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lake was a bluish green color, but there were still no shrimp. A few days later, on
December 14, the lake was covered in a green layer of phytoplankton due to a heavy rain the last 48 hours. This caused shrimp and other forms of life to appear again, but by December 16, there was no life at the lake and it was colored bluish green again.
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The crater contains many lava channels and tubes, which vary significantly in size. In particular, a kilometer-long lava channel, which is up to 150 meters wide and 30 meters deep, begins at the crater's northeastern side and continues north. This channel contains many smaller channels and tubes that
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Before this event, no instance of the lake being unusual was recorded from observation, nor has anything similar been recorded in historical times. After the event, the lake was observed consistently for a while. Observations on
December 8 and December 12, 2011 showed that the layer was gone and the
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at the bottom. The lake has a depth of 248 metres (814 ft), as confirmed by the U.S. Navy, and a much lesser width of 50 metres (160 ft), making the depth-to-surface area ratio of the lake greater than any other lake in the world. It is also the tenth-deepest lake in the United States. The
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Kauhakō Crater is found in the center of the
Kalaupapa Peninsula. It is located inside a volcanic rim, which is roughly 500 feet (150 m) above sea level, making it the highest point on the peninsula. The crater's diameter is 500 metres (1,600 ft) by 650 metres (2,130 ft), and is
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Kauhakō Crater is thought to have formed around 230,000 to 300,000 years ago. Somewhere within this time period, Pu'u 'Uao, an undersea volcano located near what is now the peninsula, first erupted. After this, it continued to erupt several more times, spewing hot, fast lava. When this lava
192:, and has a diameter of 500 metres (1,600 ft) by 650 metres (2,130 ft). Lake Kauhakō, located at the bottom of the crater, has the world's greatest depth-to-surface area ratio of a lake and is the tenth deepest lake in the United States. In 2011, the lake underwent an
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was floating to the surface of the lake and into the atmosphere. It is believed that this event occurred either due to a drought that caused the surface water, which contained a large amount of oxygen, to evaporate, or because of a landslide. After this
27:
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funnel-like in shape. A single terrace roughly 150 meters wide is located in the crater, above the lake. Much of the crater is forested, containing many types of shrubs and trees, such as the
429:
Coombs, C. R.; Hawke, B. R.; Wilson, L. (1990), "Terrestrial analogs to lunar sinuous rilles - Kauhako Crater and channel, Kalaupapa, Molokai, and other
Hawaiian lava conduit systems",
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4 times a year, which has occurred since 2009. In
September 2011, the NPS saw that the surface of the lake was covered in a white layer, which revealed that
297:, multiple aspects of the water quality changed significantly, most notably the oxygen level; In August, the percentage of dissolved oxygen (relative to
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184:. The crater was formed between 230,000 and 300,000 years ago, as the result of the eruption of volcano Pu'u' 'Uao. It is located in the center of the
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shallower parts of the lake contain brackish water and are full of oxygen, which is where most of the plants and animals of the lake live, including
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305:); however, it dropped to 2.52 by November. This caused much of the life in the lake to die, including shrimp and phytoplankton.
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in the area were destroying certain native plants in the crater, particularly the endemic tree species
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to float to the surface of the lake and lifeforms, including shrimp and plankton, to disappear.
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Okubo, Chris H. (2012). "Geologic Map of
Kalaupapa Peninsula, Moloka'i, Hawai'i, USA".
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403:"Hawaiian Hoary Bat Inventory in National Parks on Hawaii, Maui and Molokai"
383:"Small, non-native mammal inventory in Kalaupapa National Historical Park"
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eventually cooled, the peninsula was formed, including Kauhakō Crater.
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508:"Lake Kauhakō overturning event at Kalaupapa National Historical Park"
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541:"State of the Park Report: Kalaupapa National Historical Park"
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Kauhakō Crater's location on the
Kalaupapa Peninsula.
562:"NPS Investigates Sulfur Smells in Kalaupapa Crater"
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431:Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings
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284:The lake's water quality is inspected by the
123:Location on the Kalaupapa Peninsula in Hawaii
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548:National Park Service History eLibrary
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560:Cassidy, Maggie (November 25, 2011).
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597:Geography of Kalawao County, Hawaii
242:(big-sage). A survey observed that
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264:The crater contains a lake named
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410:University of Hawai'i at Mānoa
328:Top 10 Maui, Molokai and Lanai
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478:10.1080/17445647.2012.716751
469:10.1080/17445647.2012.716751
236:(Brazilian peppertree) and
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367:U.S. National Park Service
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48:150 m (490 ft)
249:Reynoldsia sandwicensis
233:Schinus terebinthifolia
360:"Geology of Kalaupapa"
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76:21.18778°N 156.96611°W
607:Pleistocene volcanoes
512:National Park Service
286:National Park Service
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213:Geography and geology
566:The Molokai Dispatch
81:21.18778; -156.96611
592:Volcanoes of Hawaii
443:1990LPSC...20..195C
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518:on October 6, 2018
325:DK Travel (2012).
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38:Highest point
295:overturning event
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569:. Retrieved
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331:. Penguin.
172:located in
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67:156°57′58″W
54:Coordinates
586:Categories
571:October 6,
313:References
299:saturation
244:black rats
196:, causing
64:21°11′16″N
487:128762994
204:Formation
92:Geography
44:Elevation
279:copepods
271:plankton
228:wiliwili
190:Molokaʻi
133:Location
439:Bibcode
437:: 195,
147:Geology
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277:, and
275:shrimp
178:Hawaii
137:Hawaii
544:(PDF)
483:S2CID
406:(PDF)
386:(PDF)
363:(PDF)
168:is a
573:2018
524:2018
346:2018
333:ISBN
260:Lake
473:hdl
465:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
