(1916)
5320:(1916)
5312:(1911)
5304:(1907)
5296:(1899)
5280:(1855)
5272:(1849)
5264:(1785)
5256:(1744)
4767:Racism
4656:Nordic
4646:Iranid
4596:Arabid
4591:Alpine
4581:Capoid
4538:Bronze
3865:choice
3860:Theory
3798:Nature
3727:design
3444:
3421:
3413:
3244:
3097:
3053:
2984:
2949:
2941:
2923:
2887:115747
2885:
2836:
2828:
2703:
2570:
2455:
2254:1 July
2223:769130
2221:
1959:Vol. 3
1955:Vol. 2
1903:
1665:
1451:&c
1254:
987:, and
918:Galton
907:, and
752:, the
599:Career
533:Goethe
523:, and
517:Vienna
509:Berlin
471:under
441:Quaker
375:, and
236:Fields
221:(1912)
215:(1898)
206:Awards
4673:Malay
4641:Indid
4606:Aryan
4558:White
4548:Olive
4543:Brown
4533:Black
3419:S2CID
3391:(PDF)
3242:JSTOR
3095:S2CID
2982:S2CID
2947:S2CID
2883:JSTOR
2834:S2CID
2564:(PDF)
2219:JSTOR
2024:2 Vol
1901:JSTOR
1663:JSTOR
1465:2 Vol
1312:2 Vol
995:(now
791:Ibid.
787:Ibid.
497:Bruns
329:
3769:null
3739:Fact
3660:and
3502:and
3442:ISBN
3411:PMID
3051:ISSN
2939:PMID
2826:PMID
2795:2020
2701:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2346:2008
2321:2024
2296:link
2282:2024
2256:2011
2165:and
1905:6421
1596:Mind
1252:ISBN
1094:and
1077:and
1068:ball
1022:and
933:gene
911:and
769:mind
639:and
499:and
399:and
391:and
331:FRSE
160:Mode
83:Died
57:Born
4553:Red
3577:".
3566:by
3547:",
3543:, "
3525:at
3403:doi
3320:doi
3308:186
3265:doi
3234:doi
3207:doi
3174:doi
3087:doi
3041:doi
3029:187
2974:doi
2931:doi
2873:doi
2818:doi
2763:doi
2730:doi
2637:in
2410:in
2393:in
2211:doi
1872:doi
1751:doi
1739:192
1716:doi
1704:192
1655:doi
1604:doi
1292:doi
1280:187
1165:OBE
1140:FRS
888:UCL
858:In
710:in
627:at
487:on
423:'s
415:'s
347:ɪər
327:FRS
37:FRS
5454::
3482:,
3476:,
3472:,
3417:.
3409:.
3397:.
3393:.
3342:.
3318:.
3306:.
3302:.
3240:.
3230:20
3228:.
3188:^
3168:.
3164:.
3093:.
3085:.
3075:24
3073:.
3049:.
3039:.
3027:.
3023:.
2994:^
2980:.
2970:53
2968:.
2945:.
2937:.
2929:.
2919:.
2909:50
2907:.
2895:^
2881:.
2871:.
2861:62
2859:.
2855:.
2832:.
2824:.
2812:.
2785:.
2757:.
2753:.
2724:.
2720:.
2467:^
2451:.
2439:.
2375:.
2329:^
2312:.
2292:}}
2288:{{
2273:.
2242:.
2231:^
2217:.
2205:.
2022:,
1957:,
1953:,
1899:.
1889:11
1887:.
1868:25
1866:.
1862:.
1749:.
1737:.
1733:.
1714:.
1702:.
1698:.
1661:.
1651:13
1649:.
1638:XX
1636:.
1632:.
1621:14
1619:.
1598:.
1594:.
1463:,
1310:,
1290:.
1278:.
1274:.
983:,
965:,
903:,
671:.
659:.
543:.
535:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
445:QC
371:,
243:,
4500:e
4493:t
4486:v
3625:e
3618:t
3611:v
3573:"
3556:"
3529:.
3448:.
3425:.
3405::
3399:8
3328:.
3322::
3314::
3271:.
3267::
3248:.
3236::
3213:.
3209::
3182:.
3176::
3170:4
3101:.
3089::
3081::
3057:.
3043::
3035::
2988:.
2976::
2953:.
2933::
2915::
2889:.
2875::
2867::
2840:.
2820::
2814:5
2797:.
2771:.
2765::
2759:5
2738:.
2732::
2726:I
2576:.
2461:.
2348:.
2323:.
2298:)
2284:.
2258:.
2225:.
2213::
2207:2
1907:.
1895::
1878:.
1874::
1759:.
1753::
1745::
1724:.
1718::
1710::
1669:.
1657::
1610:.
1606::
1600:8
1386:.
1300:.
1294::
1286::
1118:.
1098:.
1060:.
359:/
356:n
353:ə
350:s
344:p
341:ˈ
338:/
334:(
69:)
65:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
