614:. Later, Antonelli's college schoolmate and fellow computer, Bilas, would join the team of ENIAC programmers at the Moore School, though she did not attend the initial training at Aberdeen. The computer could complete the same ballistics calculations described above in about 10 seconds, but it would often take one or two days to set the computer up for a new set of problems, via plugs and switches. It was the computer programmer's responsibility to determine the sequence of steps required to complete the calculations for each problem and set up the ENIAC according; early on, they consulted with ENIAC engineers such as
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513:, 1st Edition by James B. Scarborough, Oxford University Press, 1930) provided little enlightenment. The two newcomers ultimately learned how to perform the steps of their calculations, accurate to ten decimal places, through practice and the advisement of a respected supervisor, Lila Todd. A total of about 75 female computers were employed at the Moore School in this period, many of them taking courses from
796:. This documentary, created by Kathy Kleiman and the ENIAC Programmers Project, combines actual footage of the ENIAC team from the 1940s with interviews with the female team members as they reflect on their time working together on the ENIAC. It is the first documentary of a series of three, and parts two and three will be entitled
501:." She and Bilas began work with about 10 other "girls" (as the female computers were called) and 4 men—a group recently brought to the Moore School from Aberdeen Proving Ground. Antonelli and Bilas conducted their work in a large, former classroom in the Moore School; the same room would later be the one where the
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for Women. During her studies, she took every mathematics course offered, including spherical trigonometry, differential calculus, projective geometry, partial differential equations, and statistics. She graduated with a degree in mathematics in June 1942, one of only a few mathematics majors out of
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and calculating the route to the appropriate bank of electronics in parallel progression, with each instruction having to reach the correct location in time to within 1/5000th of a second. Having devised a program on paper, the programmers were allowed into the ENIAC room to physically program the
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Because the ENIAC was a classified project, the programmers were not at first allowed into the room to see the machine, but they were given access to blueprints from which to work out programs in an adjacent room. Programming the ENIAC involved discretising the differential equations involved in a
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a decade prior and made more precise with improvements by the Moore School staff), a single trajectory computation—about 40 hours of work on a mechanical desk calculator—could be performed in about 50 minutes. Antonelli was further promoted to supervising calculations on the analyser. The analyser
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Despite all their coursework, their mathematics training had not prepared
Antonelli and Bilas for their work calculating trajectories for firing tables: they were both unfamiliar with numerical integration methods used to compute the trajectories, and the textbook lent to them to study from
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As the team was preparing for the launch, Antonelli and the other women who had worked on the ENIAC were told to act as hostesses and greet those around them. They were to stand near the machine and "look good." Thus, at the time, they did not receive the recognition they deserved.
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During the heyday of ENIAC, proper recognition escaped
Antonelli and her fellow programmers. The invisibility of the ENIAC programmers (both from being women and the secrecy of their work, especially during the war) kept them from the public eye. In 2010, a documentary called,
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positions required a master's degree; therefore, feeling that business training would make her more employable, she took as many business courses as her college schedule would permit: accounting, money and banking, business law, economics, and statistics.
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at a pay grade of SP-4, a subprofessional civil service grade. The starting pay was $ 1620 annually. Antonelli stated the pay was "very good at the time". They were notified to report to work at the Moore School of
Engineering. Their job was to compute
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Much of the programming time of the ENIAC consisted of setting up and running test programs that assured its operators of the whole system's integrity: every vacuum tube, every electrical connection needed to be verified before running a problem.
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Instead, Mauchly married McNulty in 1948 against the wishes of her parents and she resigned her post at
Aberdeen. The couple, along with his two children from his first marriage, lived initially in his row house on St. Mark's Street near the
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was developed for the purpose of performing these same ballistics calculations between 1943 and 1946. In June 1945, Antonelli was selected to be one of its first programmers, along with several other women from the computer corps:
626:. Her colleague, Jean Jennings, recalled when Antonelli proposed the idea to solve the problem where the logical circuits did not have enough capacity to compute some trajectories. The team collaborated on the implementation.
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in the basement of the Moore School, the largest and most sophisticated analogue mechanical calculator of the time, of which there were only three in the United States and five or six in the world (all of the others were in
382:(1933–1938) in Philadelphia. In high school, she had taken a year of algebra, a year of plane geometry, a second year of algebra, and a year of trigonometry and solid geometry. After graduating high school, she enrolled in
822:, named its new Waterford-based primary supercomputer, which is to serve as Ireland's national supercomputer for academic researchers, Kay, following a public poll, wherein Antonelli beat out candidates including botanist
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The ENIAC was programmed using subroutines, nested loops, and indirect addressing for both data locations and jump destinations. During her work programming the ENIAC, Antonelli is credited with the invention of the
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in the presence of her granddaughter Naomi Most, organised by the community council and the
National Committee for Commemorative Plaques in Science and Technology and the Women in Technology and Science group.
718:. With Mauchly, McNulty had five children, Sally (born 1949), Kathy (born 1951), Bill (born 1953), Gini (born 1954) and Eva (born 1958). Mauchly's first wife had died in a September 1946 drowning accident.
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and
Josephine Benson about the ad. Benson couldn't meet up with them, so Antonelli and Bilas met in Philadelphia one morning in June 1942 for an interview in a building on South Broad Street (likely the
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to determine how the ENIAC could be programmed. In 1996, Antonelli said that John
Mauchly pronounced the name of the computer "EN-ee-ack", unlike the common pronunciation at the time of "EEN-ee-ack".
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During her third year of college, McNulty was looking for relevant jobs, knowing that she wanted to work in mathematics but did not want to be a school teacher. She learned that insurance companies'
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In 1997, Antonelli was inducted into the Women in
Technology International Hall of Fame, along with the five other ENIAC programmers, for their contributions on programming ballistics trajectories.
789:" was released. The film centered around in-depth interviews of three of the six women programmers, focusing on the commendable patriotic contributions they made during World War II.
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and extremely large sheets of columned paper. The pay was low, but both
Antonelli and Bilas were satisfied to have attained employment that used their educations and that served the
525:. Each gun required its own firing table, which had about 1,800 trajectories. Computing just one trajectory required approximately 30–40 hours of handwork with a calculator.
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for two years as he was a suspected member of the IRA. On his release, the family emigrated to the United States in
October 1924 and settled in the
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752:, with whom she remained lifelong friends), and making herself available for interviews with reporters and researchers. She was inducted into the
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looking for women with degrees in mathematics. During World War II, the US Army was hiring women to calculate bullet and missile trajectories at
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Following Mauchly's death, Kay carried on the legacy of the ENIAC pioneers by authoring articles, giving talks (frequently along with
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computers whose hardware was designed by her husband. John Mauchly died in 1980 following several bouts of illness and recoveries.
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Hall of Fame in 1997 along with the other original ENIAC programmers, and she accepted the induction of John Mauchly into the
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537:). The analyser had been lent to the University of Pennsylvania for the duration of the war. Using the analyser (invented by
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room staff worked six days a week, with their only official holidays as Christmas and the Fourth of July.
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1405:"Kay Mauchly on Finding Out about ENIAC, Programming It, and Marrying John Mauchly – Kathleen Antonelli"
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Martin Gay: Recent Advances and Issues in Computers, The Oryx Press, Phoenix/Arizona, 2000, pp.106/107
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machine. Antonelli would later find out that her team had been testing the conveniency of the H-bomb.
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Lab coats and lace : the lives and legacies of inspiring Irish women scientists and pioneers
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Biography from The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, Scotland
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Kay McNulty died from cancer in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, on April 20, 2006, at the age of 85.
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811:(DCU) honoured Antonelli by naming their computing building after Kathleen (Kay) McNulty.
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1163:. Mulvihill, Mary. Dublin: WITS (Women in Technology & Science Association ). 2009.
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Her official civil service title, as printed on her employment documentation, was "
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The ENIAC team is also the inspiration behind the award-winning 2013 documentary
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in Aberdeen, Maryland, with staff from both the Aberdeen Proving Ground and the
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Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology
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Kay McNulty worked on the software design for later computers including the
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along with the ENIAC when it was moved there in mid-1947. She was joined by
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The ENIAC Programmers (As Told By U.S. Chief Technology Officer Megan Smith)
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ICHEC Announces Naming Competition for new Supercomputer (10 January 2018)
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After two or three months, Antonelli and Bilas were moved to work on the
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McNulty; formerly Mauchly; 12 February 1921 – 20 April 2006), known as
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Gender Codes: Why Women Are Leaving Computing, IEEE Computer Society
1328:"Programming the ENIAC: an example of why computer history is hard"
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1316:. Maryland: Hamilton- Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 157–166.
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Heyman, K.L. (1997). "Women's contribution to Eniac remembered".
1209:, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken/New Jersey, 2010, p. 121,
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714:. They later moved to a large farmhouse called Little Linden in
367:; she would remember prayers in Irish for the rest of her life.
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Go Figure – Brian Maye on Donegal Computer Pioneer Kay Mcnulty
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Light, Jennifer S. (July 1999). "When Computers Were Women".
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Kay McNulty (later Mauchly, later Antonelli) ENIAC programmer
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DCU names three buildings after inspiring women scientists
1502:"History's Female Programmers Will No Longer Be Forgotten"
1371:"Kay McNulty, the Irish 'mother of computer programming'"
1287:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Press. p.
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Kay McNulty in her high school graduation portrait, 1938
1043:(First ed.). Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 16.
458:. She immediately called her two fellow math majors,
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Kay McNulty, Alyse Snyder, and Sis Stump operate the
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Sisterly Love: Women of Note in Pennsylvania History
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706:Snyder); and had hoped to attract McNulty as well.
630:trajectory problem to the precision allowed by the
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1555:"Donegal community honours pioneering programmer"
786:Top Secret Rosies: The Female "Computers" of WWII
351:training officer, was arrested and imprisoned in
1603:Oral history interview with Frances E. Holberton
1079:Barkley Fritz, W. (1996). "The Women of ENIAC".
1455:"ENIAC Programmers Project – Documentary Info"
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973:O'Connor, J.J., Robertson, E.F. (March 2021).
16:Irish–American computer programmer (1921–2006)
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432:A week or two after graduating, she saw a US
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998:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
576:Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
505:was built and operated until December 1946.
347:. On the night of her birth, her father, an
1039:Bernadette Schnell; Clemens Martin (2006).
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167: 1985–1996)
142: 1948–1980)
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1113:"Kathleen Rita McNulty Mauchly Antonelli"
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975:"Kathleen Rita McNulty Mauchly Antonelli"
380:J. W. Hallahan Catholic Girls High School
313:in Feymore, part of the small village of
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1283:The Computer: From Pascal to von Neumann
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470:One week later, they were both hired as
1349:"Walter Isaacson on the Women of ENIAC"
1312:Thérèse McGuire, Marie A. Conn (2015).
1081:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
879:
570:(right) in a newsreel dating from 1946.
486:firing tables, mostly using mechanical
343:. She was the third of six children of
2158:21st-century American women scientists
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941:"Death of Donegal's Computing Pioneer"
820:National University of Ireland, Galway
418:Moore School of Electrical Engineering
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201:Moore School of Electrical Engineering
1041:Webster's New World Hacker Dictionary
741:in 1985. After a long struggle with
606:equipment that was to be used as the
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112:One of 6 original programmers of the
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2113:Irish emigrants to the United States
1613:Death of Donegal's Computing Pioneer
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446:, which had been established at the
1748:Quantum computing and communication
1117:The MacTutor History of Mathematics
816:Irish Centre for High-End Computing
339:, on February 12, 1921, during the
2148:American women computer scientists
2118:Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
345:James and Anne (née Nelis) McNulty
14:
754:Women in Technology International
558:Kay McNulty hands a print-out of
2123:People from Ambler, Pennsylvania
1553:Magnier, Eileen (3 April 2023).
1141:. No. 945. pp. 89–90.
323:area (Irish-speaking region) of
300:Problems playing this file? See
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1482:. The ENIAC Programmers Project
1111:J.J. O'Conner; E.F. Robertson.
758:National Inventors Hall of Fame
511:Numerical Mathematical Analysis
164:
139:
2103:Scientists from County Donegal
849:was unveiled in her honour in
737:She then married photographer
652:Ballistics Research Laboratory
1:
2138:American computer programmers
1766:Free and open-source software
1504:. ReadWrite. 6 September 2014
646:Antonelli was transferred to
444:Ballistic Research Laboratory
2153:American computer scientists
2108:Chestnut Hill College alumni
1139:Electronic Engineering Times
868:Timeline of women in science
465:Union League of Philadelphia
1480:"The Computers Documentary"
452:Moore School of Engineering
2179:
2133:Irish computer programmers
1803:Virtualization development
1609:, University of Minnesota.
1430:"WITI – ENIAC Programmers"
712:University of Pennsylvania
456:University of Pennsylvania
426:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
422:University of Pennsylvania
361:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
205:University of Pennsylvania
2098:20th-century Irish people
1607:Charles Babbage Institute
1459:ENIAC Programmers Project
826:, scientist and inventor
698:Betty Jean Jennings) and
562:results to its inventors
439:The Philadelphia Inquirer
341:Irish War of Independence
214:
175:
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263:Early life and education
1728:Artificial intelligence
1526:RaidiĂł TeilifĂs Éireann
648:Aberdeen Proving Ground
597:Aberdeen Proving Ground
448:Aberdeen Proving Ground
416:in the basement of the
223:Kathleen Rita Antonelli
209:Aberdeen Proving Ground
2163:People from Creeslough
1857:John Vincent Atanasoff
1649:Timelines of computing
1570:Cite journal requires
1247:10.1353/tech.1999.0128
1235:Technology and Culture
1191:: CS1 maint: others (
809:Dublin City University
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1992:Klára Dán von Neumann
1798:Programming languages
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530:differential analyser
414:differential analyser
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387:a class of 92 women.
384:Chestnut Hill College
349:Irish Republican Army
311:Kathleen Rita McNulty
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103:Chestnut Hill College
1771:Hypertext technology
1277:Goldstine, Herman H.
916:"Kathleen Antonelli"
840:Sir Francis Beaufort
716:Ambler, Pennsylvania
838:, and hydrographer
743:Parkinson's disease
593:Betty Jean Jennings
404:Computer programmer
317:in what was then a
1897:Edsger W. Dijkstra
1852:Kathleen Antonelli
1836:Web search engines
1826:Internet conflicts
1705:Women in computing
1369:Byrne, Dr Angela.
945:Donegal on the Net
894:, 7 February 2021.
845:On 3 April 2023 a
682:ENIAC co-inventor
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572:
550:Working with ENIAC
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23:Kathleen Antonelli
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2017:Bjarne Stroustrup
1922:Margaret Hamilton
1902:J. Presper Eckert
1776:Operating systems
1593:WITI Hall of Fame
1093:10.1109/85.511940
472:human "computers"
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177:Scientific career
51:February 12, 1921
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2002:Guido van Rossum
1987:John von Neumann
1932:David A. Huffman
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802:The Future-Maker
739:Severo Antonelli
488:desk calculators
378:(1927–1933) and
374:grade school in
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2022:Ruth Teitelbaum
1977:Douglas McIlroy
1952:Semyon Korsakov
1942:Brian Kernighan
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818:(ICHEC) at the
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589:Ruth Lichterman
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1738:Cryptography
1563:cite journal
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2067:Konrad Zuse
2037:Alan Turing
1872:Jean Bartik
1867:John Backus
1665:Before 1950
847:blue plaque
836:Eva Philbin
768:, in 2002.
750:Jean Bartik
692:Jean Bartik
566:(left) and
564:Pres Eckert
467:Building).
359:section of
257:Jean Bartik
233:Kay McNulty
187:Mathematics
89:Nationality
2082:Categories
2047:Larry Wall
2042:Paul Vixie
1912:Lois Haibt
1887:John Cocke
1781:DOS family
1723:Algorithms
1700:Scientific
1508:2 November
1486:2 November
1050:0470047526
874:References
851:Creeslough
834:, chemist
798:The Coders
722:Later life
624:subroutine
492:war effort
477:ballistics
353:Derry Gaol
315:Creeslough
302:media help
47:1921-02-12
1882:Vint Cerf
1670:1950–1979
1657:Computing
1263:108407884
1187:cite book
1179:302074818
1147:208113208
484:artillery
482:used for
392:actuarial
372:parochial
320:Gaeltacht
1937:Bob Kahn
1818:Internet
1758:Software
1439:23 March
1434:witi.com
1414:23 March
1279:(1980).
1255:25147356
1143:ProQuest
1122:21 April
994:cite web
984:23 March
979:MacTutor
955:21 April
925:21 April
862:See also
732:UNIVAC I
664:Aberdeen
610:for the
499:computer
333:province
77:Wyndmoor
1808:Malware
1786:Windows
1353:Fortune
599:in the
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183:Fields
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1690:2010s
1685:2000s
1680:1990s
1675:1980s
1259:S2CID
1251:JSTOR
762:Akron
728:BINAC
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560:ENIAC
503:ENIAC
365:Irish
237:ENIAC
163:(
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138:(
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1576:help
1510:2014
1488:2014
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1441:2022
1416:2022
1382:2020
1293:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1193:link
1175:OCLC
1165:ISBN
1124:2014
1045:ISBN
1021:ISBN
1000:link
986:2022
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