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was constructed. It was destroyed in another seismic event c. 1450 BC (between the Late Minoan IA and Late Minoan IB periods). There was a limited degree of occupation which then ceased entirely c. 1200 BC (Late Minoan III period). A 3 meter wide slab paved guttered road, built during the ProtoPalatial period, connected Kato Zakros and its harbor. It led to the northeast gate of the palace. During the Minoan era the sea level dropped 4 times (−4.00 ± 0.30 m, −2.85 ± 0.30 m, −1.25 ± 0.05 m, and −0.50 ± 0.05 m), or the land rose, of major significance to a harbor city. To the north a large
Protopalatial and Neopalatial town occupied the hills around the palace. The town, like the palace, was laid out with a rectilinear paved road system. Based on the road width and lack of wheel wear it is assumed that transport was by pack animals.
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and appears to have then been continued by
Lefteris Plato. Much of the focus of excavation was on the slope northeast of the palace including the "Strong Building", "Little Tower Building", and the "Pottery Stores Building". During excavation an irrigation project to the west of the site revealed Middle Minoan tomb enclosures at Pezoules Kephala. Two enclosures were excavated, one a single tomb and one a multi-chambered tomb. Articulated skeletons were recovered and later examined. This site has yielded several
262:
313:
45:
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Chrysoulaki, S., and L. Platon, "Relations between the town and palace of Zakros", in R. Hagg, and N. Marinatos (eds.), The
Function of the Minoan Palaces, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 10 –16 June 1984 (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae,
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The site was first occupied in the Early Minoan III to Middle Minoan IA period (c. 2000 BC). The monumental construction at the site proceeded in two phases. The Old Palace was built late in the Middle Minoan period and then destroyed by a large seismic event c. 1700 BC. At that point the New Palace
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inscription around its rim recording a large quantity (32 units) of wine. A ravine (usually referred to as a gorge in archaeological publications) known as the "Ravine of the Dead" runs through both the upper and lower parts of the ancient site, named after the numerous burials that have been found
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resumed the excavation and discovered the Palace of Zakro (the New Palace). The palace (or administrative center), with an area of about 8000 square meters and with about 150 rooms, featured two large paved courtyards, one central and one to the west. His work there continued until he died in 1992
300:
type. Some small sites (Xerokambolina, Ambelis, Anthropolites, Tou Koukou to
Kephali, and S' tas Tavernas) in the upper Zakros Valley near Espano Zakros were also examined. Two pits were excavated by Hogarth, the primary one being 16 feet in diameter and 18 feet deep with a deposit of 8 feet in
611:
Lefteris Platon, "Studying the character of the Minoan ‘household’ within the limits of the
Neopalatial settlement of Zakros", in Kevin T. Glowacki and Natalia Vogeikoff-Brogan (eds.), ΣΤΕΓΑ: The Archaeology of Houses and Households in Ancient Crete, , Princeton-New Jersey, pp. 151-161,
795:
Alexandra
Salichou, "The role of courtyards in maintaining lighting and ventilation comforts in Neopalatial domestic architecture. A view from Kato Zakros (East Crete)", Proceedings of the 6th Balkan Light Conference 2015, 16-19 September 2015, Athens, Greece, Athens, pp. 361-365,
296:(7 have now been found in total, all in the town area). In a stone cellar in one of the 12 homes excavated on the hill to the northeast a small horde of bronze implements was found including two axe heads and three lances. Some of the pottery from later contexts was of
758:
Gerontakou, Eleni, Maria
Kyritsi, and Alexandra Salichou, "Identity and Structure in the Minoan town of Zakros", in OIKOS: Archaeological Approaches to House Societies in the Bronze Age Aegean 19, pp. 157-172, Presses universitaires de Louvain, Lovaina,
445:
Mourtzas, Nikos, and Eleni
Kolaiti, "Shoreline reconstruction of the submerged Minoan harbour morphology in the bay of Kato Zakros (Eastern Crete, Greece)", Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12, pp. 684-698,
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bowls were found in the cult repository of the Palace. It is thought that they stemmed from the widespread trade in robbed
Egyptian tomb artifacts in that period. Zakros is the second largest source of recovered
421:
Mantzourani, Eleni, and
Giorgos Vavouranakis, "Achladia and Epano Zakros: A Re-examination of the Architecture and Topography of Two Possible Minoan Villas in East Crete", Opuscula Atheniensia 30, pp. 99-125,
224:), the part near the sea. A Minoan villa was discovered on the road from Epano Zakos near the gorge. It is dated to the Minoan LM IA period (c. 1700–1625 BC), before the construction of the palace. A
779:
Platon, Lefteris, and Eleni Gerontakou, "Middle Minoan III: a'gap'or a 'missing link' in the history of the Minoan site of Zakros?", British School at Athens Studies, pp. 197-212, 2013
292:
under the auspices of the Cretan Exploration Fund in 1901 working primarily in the central area, Ayios Antonios. Finds included bronze tools, pottery, loom weights, furniture, and a
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale., "Oxhide Copper Ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals Trade", The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. 81, pp. 81–100, 1986
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inscribed roundel (3.00 by 2.80 by 1.20 centimeters) was found, in the same deposit with a Linear A tablet and a number of clay sealings. Three of the sealings were inscribed with
670:
Franković, Filip, "Something old, something new and something borrowed–appropriating foreign material culture in the Late Bronze Age Aegean", Studia Hercynia 22.1, pp. 7-30, 2018
201:
The town was dominated by the Palace of Zakro, originally built around 1900 BC, rebuilt around 1600 BC, and destroyed around 1450 BC along with the other major centers of
782:
Platon, Lefteris, "Studying the Character of the Minoan 'Household' within the Limits of the Neopalatial Settlement of Zakros", Hesperia Supplements 44, pp. 151-161, 2011
708:
Pomerance, Leon, "The possible role of tomb robbers and viziers of the 18th Dynasty in confusing Minoan chronology", Temple University Aegean Symposium, Vol. 1, 1976
668:
855:
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Bosanquet, R. C., "Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 3.—The Chronology of Palaikastro and Zakro", Annual of the British School at Athens 9, pp. 281-287, 1903
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depth at the bottom (with the top 3 feet disturbed by looting villagers). Artifacts, primarily pottery, found in the pit date to the LM IA period. A single
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Weingarten, Judith, "Aspects of tradition and innovation in the work of the Zakro Master", Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 11.1, pp. 167-180, 1985
455:
Salichou, Alexandra, "The mobility of goods and the provisioning of buildings within the Late Minoan IB settlement of Kato Zakros", Platon 237:238, 1974
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Anastasiadou, Maria, "Open borders? Impressed nodules in neopalatial Kato Zakros", Political geographies of the Bronze Age Aegean, pp. 143-193, 2022
436:
Rehak, Paul, and John G. Younger, "Neopalatial, final palatial, and postpalatial Crete", American Journal of Archaeology 102.1, pp. 91-173, 1998
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inscriptions. Copper oxhide ingots dated to LM IA were found. One Egyptian stonebridge‑spouted jar which had been locally modified was found.
1254:
762:
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Syrmos, Nikolaos Ch., "Microcephaly in ancient Greece—the Minoan microcephalus of Zakros", Child's Nervous System 27.5, pp. 685-686, 2011
336:
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519:
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Platon, Lefteris, "On the dating and character of the'Zakros pits deposit'", British School at Athens Studies, pp. 243-257, 2010
1809:
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Salgarella, Ester, "Drawing lines: The palaeography of Linear A and Linear B", Kadmos, vol. 58, no. 1–2, pp. 61–92, 2019
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309:. The deposit was in a destruction layer dated between layers LM IA and LM IB. Human remains were found in caves at the gorge.
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Becker, M. J., "Human Skeletal Remains from Kato Zakro", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 271–76, 1975
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841:
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241:
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Thompson, James G., "Clues to the location of bull jumping at Zakro", Journal of Sport History 19.2, pp. 163-168, 1992
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434:
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W. Boyd Dawkins, "Skulls from cave burials at Zakro", Annual of the British School at Athens 7, pp. 150-55, 1901
1814:
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289:
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198:, and its protected harbor and strategic location made it an important commercial hub for trade to the east.
1289:
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Hogarth, David George, "Bronze-age vases from Zakro", The Journal of Hellenic Studies 22, pp. 333-338, 1902
1209:
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Hogarth, D. G., "Note on two Zakro sealings", Annual of the British School at Athens 17, pp. 264-265, 1911
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D.G. Hogarth, "Excavations at Zakro, Crete", Annual of the British School at Athens 7, pp. 121-49, 1901
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Huxley, George, "The Ancient Name of Zakro", Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 8.2, pp. 85-87, 1967
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119:
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Hooker, James T., "Remarks on the Linear A Inscriptions from Zakro", Kadmos 16.1, pp. 13-15, 1977
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752:
Fraser, P. M., "Archaeology in Greece, 1969-1970", Archaeological Reports, no. 16, pp. 3–31, 1969
745:
Catling, H. W., "Archaeology in Greece, 1979-80", Archaeological Reports, no. 26, pp. 3–53, 1979
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A number of seals, mainly of steatite, and clay sealings have been found at Zakros. Two Egyptian
306:
621:
Catling, H. W., "Archaeology in Greece, 1971-72", Archaeological Reports, no. 18, pp. 3–26, 1971
755:
French, E. B., "Archaeology in Greece 1990-91", Archaeological Reports, no. 37, pp. 3–78, 1990
602:
Fraser, P. M., "Archaeology in Greece, 1970-71", Archaeological Reports, no. 17, pp. 3–32, 1970
593:
Fraser, P. M., "Archaeology in Greece, 1968-69", Archaeological Reports, no. 15, pp. 3–39, 1968
557:
Perna, Massimo, "The Roundel in Linear A from Zakro Wc 2 (HM 84)", Kadmos 33.1, pp. 29-37, 1994
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Stieglitz, Robert R., "The Minoan Pithos Inscription from Zakro", Kadmos 22.1, pp. 5-7, 1983
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365:
297:
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Nikolaos Platon, "Zakros: The Discovery of a Lost Palace of Ancient Crete", Scribner, 1971
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Dawkins, R. M., "Pottery from Zakro", The Journal of Hellenic Studies 23, pp. 248-260, 1903
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Weingarten, Judith, "Two inscribed sealings from Zakro", Kadmos 22.2, pp. 107-108, 1983
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357:. In total 591 documents were found consisting of 31 tablets and 560 sealed documents.
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Hogarth, D. G., "Exploration at Zakro in Eastern Crete", Man, vol. 1, pp. 186–87, 1901
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Brice, William C., "The Zakro Tablets 16, 17 and 18", Kadmos 21.1, pp. 9-14, 1982
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Weingarten, Judith, "The use of the Zakro sealings", Kadmos 22.1, pp. 8-13, 1983
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Papit, Judith L., "Minoan town planning", Dissertation, Temple University, 2013
205:. Extensive ruins of the palace remain, and are a popular tourist destination.
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Judith Reid, "Minoan Kato Zakro: A Pastoral Economy", BAR Publishing, 2007
364:. Some items, given to Hogarth by the Cretan government, are housed at the
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It has been proposed that the ancient name of the site was Ditka.
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D. G. Hogarth, "The Zakro Sealings", JHS 22, pp. 76-93, 1902
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Platon, N, "Ανασκαφή Ζάκρου", Prakt, pp. 142-168, 1962
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Platon, N, "Ανασκαφή Ζάκρου", Prakt, pp. 216-224, 1961
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Minoan archaeological site in Eastern Crete, Greece
360:Many of the excavated artifacts are housed at the
216:), the portion higher up on the hillside, and
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284:, in 1894 and 1896. Zakro was excavated by
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1820:St. Mark Basilica (Museum of Visual Arts)
749:Series 4º: ΧΧΧV), Stockholm, 77– 84, 1987
829:Linear A inscriptions at Zakros at SigLA
414:
290:British School of Archaeology at Athens
7:
476:Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt (1865).
340:Copper oxhide ingot found at Zakros
194:. It is regarded as one of the six
1886:St. Peter of Dominicans, Heraklion
1255:Minoan frescoes from Tell el-Dab'a
25:
2118:Former populated places in Greece
2113:Populated places in ancient Crete
208:Zakros is sometimes divided into
2123:Aegean palaces of the Bronze Age
1513:Classical and Hellenistic period
43:
1810:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
1800:Archaeological Museum of Chania
1357:Archaeological Museum of Chania
1352:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
1280:Papoura Hill Circular Structure
824:Minoan Crete, Epano Zakros page
478:Travels and Researches in Crete
362:Heraklion Archaeological Museum
269:The site was first recorded by
1362:Archaeological Museum of Sitia
233:in the caves along its walls.
1:
1270:Minoan Moulds of Palaikastro
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316:The Palace of Zakros ruins
271:Thomas Abel Brimage Spratt
1561:Greek War of Independence
819:Minoan Crete, Zakros page
265:Libation vase from Zakros
245:Zakros bull's head rhyton
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35:
1881:St. Catherine, Heraklion
1866:Küçük Hasan Pasha Mosque
1815:Nautical Museum of Crete
1195:Hagia Triada Sarcophagus
725:10.1515/kadmos-2019-0004
276:The site was visited by
182:on the eastern coast of
106:Minoan town and "palace"
1533:Second Byzantine period
1290:Wall Paintings of Thera
1205:Snake goddess figurines
142:D.G. Hogarth, N. Platon
1846:Agios Titos, Heraklion
1523:First Byzantine period
1210:La Parisienne (fresco)
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2108:Minoan sites in Crete
1841:Agios Minas Cathedral
1836:Agia Triada Monastery
1543:Revolt of Saint Titus
1465:Eleftherios Venizelos
1200:Horns of Consecration
1190:Akrotiri Boxer Fresco
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131:Excavation dates
87:35.09806°N 26.26139°E
2039:Cretan Greek dialect
1912:Fortezza of Rethymno
1861:Gouverneto Monastery
1856:Assumption Cathedral
1220:Prince of the Lilies
1178:Art and Architecture
353:inscriptions, after
1666:Kourtaliotiko Gorge
1460:Dimitrios Kallergis
1440:Vitsentzos Kornaros
1435:Georgios Chortatzis
865:Minoan civilization
203:Minoan civilization
180:archaeological site
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49:Map of Minoan Crete
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1275:Minoan Bull-leaper
1245:Knossos board game
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228:found there had a
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92:35.09806; 26.26139
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1538:Kingdom of Candia
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480:. J. van Voorst.
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1734:Hagia Triada
1671:Milona Gorge
1656:Imbros Gorge
1598:Major cities
1574:Cretan State
1480:Cretan Turks
1347:Arthur Evans
1331:Minoan seals
1235:Kamares ware
1150:Mount Juktas
1130:Psychro Cave
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1871:Moni Toplou
1774:Polyrrhenia
1764:Monastiraki
1548:Cretan War
1225:Stirrup jar
1120:Arkalochori
1113:Sanctuaries
1079:Nea Roumata
1023:Monastiraki
983:Palaikastro
966:Settlements
257:Archaeology
218:Kato Zakros
90: /
66:Coordinates
18:Kato Zakros
2102:Categories
1937:Spinalonga
1895:Fortresses
1719:Eleutherna
1425:Epimenides
1160:Traostalos
1104:Yerokambos
1033:Vathypetro
879:Minoan art
486:1000662504
409:References
393:Minoan art
173:Kato Zakro
126:Site notes
78:26°15′41″E
75:35°05′53″N
2077:Mantinada
1983:Mount Ida
1963:Lefka Ori
1922:Gramvousa
1829:Religious
1695:Landmarks
1620:Ierapetra
1615:Heraklion
1568:(1866–69)
1550:(1645–69)
1135:Atsipades
1084:Odigitria
1059:Apesokari
1038:Zominthos
320:In 1961,
294:winepress
273:in 1851.
2082:Minotaur
1779:Tylissos
1769:Phaistos
1709:Archanes
1651:Ha Gorge
1625:Rethymno
1475:Sfakians
1450:El Greco
1430:Nearchus
1340:See also
1311:Linear B
1306:Linear A
1240:Kouloura
1165:Vrysinas
1155:Petsofas
1069:Kamilari
1028:Vasiliki
998:Troullos
942:Phaistos
491:Volume 1
372:See also
351:Linear A
331:Linear A
303:Linear A
230:Linear A
116:Cultures
55:Location
2072:Kri-kri
2062:Cuisine
2032:Culture
2009:Elounda
1946:Natural
1927:Kazarma
1793:Museums
1749:Kydonia
1744:Knossos
1729:Gournia
1714:Armenoi
1702:Ancient
1490:History
1299:Writing
1125:Kamares
1094:Phylaki
1089:Phourni
1074:Koumasa
1013:Amnisos
1003:Trypiti
993:Gournia
988:Kydonia
957:Galatas
937:Knossos
930:Palaces
288:of the
282:Knossos
237:History
188:Lasithi
175:) is a
111:History
59:Lasithi
37:{{{1}}}
2014:Sfakia
1968:Matala
1932:Koules
1907:Firkas
1902:Aptera
1784:Zakros
1739:Kommos
1724:Gortyn
1639:Gorges
1630:Siteia
1610:Chania
1412:People
1099:Stylos
1054:Armeni
1018:Petras
1008:Lakkos
978:Kommos
952:Zakros
872:Topics
789:
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484:
226:pithos
192:Greece
177:Minoan
165:Ζάκρος
157:Zakros
120:Minoan
31:Zakros
2087:Music
2019:Souda
2002:Other
1759:Malia
1420:Minos
1404:Crete
1140:Karfi
1047:Tombs
947:Malia
923:Sites
329:with
184:Crete
169:Zakro
167:also
161:Greek
2066:wine
1754:Lato
1145:Modi
796:2015
787:ISBN
771:ISBN
759:2020
612:2011
482:OCLC
446:2017
422:2005
103:Type
1993:Vai
721:doi
186:in
171:or
150:Yes
2104::
427:^
368:.
190:,
163::
2068:)
2064:(
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857:e
850:t
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723::
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220:(
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159:(
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