1056:. It is celebrated during the months of July and August. About 45 days before the festival begins, the priests go into the forest and find two forked branches of a sacred tree. The branches are then immersed in the local river and kept at the shrines dedicated to Kataragama deviyo and Vali. When the main festival begins, the Yantra representing the deity is retrieved from its storage location, paraded through a street on top of an elephant, and carried to the Valli shrine. After two hours it is returned. On the last day of the festival the Yantra is left overnight at the Valli shrine and brought back to the main shrine. The priests conduct the rituals in silence, covering their mouths with white cloth. Associated with the main festival is fire walking arranged by a master of the ritual. Hundreds of devotees participate in fire walking, yet others participate in ecstatic dance forms called Kavadi and body piercing. Many of the pilgrims exhibit signs of being possessed.
1003:, known in some sources as Velapura, became associated with Murukan worship as well. The cult of Murukan was grafted onto the worship of Skanda-Kumara that was prevalent in Sri Lanka. Amongst the Sinhalese he became known as the god of Kataragama village, thus Kataragamdevio. Shrines of Katargamadevio are found in almost all Sinhala Buddhist villages and towns. He is recognized as one of the guardian deities. Worshipers take an arduous pilgrimage on foot through jungles to fulfill their vows to the deity. The pilgrimage included both Tamils from India and Sri Lanka as well as Sinhalese. Number of temples mostly in the east coast of Sri Lanka became identified with Kataragama temple and synchronized their festivals based on the arrival of pilgrims all the way from the north of the island. These include temples in
552:"The Katragam dewale consists of two apartments, of which the outer one only is accessible. Its walls are ornamented with figures of different gods, and with historical paintings executed in the usual style. Its ceiling is a mystically painted cloth, and the door of the inner apartment is hid by a similar cloth. On the left of the door there is a small foot-bath and basin, in which the officiating priest washes his feet and hands before he enters the sanctum. Though the idol was still in the jungle where it had been removed during the rebellion, the inner room appropriated to it was as jealously guarded as before"
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329:. With the change in devotees, the mode of worship and festivals has changed from that of Hindu orientation to one that accommodates Buddhist rituals and theology. It is difficult to reconstruct the factual history of the place and the reason for its popularity amongst Sri Lankans and Indians based on legends and available archeological and literary evidence alone, although the place seems to have a venerable history. The lack of clear historic records and resultant legends and myths fuel the conflict between Buddhists and Hindus as to the ownership and the mode of worship at Kataragama.
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Buddhist religion. During the 11th and 12th century CE, the worship of Skanda-Kumara was documented even among the royal family. At some point in the past Skanda-Kumara was identified with the deity in
Kataragama shrine, also known as Kataragama deviyo and Kataragama deviyo, became one of the guardian deities of Sri Lanka. Numerous legends have sprung about Kataragama deviyo, some of which try to find an independent origin for Katargamadevio from the Hindu roots of Skanda-Kumara.
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791:(Temple precincts). As a clan they are extinct but were to be found in the eastern province during the 19th century. Local Veddas believed that the nearby mountain peak of Vaedihitti Kande (The Mountain of Veddas) was the abode of the deity. The deity after coming over the shore married a local Vedda woman named Valli, a daughter of a Vedda chief and resided in the mountain. Eventually he was coaxed into settling down at the current location.
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694:, the historic annals about Dutugamunu. Another Sinhala legend makes Kataragama deviyo a deification of a Tamil spy sent by Elara to live amongst the Sinhalese or a Tamil juggler who made the locals deify him after his death. Yet another legend says that Kataragama deviyo is a deification of the legendary king Mahasena, who is born as a
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or
Buddhist rituals. It follows what Paul Younger calls as ancient Vedda traditions of worship. Although since the medieval period Hindus, Buddhists and even Muslims have tried to co-opt the temple, deity and its worship as their own, the rituals maintained by the native priests are still intact. The
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Since the 1950s the cult of
Kataragama has taken a nationalistic tone amongst the Sinhalese people. People visit the shrine year long, and during the annual festival it looks like a carnival. People get into trance and indulge in ecstatic rituals formerly associated with Hindus such as fire walking,
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amongst local Tamils and
Sinhalese, and Kataragama deviyo subsumed the identity of Skanda-Kumara and became a deity on his own right with rituals and pilgrimage. According to Pathmanathan, it happened after the 13th century CE when Murukan became popular amongst Tamils and before the 15th century CE
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since its political independence from Great
Britain in 1948. Paul Wirz in the 1930s wrote about tensions between Hindus and Buddhists regarding the ownership and mode of ritual practice in Kataragama. For the past millennia the majority of the pilgrims were Hindus from Sri Lanka and South India who
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had his likeness minted in coins that they issued in the last centuries BCE. The deity's popularity has waned in North India but has survived in South India. In South India, he became known as
Subrahmaniya and was eventually fused with another local god of war known as Murugan among Tamils. Murugan
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The cult of
Kataragama deviyo has become the most popular amongst the Sinhalese people. A number of legends and myths are associated with the deity and the location, differing by religion, ethnic affiliation and time. These legends are changing with the deity's burgeoning popularity with Buddhists,
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began to take the pilgrimage. This increased the tensions between the local Hindus and
Buddhists about the ownership and type of rituals to be used. The government interceded on behalf of the Buddhists and enabled the complete takeover of the temple complex and in effect the shrines have become an
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One of the
Sinhala legends tells that when Skanda-Kumara moved to Sri Lanka, he asked for refuge from Tamils. The Tamils refused, and he came to live with the Sinhalese in Kataragama. As a penance for their refusal, the deity forced Tamils to indulge in body piercing and fire walking in his annual
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The priests of the temple are known as
Kapuralas and are believed to be descended from Vedda people. Veddas, too, have a claim on the temple, a nearby mountain peak and locality through a number of legends. There is a mosque and a few tombs of Muslim pious men buried nearby. The temple complex is
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In Sri Lanka the Sinhala Buddhists also worshiped Kartikeya as Kumaradevio or Skanda-Kumara since at least the 4th century, if not earlier. Skanda-Kumara was known as one of the guardian deities until the 14th century, invoked to protect the island; they are accommodated within the non-theistic
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veneration of deities found amongst the Hindus of Sri Lanka and South India. The loss of Hindu influence within the temple complex has negatively affected the Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu society. According to Paul Younger, the Buddhist takeover was precipitated by the overwhelming participation of
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Almost all the shrines are nondescript small rectangular buildings without any ornamentation. There is no representative of deities adorning the outside of the buildings. This is in contrast to any other Hindu temple in Sri Lanka or India. Almost all shrines are built of stone except that one
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A number of Muslim pious and holy men seems to have migrated from India and settled down in the vicinity. The earliest known one is one Hayathu, whose simple residence became the mosque. Another one called Karima Nabi is supposed to have discovered a source of water that when drunk provides
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very much like the Veddas of Sri Lanka. With the advancement of settled agriculture, Murukan became identified with the tribal chieftains as a god of war, becoming popular among all segments of the society. He was worshiped symbolically as lance and trees such as the Kadamba
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or Gale Yakka (Lord of the Rock) as their primarily deity to be propitiated before hunts. They propitiate the deity by building a shrine made out of thatched leaves with a lance or arrow planted in the middle of the structure. They dance around the shrine with the
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Buddhism doesn't encourage veneration of deities, and yet Buddhists in Sri Lanka make an annual pilgrimage to Kataragama. The deity has attained the position of national god amongst the Sinhalese. This reflects the similar position held by Murukan amongst Tamils.
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in the 15th-century devotional poems of Arunagirinathar. Tradition claims that he visited the forest shrine when he composed the poems. According to his poems, the deity dwelt on top of a mountain. The first mention of Kataragama deviyo in the form
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Buddhists in what are essentially Hindu rituals that worried the Buddhist establishment. There is a strong political and religious pressure to further modify the temple rituals to conform within an orthodox Theravada Buddhist world view.
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dated from the 2nd century BCE to the 6th century CE. Along the way, a number of legends were woven about the deity's birth, accomplishments, and marriages, including one to a tribal princess known amongst Tamil and Sinhalese sources as
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that is sacred to Murugan. Within the mosque are number of tombs of Muslim holy men. There is also a separate shrine dedicated to the tomb of Kalayangiri swamy known amongst Tamils as Mutuligaswamy kovil. It is also known as the
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dedicated to Valli which shows timber construction. They have been left as originally constructed and there are not any plans to improve upon them, because people are reluctant to tamper with the original shrine complex.
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festival. This legend tries to explain the location of the shrine as well as the traditional patterns of worship by Tamils. Another Sinhala legends attests that Kataragama deviyo was the deity worshiped by
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that supposedly belonged to Kalyanagiri Swamy. It is covered by a leopard's skin and on it has all the ceremonial instruments. To the left of the main shrine lies a smaller shrine dedicated to Hindu god
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who ruled in 447 CE. There is also an inscription of Dapula I dated to the 7th century CE who built a sanctuary for Buddhist monks, but the inscription does not mention Kataragama by name. Nearby
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were able to identify new strands of these legends and the originators of these legends since the 1970s, with the burgeoning popularity of the shrine and its deity amongst the Sinhala Buddhists.
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have been taken over by the Buddhists and have been spread to the rest of the island. The Buddhist takeover of the temple and its rituals has profoundly affected the rationale nature of austere
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were brought in after the British occupation in 1815, they too began to participate in the pilgrimage in droves, thus the popularity of the shrine increased amongst all sections of the people.
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and countless many other smaller temples. Legends developed that bound the worship of syncretic Skanda-Murukan to Tamil Nadu as a god of the Tamils. It included his marriage of Valli from
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is missing). The entire temple complex was declared a holy place by the government of Sri Lanka in the 1950s; since then political leaders have contributed for its maintenance and upkeep.
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dynasties, Murukan was infused with the aspects of Kartikeya or Skanda, a god of war from North India. All legends that were attributed to Kartikeya were also attributed to Murukan. The
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and Paul Younger, the mode of veneration and rituals connected with Kataragama deviyo is a survival of indigenous Vedda mode of veneration that preceded the arrival of Buddhist and
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1019:. In the interior of the island temples such as Embekke were built in the 15 to 17 the century CE to propitiate the Murukan aspect of Kataragamdevio by the Sinhalese elite.
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adjunct to the Buddhist Kiri Vehera. Protests occurred upon this development in the 1940s, particularly when restrictions were placed on Tamil worship at the shrine.
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Murukan is known from Sangam Tamil literature. The earliest reference to Murukan was as a god who was propitiated to help in good hunting. He was the primary god of
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felt that the Kataragama deviyo cult has taken on some aspects of the Kande Yakka rituals and traditions. A clan of Veddas who lived near to the shrine was known as
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627:, known as Murugan in Tamil sources. Kartikeya, also known as Kumara, Skanda, Saravanabhava, Visakha or Mahasena, is the chief of warriors of celestial Gods. The
725:. The shrine for Kadavara is in the town of Kataragama. His power to curse is carried out in secret outside the Main Kataragama deviyo shrine at a place at the
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sometimes during the 16th or 17th century. He identified the very spot of the shrines and their mythic associations with characters and events as expounded in
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in Sri Lanka in the last centuries BCE, although Hindus, Buddhists and even Muslims have tried to co-opt the deity, rituals and the shrine. But according to
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Muslim or Islamic legends about Kataragama are relatively newer. According to Muslims Kataragama is referred to as al-Khidr or land of Khidr. The
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and is dedicated to Skanda-Murugan known amongst the Sinhalese as Kataragama deviyo. It does not have a statute of the deity; instead it holds a
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who have kept out of the mainstream culture of Sri Lanka do not subscribe to Kataragama deviyo as their deity. Unassimilated Veddas consider
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becoming possessed with the spirits of the dead ancestors who guide the hunting party in techniques and places to go hunt. Anthropologist
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written down in the 5th century CE. It mentions a town named Kajjaragama from which important dignitaries came to receive the sacred
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Legends in Sri Lanka claimed that Valli was a daughter of a Vedda chief from Kataragama in the south of the island. The town of
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to the Mangala Mahacetiya, apparently the former name of Kiri Vehera on the orders of one Mahadathika Mahanaga, a son of king
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traversed this pilgrimage route in the 15th century. The vicinity of the temple complex is used for secretive practices of
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immortality. Historic figures such as Jabbar Ali Sha (died 1872) and Meer Syed Mohhamed Alisha Bawa (died 1945) also have
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The vicinity of the temple has number of ancient ruins and inscriptions. Based on dated inscriptions found, the nearby
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as well. It too is a small rectangular building without any decoration. To the left of Ganesha shrine stands the
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First published in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXIX, No. 77, 1924.
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were also identified with the deity. Velans were a special class of priests identified with his worship.
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in the 7th or 8th century, is the primary corpus of all literature about him. A Tamil rendition of the
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within a Buddhist temple complex. This particular shrine then became idealized as the very spot where
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as the Buddhist ritual specialists and clergy try to accommodate the deity within Buddhist ideals of
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The first literary mention of Kataragama in a context of a sacred place to kandha-Murugan is in its
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is believed to have been built or renovated around the 1st century BCE. There is an inscription, a
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The medieval phase of the history of the shrine began with the arrival of Kalyanagiri Swamy from
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2115:"Skandakumara and Kataragama: An Aspect of the Relation of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka"
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undertook an arduous pilgrimage on foot. By the 1940 roads were constructed and more and more
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also known amongst Sinhalese as Karanduva. Within it there is a clay arm chair known as
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plays a greater role for Sri Lankan Tamils than Tamils from India, who hardly know it.
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Sri Lankan society in an era of globalization: struggling to create a new social order
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have associated with the temple upkeep by building, renovation and cleaning projects.
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The Domain of Constant Excess: Plural Worship at the Munnesvaram Temples in Sri Lanka
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peculiar to Sinhala Buddhists, Kataragama deviyo has his dark side represented by
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written in the 14th century also expands on legends of Valli meeting Murugan. The
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1923:"Sri Lanka's Most Holy Hindu Site becoming a Purely Buddhist Place of Worship?"
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932:. The Yantra is kept behind a curtain that figures Murukan with his two wives
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According to Hindus and some Buddhist texts, the main shrine is dedicated to
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Buddha in the crown: Avalokiteśvara in the Buddhist traditions of Sri Lanka
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that tradition holds as sprung from the sapling of the original Bo tree in
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891:. Outside the temple yard and beyond the northern gate lies the shrine to
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There are number of theories as to the origin of the shrine. According to
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Attached to the western wall of the shrine complex are shrines dedicated
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The many faces of Murukan: the history and meaning of a South Indian god
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was a trading town of antiquity by the 2nd century BCE, as indicated by
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which played an important role in the political history of the island.
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Playing Host to Deity: Festival Religion in the South Indian Tradition
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unearthed on the site. The region was part of the ancient kingdom of
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Sri Lanka : ethnic fratricide and the dismantling of democracy
721:. The current Getabaru shrine is located in an isolated place near
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identified the very location as a sacred spot. The deity among the
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Gombrich, Richard Francis; Obeyesekere, Gananath (December 1999),
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within which there is also a Buddha image. Behind this is a large
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descent taking a pilgrimage on foot (Pada Yatra) from the town of
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a popular Thai amulet, based on Khattugama, a deity from Sri Lanka
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conflict between its minority Hindu Tamils and majority Buddhists
1161:"The guardian deities of Sri Lanka:Skanda-Murgan and Kataragama"
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The festivals and daily rituals do not adhere to standard Hindu
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The Feast of the Sorcerer: practices of consciousness and power
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Proceedings of the Third International Tamil Conference Seminar
2168:"The cursing practice in Sri Lanka as a religious channel for"
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Seditious histories:contesting Thai and Southeast Asian pasts
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1301:. Department of Archaeology, Sri Lanka. 1971. p. 158.
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and cursing peculiar to Sri Lanka (Source or reference to
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Buddhists who today constitute majority of the visitors.
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Archaeological protected monuments in Monaragala District
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Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia
1314:"The facts behind the Jatukam Ramathep talisman nonsense"
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With advent of North Indian traditions arriving with the
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Kajjaragama is derived from Kârttikeya Grâma ("City of
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in the north to Kataragama in the south of the island;
2121:. Paris: International Association of Tamil Research.
1410:"An epigraphic perspective on the antiquity of Tamil"
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Official Website – Ruhunu Maha Katharagama Devalaya
1593:"Kataragama: Its origin, era of decline and revival"
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The Worship of Muruka or Skanda (The Kataragama God)
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Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka
2146:Davidson, Linda Kay; Gitlitz, David Martin (2002),
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2319:Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia
1085:Typical Tamil Hindu rituals at Kataragama such as
1180:"Ancient and medieval Hindu temples in Sri Lanka"
448:written during the 16th century in what is today
302:are managed by Hindus and the mosque by Muslims.
2222:Globalization in India: Contents and Discontents
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1730:
1718:
1527:
1515:
2000:. Pannapitiya: Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004.
1703:
1101:practiced in Sri Lanka to that of the personal
949:people from the mountainous region of southern
550:
2029:Hasbullah, S.H.; Morrisson, Barrie M. (2004).
852:amongst Sinhalese. Tamils refer to him as the
3679:
3394:
2507:
2178:(3–4). The Netherlands: E.J. Brill: 202–222.
1165:The Journal of the Institute of Asian Studies
903:in Karnataka, India. The shrine dedicated to
557:Account of the Interior of Ceylon. Davy, John
8:
1795:
1395:
1068:Kiri Vehera also known as Mangala Mahacetiya
684:in the 1st century BCE, before his war with
341:which are along the path of pilgrimage from
2415:Symbols and Meaning: A Concise Introduction
2152:, University of California, Santa Barbara,
1566:
514:Tamil Brahmi legends in coins and potsherds
333:also connected to other similar temples in
3949:Tourist attractions in Monaragala District
3686:
3672:
3664:
3401:
3387:
3379:
2994:
2754:
2533:
2514:
2500:
2492:
72:
38:
3132:Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka
1743:
1741:
1739:
709:According to the practice of cursing and
167:
3924:Buildings and structures in Uva Province
2311:, vol. III, Oxford University Press
1858:"The exquisite wood carvings at Embekke"
1662:
1338:
1223:. Oxford University Press. p. 123.
2126:Clothey, Fred; Ramanujan, A.K. (1978),
2073:
2061:
2033:. London: SAGE Publishing. p. 79.
1983:
1893:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1674:
1650:
1479:
1462:
1355:
1283:
1268:
1204:
1131:
305:The shrine has for centuries attracted
270:'Katirkāmam Murugan Kōvil') in
29:Temple complex in Kataragama, Sri Lanka
3919:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in Sri Lanka
2398:Kataragama:The holiest place in Ceylon
2288:, State University of New York Press,
1881:
1843:
1714:
1712:
1562:
1560:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1408:Mahathevan, Iravatham (24 June 2010).
1379:
1377:
1351:
1349:
1347:
766:in the east of Sri Lanka to the temple
698:or Buddha in waiting. Anthropologists
548:John Davy's account of Kataragama 1821
255:'Ruhuṇu Kataragama Dēvālaya',
2942:Sri Piyaratana Tissa Mahanayake Thero
1539:
1503:
1279:
1277:
7:
2172:Journal of Asian and African Studies
1916:
1914:
1831:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1686:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1578:
1445:
1383:
1243:
1052:main festival known in Sinhalese as
3934:Hindu pilgrimage sites in Sri Lanka
1947:
1905:
1617:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
920:Murukan and Kataragama deviyo cults
823:The most important one is known as
2342:, University of Washington Press,
25:
1178:Peiris, Kamalika (31 July 2009).
1167:. The institute of Asian studies.
3603:Thirukkovil Citra VelayudhaSwamy
3362:
3349:
3188:Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
2967:Mapalagama Wipulasara Maha Thera
2739:
2379:Cultures of the world: Sri Lanka
2322:, State University of New York,
2225:, Pearson Education South Asia,
582:
573:
166:
159:
2917:Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero
2400:, Lake house publishing house,
2302:Paranavitana, Senarath (1933),
2265:, University of Chicago Press,
2166:Feddema, J.P. (December 1997).
1972:Gombrich & Obeyesekere 1999
1960:Gombrich & Obeyesekere 1999
1630:Gombrich & Obeyesekere 1999
1552:Gombrich & Obeyesekere 1999
1312:Wright, Michael (15 May 2007).
1220:Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide
1072:Sri Lanka has had a history of
983:deity has six major temples in
87:
53:Ruhunu Maha Kataragama devalaya
3273:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2912:Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero
2475:On Foot by Faith to Kataragama
1996:Ramachandran, Nirmala (2004).
1921:Kandasamy, R (December 1986).
803:Entrance of the temple complex
484:"), shortened to Kajara-gama)
1:
2957:Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera
2460:The Kataragama-Skanda website
2382:, Times Books International,
1998:The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka
3939:Murugan temples in Sri Lanka
3735:Thennesvaram (Thondrisvaram)
3528:Manavalanallur(Kolanjiappar)
2952:Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera
2907:Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera
2823:Dimbulagala Raja Maha Vihara
2541:Bellanwila Rajamaha Viharaya
1856:Gaveshaka (15 August 2004).
1820:Clothey & Ramanujan 1978
1808:Clothey & Ramanujan 1978
1784:Clothey & Ramanujan 1978
1731:Clothey & Ramanujan 1978
1719:Clothey & Ramanujan 1978
1528:Clothey & Ramanujan 1978
1516:Clothey & Ramanujan 1978
1367:Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam
1060:Hindu and Buddhist conflicts
636:is known independently from
3257:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
3020:Charles Alwis Hewavitharana
2438:, Oxford University Press,
2376:Wanasundera, Nanda (2004),
2245:, Oxford University Press,
1704:Davidson & Gitlitz 2002
592:Left:Mahasena on a coin of
34:Kataragama (disambiguation)
3965:
2184:10.1177/002190969703200303
1027:and even body piercing or
476:on 288 BCE. (According to
415:, meaning "river hunter".
309:Hindus from Sri Lanka and
31:
3316:
3303:Ellawala Medhananda Thero
3025:Don Carolis Hewavitharana
2737:
2536:
2470:Embekke Kataragama temple
2362:, University of Chicago,
2356:Tambiah, Stanley (1986),
542:Indian indentured workers
378:cultural influences from
313:who undertook an arduous
261:கதிர்காமம் முருகன் கோயில்
260:
245:
154:
78:Maha Devale/murugan Kovil
71:
61:Kathirgamam Murugan Kovil
46:
3789:Ariyalai Siddhivinayakar
3308:Athuraliye Rathana Thero
2947:Wariyapola Sri Sumangala
2864:Maligawila Buddha statue
2797:Buddha Jayanthi Chaithya
2336:Reynolds, Craig (2006),
2259:Kapferer, Bruce (1997),
860:the shrine dedicated to
785:Charles Gabriel Seligman
524:Role of Kalyangiri Swamy
3015:Walisinghe Harischandra
2927:Madihe Pannaseeha Thero
2205:, Motilal Banarsidass,
1591:Witane, Godwin (2001).
1217:Trainor, Kevin (2004).
815:, on the temple complex
478:Ponnambalam Arunachalam
2962:Gangodawila Soma Thero
2465:Pictures of Kataragama
2432:Younger, Paul (2001),
2090:Bastin, Rohan (2002),
1320:. The Buddhist Channel
1069:
933:
816:
804:
767:
562:
554:
488:Archeological evidence
231:c. 1100 – 15th century
185:Geographic coordinates
3852:Nainativu Nagapushani
3755:East Thanthonrisvaram
3578:Paimpozhil Thirumalai
2854:Avukana Buddha statue
2523:Buddhism in Sri Lanka
2412:Womak, Marie (2005),
2219:Gupta, Suman (2010),
2132:, Mouton de Gruyter,
1067:
927:
810:
802:
757:
561:
175:Location in Sri Lanka
3889:Temples & others
3369:Sri Lanka portal
3278:Jathika Hela Urumaya
3193:Kandy Esala Perahera
3167:Dharmapala Vidyalaya
3065:Nissanka Wijeyeratne
3060:Neranjan Wijeyeratne
3045:Don Baron Jayatilaka
3010:Anagarika Dharmapala
2818:Dambulla cave temple
2485:27 June 2015 at the
2305:Epigraphia Zeylanica
2285:A survey of Hinduism
1494:|Chapter 10|verse 20
1037:Ranasinghe Premadasa
957:Neolamarckia cadamba
928:The interior of the
704:Gananath Obeyesekere
32:For other uses, see
3872:Thambiluvil Kannaki
3770:Jaffna Saddainathar
3356:Religion portal
2922:Henepola Gunaratana
2767:Somawathiya Chaitya
2692:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2639:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2581:Temple of the Tooth
2396:Wirz, Paul (1966),
2316:Raj, Selva (2006),
2280:Klostermaier, Klaus
2239:Holt, John (1991),
1929:. Himalayan Academy
995:Katargamadevio cult
596:140–180 BCE. Right:
246:රුහුණු කතරගම දේවාලය
203: /
3228:Vesak in Sri Lanka
3162:Maliyadeva College
3152:Dharmasoka College
3142:Dharmaraja College
3081:Henry Steel Olcott
2546:Gangaramaya Temple
2418:, Altamira Press,
2096:, Berghahn Books,
1822:, pp. 128–130
1653:, pp. 202–222
1632:, pp. 163–200
1599:. The Island Group
1398:, pp. 221–225
1271:, pp. 199–200
1159:(September 1999).
1121:Kataragama Bodhiya
1099:Theravada Buddhism
1070:
934:
883:, Managara devio,
817:
805:
768:
456:Jatukham Rammathep
315:pilgrimage on foot
282:and Hindu War God
125:Nayakan (Sinhalam)
3904:
3903:
3896:Vallipuram Vishnu
3867:Nuwara Eliya Sita
3818:Nallur Kandaswamy
3661:
3660:
3648:Waterfall Hilltop
3427:Thiruparankundram
3376:
3375:
3288:Champika Ranawaka
3252:Diyawadana Nilame
3208:Kataragama deviyo
3094:
3093:
3050:K. N. Jayatilleke
2972:Nyanaponika Thera
2932:Narada Maha Thera
2877:
2876:
2735:
2734:
2295:978-0-7914-7081-7
2232:978-81-317-1988-6
2159:978-1-57607-004-8
2007:978-955-8733-97-4
1796:Klostermaier 2007
1396:Paranavitana 1933
1079:Sinhala Buddhists
1033:Dudley Senanayake
811:Path towards the
742:built over their
638:Sangam literature
419:Literary evidence
280:Kataragama deviyo
269:
254:
238:Kataragama temple
235:
234:
42:Kataragama temple
16:(Redirected from
3956:
3857:Trinco Badrakali
3707:Pancha Ishwarams
3688:
3681:
3674:
3665:
3633:Ubayakathirgamam
3493:Ghati Subramanya
3452:Pazhamudircholai
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3353:
3298:Uduwe Dhammaloka
3293:Udaya Gammanpila
3111:Amarapura Nikāya
3040:A. T. Ariyaratne
2995:
2777:Rathna Prasadaya
2755:
2743:
2742:
2534:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2448:
2428:
2408:
2392:
2372:
2352:
2332:
2312:
2310:
2298:
2275:
2255:
2235:
2215:
2195:
2162:
2142:
2122:
2106:
2083:Cited literature
2077:
2071:
2065:
2064:, pp. 61–63
2059:
2053:
2052:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1896:, pp. 27–31
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1834:, pp. 36–45
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1762:, pp. 13–15
1757:
1751:
1750:, pp. 26–35
1745:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1690:
1689:, pp. 23–25
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1567:Wanasundera 2004
1564:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1518:, pp. 23–35
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1418:. Archived from
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1182:. Archived from
1175:
1169:
1168:
1153:
854:Manica Pillaiyar
848:who is known as
700:Richard Gombrich
675:Buddhist legends
586:
577:
558:
538:Kingdom of Kandy
459:
335:Eastern Province
264:
262:
249:
247:
218:
217:
215:
214:
213:
208:
207:6.417°N 81.333°E
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
170:
169:
163:
76:
39:
21:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3881:
3877:Udappu Draupadi
3862:Mutwal Mahakali
3837:
3798:
3774:
3739:
3701:
3692:
3662:
3657:
3456:
3413:
3407:
3377:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3348:
3312:
3261:
3176:
3157:Mahinda College
3147:Nalanda College
3120:
3099:Monastic orders
3090:
3069:
2991:Notable figures
2986:
2873:
2849:Toluvila statue
2827:
2801:
2792:Kiribath Vehera
2744:
2740:
2731:
2678:
2585:
2556:Kothduwa temple
2525:
2520:
2487:Wayback Machine
2456:
2451:
2446:
2431:
2426:
2411:
2395:
2390:
2375:
2370:
2355:
2350:
2335:
2330:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2278:
2273:
2258:
2253:
2238:
2233:
2218:
2213:
2198:
2165:
2160:
2145:
2140:
2125:
2109:
2104:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2041:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1461:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1186:on 29 June 2011
1177:
1176:
1172:
1157:Pathmanathan, S
1155:
1154:
1133:
1129:
1112:
1062:
1045:
997:
947:hunter-gatherer
943:
922:
797:
752:
735:
677:
621:
616:
615:
614:
613:
589:
588:
587:
579:
578:
567:
560:
556:
549:
526:
498:votive offering
490:
453:
421:
407:is referred as
401:Arunagirinathar
384:S. Pathmanathan
368:
366:Origin theories
363:
347:Arunagirinathar
211:
209:
205:
202:
197:
194:
192:
190:
189:
179:
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:
124:
79:
67:
59:
51:
49:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3760:Adi Konesvaram
3757:
3751:
3749:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3359:
3358:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:Bodu Bala Sena
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3172:Rahula College
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Ananda College
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3116:Rāmañña Nikāya
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3086:Nalin de Silva
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:E. W. Adikaram
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Peter De Abrew
3001:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:Walpola Rahula
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Samadhi Statue
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Dakkhina Stupa
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2746:
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661:Kandha Puranam
629:Kushan Empires
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2036:
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2017:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:, p. 165
1973:
1968:
1965:
1962:, p. 189
1961:
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1705:
1700:
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1664:
1663:Kapferer 1997
1659:
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1620:, p. 127
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1492:Bhagavad Gita
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1341:, p. 146
1340:
1339:Reynolds 2006
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855:
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850:Ganapatidevio
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795:Temple layout
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659:known as the
658:
657:Skanda Purana
654:
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648:Skanda Purana
644:
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619:Hindu legends
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539:
535:
534:Skanda Purana
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506:Tissamaharama
503:
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444:chronicle of
443:
440:, was in the
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418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
389:
388:Skanda-Kumara
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Heinz Bechert
365:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:dedicated to
336:
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322:
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289:
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281:
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212:6.417; 81.333
188:
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62:
58:
54:
45:
40:
35:
27:
19:
3906:
3833:Ukanthamalai
3823:Maviddapuram
3812:
3765:Choleeswaram
3730:Nagulesvaram
3638:Ukanthamalai
3593:Thindalmalai
3548:Maviddapuram
3538:Malai Mandir
3523:Kumarakottam
3513:Kazhugumalai
3508:Kandhakottam
3502:
3360:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3239:
3232:
3074:Philosophers
2839:Buduruvagala
2806:Cave temples
2750:Architecture
2707:Lovamahapaya
2629:Muthiyangana
2571:Seema Malaka
2550:
2434:
2414:
2397:
2378:
2358:
2338:
2318:
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2284:
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2241:
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2201:
2175:
2171:
2148:
2128:
2118:
2092:
2076:, p. 40
2074:Younger 2001
2069:
2062:Tambiah 1986
2057:
2030:
2024:
1997:
1991:
1986:, p. 36
1984:Younger 2001
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1933:13 September
1931:. Retrieved
1926:
1901:
1894:Younger 2001
1889:
1884:, p. 62
1877:
1865:. Retrieved
1862:Sunday Times
1861:
1851:
1846:, p. 60
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1786:, p. 15
1779:
1767:
1755:
1733:, p. 39
1726:
1721:, p. 38
1682:
1677:, p. 34
1675:Younger 2001
1670:
1665:, p. 51
1658:
1651:Feddema 1997
1625:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1596:
1586:
1581:, p. 19
1574:
1569:, p. 94
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1482:, p. 33
1480:Younger 2001
1465:, p. 35
1463:Younger 2001
1426:13 September
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1413:
1403:
1391:
1386:, p. 17
1368:
1363:
1358:, p. 27
1356:Younger 2001
1334:
1324:13 September
1322:. Retrieved
1317:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1286:, p. 26
1284:Younger 2001
1269:Bechert 1970
1264:
1251:
1246:, p. 16
1239:
1219:
1212:
1207:, p. 39
1205:Younger 2001
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1184:the original
1173:
1164:
1087:fire walking
1084:
1071:
1053:
1046:
1021:
998:
970:
955:
944:
935:
929:
913:
909:Kadamba tree
897:Sankara Mutt
874:
870:Anuradhapura
857:
853:
849:
840:
828:
824:
822:
818:
788:
769:
736:
708:
689:
678:
669:
664:
660:
656:
646:
622:
555:
551:
527:
491:
446:Jinakalamali
433:
428:
422:
412:
408:
369:
354:
331:
323:
304:
288:Vedda people
237:
236:
223:Architecture
121:Lord Murugan
60:
52:
26:
3828:Thirukkovil
3813:Kathirkamam
3725:Munnesvaram
3715:Kethisvaram
3628:Viralimalai
3623:Vennaimalai
3563:Pachaimalai
3543:Marudamalai
3503:Kathirkamam
3483:Chennimalai
3478:Brickfields
3432:Tiruchendur
3106:Siam Nikaya
3055:George Keyt
2977:Nyanatiloka
2896:Sanghamitta
2787:Naka Vihara
2772:Isurumuniya
2702:Thuparamaya
2684:Atamasthana
2674:Kiri Vehera
2669:Sela Cetiya
2654:Thuparamaya
2619:Diva Guhava
2599:Mahiyangana
2576:Sithulpawwa
1882:Bastin 2002
1844:Bastin 2002
1774:, p. 6
1116:Karthikeyan
930:Maha Devale
914:Siva Devale
825:Maha Devale
813:Kiri Vehera
789:Kovil Vanam
776:Kande Yakka
760:Coast Vedda
727:Menik Ganga
696:bodhisattva
530:North India
494:Kiri Vehera
429:Kathirkamam
380:North India
311:South India
292:Kiri Vehera
210: /
117:Kathirkaman
90:Affiliation
18:Kathirgamam
3913:Categories
3720:Konesvaram
3613:Vallimalai
3608:Vadapalani
3598:Thiruporur
3588:Siruvapuri
3573:Rathnagiri
3533:Kundrakudi
3468:Batu Caves
3447:Thiruthani
3442:Swamimalai
3218:Vibhishana
2982:S. Mahinda
2902:Maliyadeva
2859:Gal Vihara
2722:Mirisaveti
2712:Abhayagiri
2659:Abhayagiri
2644:Mirisaveti
2551:Kataragama
1597:The Island
1540:Gupta 2010
1504:Womak 2005
1318:The Nation
1093:dance and
989:Toṇṭaināṭu
985:Tamil Nadu
951:Tamil Nadu
829:Maha Kovil
758:People of
740:mausoleums
682:Dutugamunu
612:, 200 BCE.
598:Karttikeya
468:sent from
466:Bo sapling
434:Khattugama
376:Indo-Aryan
272:Kataragama
139:Kataragama
50:கதிர்காமம்
3699:Sri Lanka
3653:Clairwood
3568:Poombarai
3473:Biccavolu
3241:Culavamsa
3234:Mahavamsa
3125:Education
2998:Buddhists
2869:Reswehera
2832:Sculpture
2813:Vessagiri
2727:Lankarama
2624:Dighavapi
2561:Mihintale
2192:144302471
2049:492978278
2016:230674424
1867:5 October
1832:Wirz 1966
1772:Holt 1991
1760:Wirz 1966
1748:Wirz 1966
1687:Wirz 1966
1603:6 October
1579:Wirz 1966
1446:Wirz 1966
1415:The Hindu
1384:Wirz 1966
1244:Wirz 1966
1190:6 October
1043:Festivals
1013:Tirukovil
981:syncretic
885:Dedimunda
691:Mahavamsa
633:Yaudheyas
625:Kartikeya
610:Yaudheyas
482:Kartikeya
462:Mahavamsa
413:Oya Vedda
327:nontheism
319:Sinhalese
276:Sri Lanka
228:Completed
149:Sri Lanka
3780:Pillayar
3643:Velakkai
3553:Mopidevi
3329:Glossary
3322:Category
3266:Politics
2900:Arahant
2894:Arahant
2888:Arahant
2614:Sri Pada
2609:Kelaniya
2604:Nagadipa
2483:Archived
2282:(2007),
2113:(1970).
1948:Raj 2006
1906:Raj 2006
1618:Raj 2006
1110:See also
1001:Kalutara
901:Sringeri
893:Teyvanai
723:Morawaka
719:Kadavara
715:Getabaru
653:Sanskrit
631:and the
594:Huvishka
502:Tiritara
450:Thailand
409:O' Vedda
296:Teyvāṉai
135:Location
130:Location
101:Province
95:Hinduism
84:Religion
3845:Temples
3806:Temples
3804:Murugan
3794:Manipay
3782:Temples
3748:Temples
3618:Vayalur
3498:Haripad
3412:temples
3410:Murugan
3336:Outline
3223:Pattini
3203:Upulvan
3181:Culture
2890:Mahinda
2530:Temples
2406:9662399
1005:Verugal
977:Kadamba
973:Pallava
966:rooster
962:peafowl
941:Murukan
889:Suniyam
881:Pattini
866:Bo tree
846:Ganesha
711:sorcery
686:Ellalan
606:rooster
565:Legends
510:Prakrit
396:Murukan
361:History
355:sorcery
351:sorcery
339:Murugan
284:Murugan
268:
253:
242:Sinhala
198:81°20′E
145:Country
57:Sinhala
3887:Vishnu
3744:Other
3583:Sikkal
3558:Nallur
3461:Others
3437:Palani
2442:
2422:
2404:
2386:
2366:
2346:
2326:
2292:
2269:
2249:
2229:
2209:
2190:
2156:
2136:
2100:
2047:
2037:
2014:
2004:
1227:
1103:Bhakti
1091:Kavadi
1049:Agamic
1025:Kavadi
1017:Okanda
1009:Mandur
862:Vishnu
833:Yantra
781:shaman
772:Veddas
764:Muttur
645:. The
518:Ruhuna
470:Ashoka
438:relics
405:Veddas
343:Jaffna
195:6°25′N
3929:Vedda
3843:Amman
3746:Shiva
3518:Kukke
3488:Engan
3343:Index
3198:Natha
2759:Stupa
2309:(PDF)
2188:S2CID
1127:Notes
905:Valli
899:from
837:Shiva
744:Tombs
643:Valli
600:with
427:form
425:Tamil
392:Valli
307:Tamil
300:Shiva
257:Tamil
112:Deity
65:Tamil
48:කතරගම
2440:ISBN
2420:ISBN
2402:OCLC
2384:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2045:OCLC
2035:ISBN
2012:OCLC
2002:ISBN
1935:2010
1869:2010
1605:2010
1428:2010
1326:2010
1255:See
1225:ISBN
1192:2010
1035:and
1015:and
975:and
887:and
877:Kali
717:and
702:and
604:and
512:and
454:see
442:Pali
394:met
298:and
266:lit.
251:lit.
3697:in
2180:doi
1257:map
964:or
827:or
602:vel
472:’s
452:. (
411:or
105:Uva
63:in
55:in
3915::
2186:.
2176:32
2174:.
2170:.
2117:.
2043:.
2010:.
1925:.
1913:^
1860:.
1738:^
1711:^
1694:^
1637:^
1595:.
1559:^
1470:^
1453:^
1436:^
1412:.
1376:^
1346:^
1316:.
1276:^
1163:.
1134:^
1089:,
1011:,
1007:,
991:.
916:.
879:,
746:.
274:,
263:,
259::
248:,
244::
3687:e
3680:t
3673:v
3402:e
3395:t
3388:v
2515:e
2508:t
2501:v
2194:.
2182::
2051:.
2018:.
1937:.
1871:.
1607:.
1430:.
1328:.
1259:.
1233:.
1194:.
954:(
240:(
123:)
119:(
36:.
20:)
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