729:. In it, he labels Heraclius as "the most clement Roman emperor, our brother" in contrast to Khosrow II's belittling message towards the latter. By using the word "brother", Kavad II made it clear right away that he acknowledged the Byzantine Empire as legitimate and equals of Iran. He was thus swiftly re-establishing the dualistic world order that had been dominant for four centuries. He announced his ascension to the throne of his fathers and forefathers via the protection of God in the letter's body, which was kept brief. Kavad II was doing everything in his power to avoid supporting the idea that the war had been a religious conflict by omitting mention of the divinities in
823:
53:
527:. The conspirators agreed to stage the coup on the night of 23/24 February. They made the decision to inform Heraclius of the situation by sending a group of deputies to him. They required assurance that the Byzantines would be prepared to talk peace terms with a newly established Iranian government. They must have felt encouraged by Heraclius' recent proposition to Khosrow II, but they required a clear promise from him. Much justification for the coup attempt would be gone if there was no assurance that the Byzantines would also favor making peace, as the Sasanian state would get weakened by the coup.
711:
573:
794:'s crowded and densely populated communities. He adds that while it is possible the highlands of Iran remained unharmed, sources raise the possibility that the plague's impact on Ctesiphon urban area was as devastating as they claim. It is uncertain around what time Kavad II died, as sources differ on whether he ruled six, seven, or eight months. He died in late summer or early autumn, and was succeeded by his seven-year-old son Ardashir III, who was supervised by
389:
691:. On 3 April, Heraclius met with Chosdaï, who gave him a letter from Kavad II as well as lavish gifts. There Chosdaï provided thoroughly thought-out peace offers. After consolidating his position, Kavad II had turned to the Sasanian Empire's most influential constituency—the noble estate—for formal permission to begin peace negotiations with the Byzantines. This was easily gained, as the coup against Khosrow II owed its success to the extensive
954:
given the depleted military manpower. At the same time, such a desperate measure was not completely new, since
Hormizd IV is also said to have killed his brothers upon his accession." According to Bonner, Kavad II's reign was "disgraced by the massacre of his brothers" and that the "near extermination of the male line of the Sasanian family was to disrupt the royal succession forever, and royal prestige never recovered." Iranologist
559:
stables were empty. The last of the guards fled as the rebels crossed the river around daybreak and moved toward the palace. Khosrow II disguised himself and went to the palace's gardens, where he hid. A search crew discovered him there; he was then apprehended, cuffed, and imprisoned in the new treasury building. The following day, on 25 February, Sheroe ascended the throne, adopting "Kavad" as his regal name.
501:
473:) as his heir apparent. When Sheroe was informed of this, he immediately sent his foster brother to Gurdanasp, a former general who led the opposition against Khosrow II. Gurdanasp declined to have an audience with Sheroe, instead asking him to send a letter to express himself. Sheroe soon sent a letter, in which he promised to replace Khosrow II as the
259:. With help from different factions of the nobility, Sheroe overthrew his father in a coup d'état in 628. At this juncture, the Iranian army had been split into three separate armies, each led by one of the faction leaders. After ascending the throne, he had his father and all his brothers executed. Also, he made peace with the Byzantine emperor
645:
always did before you secured the royal power." Kavad II, terrified and devastated, dispatched
Asfadjushnas as a deputy to Khosrow II. Asfadjushnas' task was to explain to Khosrow II all the crimes he had committed, and the reasons for his removal and eventual execution. The lengthy discussion between the two is recounted by
703:
not been established. Arguments could be made in favor of all of the several frontiers that had separated their lands since the resurgence of
Iranian authority in the middle of the 3rd-century, due to the lack of any evident topographical, ethnic, or cultural line of boundary south or north of the Armenian
736:
He claimed that he intended to free every individual held in jail, including political opponents of his father and prisoners of war, as a sign of his commitment to doing whatever could be helpful and in the service of mankind. The letter did not discuss how to fix the borders. Instead, Chosdaï had to
740:
Heraclius responded with a letter four days later, which has also partly survived. In the first portion, only the final few words of each line have been preserved. He confirmed receiving the letter brought by Chosdaï, congratulated Kavad II on becoming king (mentioning both God's role and Kavad II's
702:
It was acknowledged that the majority of
Khosrow II's enormous territorial gains would need to be given up. However, it was not what the exact frontier line should look like. Although Byzantium and Iran had been neighbours for a very long time, a precise definition of their geographic boundaries had
558:
The palace guards were made aware of the situation by the ruckus coming from Veh-Ardashir, and several of them crossed the bridge to join the rebels. Khosrow II inquired about the commotion and trumpet noise. He tried to flee after learning the truth from his attendants but discovered that the royal
769:
suggests that
Shahrbaraz's noncompliance was due to his concern of the collaboration of the other factions of Iran, who were managing the affairs of the state while he was still in Byzantine territory. Shahrbaraz's refusal led to a deadlock, which would last for months. However, for the time being,
686:
Following his accession, Kavad II sent two groups of deputies to inform
Heraclius of his victory. The first group was composed of a Persian and an Armenian, sent in advance to make preparations for the safe passage of the other group, led by Chosdaï, a high-rank royal secretary. The first group met
536:
Gousdanaspa Razei was in charge of it. Once
Heraclius had given the desired assurance, Gousdanaspa Razei was permitted to tell him about the details of the scheme, the upcoming coup, and its date. The deputation needed about a week's worth of time because the Byzantine army was about 200 kilometers
953:
Assessing Kavad II's execution of his brothers, Schindel also states that; "While one cannot defend the slaughter of his brothers from an ethical point of view, it might have seemed preferable to risking a civil war if any of these potential rivals should have made a bid for the throne, especially
644:
Right after Kavad II's accession, the grandees pressured him to have
Khosrow II executed, telling him that "It is not fitting that we should have two kings: either you kill Khosrow, and we will be your faithful and obedient servants, or we shall depose you and give our obedience to him just as we
748:
suggests that the rest of
Heraclius' letter was a general statement, in which he said that he was prepared to make peace, along with some indication of what he thought should be a fair boundary to draw between the two empires. In accordance with the conditions of his earlier offer, Kavad II would
761:
After the negotiations were successful, Kavad II started carrying out the agreement's obligations. He gave orders for a letter to be written, telling
Shahrbaraz to assemble his troops and head back to Iranian land, which he refused. According to Howard-Johnston, Shahrbaraz—having conquered the
554:
had opened the "gates of life" for them. They stole the horses from the royal stables and rode on them around while displaying their chains and berating Khosrow II. Instead of lending the coup military power, their main role was to intensify the revolutionary climate through their yelling and
549:
At night, a group of distinguished state officials brought Sheroe into Veh-Ardashir. Along with removing the horses from the royal stables and transporting them over the river, the conspirators from Ctesiphon crossed the bridge to meet him. A messenger called attention to Sheroe's takeover of
366:
Nikolaus Schindel, Maria most likely belonged to the aristocracy of the Sasanian Empire. The union of Khosrow and Maria took place in 590 at the earliest, making Sheroe 37 years old at maximum when he became king in 628. It is certain Sheroe had at least reached adulthood by then, as he had a
757:
claims that in the letter Heraclius called Kavad II his "son," thus declaring superiority over the Sasanian Empire. Howard-Johnston dismisses this claim, amongst other things arguing that due to the weakened Byzantine military, Heraclius was in no position to make such an assertion.
481:, and increase the rank of the conspirators and the income of the army. Having convinced the conspirators with his letter, Sheroe continued to correspond with them through his foster brother, who made it possible for the two parties to plan their actions for the upcoming
737:
relay the Sasanian offer to withdraw from Byzantine territory verbally, and Heraclius had to respond in writing with precise suggestions on how to fix the borders. A solemn oath, sealed in the customary Persian fashion with salt, was placed within the letter.
300:
Nikolaus Schindel in contrast suggests that Kavad II's fratricide may have prevented a possible civil war, and had Kavad II lived longer, he might had been able to prevent the disintegration of the Sasanian political structure and the impending
790:, at least a third of Iran's population—or perhaps even half—died to the plague. Al-Tabari reported that "most of the Persians perished." According to the modern historian Michael Bonner, epidemic sickness would have quickly swept throughout
295:
Contemporary sources and modern historiography present a mixed view of Kavad II, with some of the latter criticizing him for his fratricide, considering it to have heavy consequences for the empire. The Austrian historian and
937:—something which never happened in earlier Sasanian history. Pourshariati considers Kavad II to have had little authority, arguing that the factions who had overthrown Khosrow II were in control of the affairs of the empire.
687:
with Heraclius on 24 March, where they gave him a letter from Chosdaï, which said that the latter was on his way with a group of delegates from the government and would be bringing written suggestions from the new
749:
then be required to make arrangements for the Iranian soldiers' withdrawal from what was acknowledged to be Byzantine land and the release of all Byzantine prisoners of war. This is all implied in the
946:
paint a more favorable picture of him. Schindel suggests that if Kavad II had lived longer, he might had been able to prevent the disintegration of the Sasanian political structure and the impending
741:
good fate), and wished him many years of success, vigor, and peace. He also recognized Kavad II's stated intention to work in the service of mankind. The rest of Heraclius' letter has not survived.
770:
Heraclius and his men could march home in peace, assured that the protracted conflict was finished, while the Iranian military could start preparing operations against the Turks in the
637:. At this juncture, the Iranian army had been split into three separate armies; the army of Adurbadagan led by Farrukh Hormizd; the occupation army of Shahrbaraz; and the army of
358:). However, Byzantine sources do not report that Maurice had a daughter named Maria, much less that he gave her in marriage to a member of the Sasanian dynasty. According to the
2744:
555:
galloping. Heraclius had previously suggested that the conspirators free and arm the Byzantine prisoners of war, though there is no proof that they followed his advice.
1080:. If true, it would mean that Juvansher managed to avoid Kavad II's slaughter of his brothers. This king remains obscure, and none of his coins have yet been found.
659:
of Nemroz, who had at his own request been executed by Khosrow II, due to being mutilated and dishonored by the latter. Khosrow II was executed on 28 February 628.
638:
662:
It was also either during this period or later, that Kavad II had all his brothers (17 or 18 of them) executed. This was done at the instigation of his minister
869:) was not portrayed positively by the royal propaganda of Kavad II, the latter still chose to adopt his name. Schindel calls this choice "somewhat surprising".
523:. The core of individuals involved in the conspiracy had to grow as quickly as feasible. To gather more support, they had to make the political equivalent of a
719:
670:. Al-Tabari describes the executed brothers as "men of good education, bravery, and the manly virtues". He adds that Kavad II was scolded by his sisters
416:
271:
419:, ostensibly to avenge the death of Maurice. During the two-decade war, Khosrow II was initially successful, conquering the Byzantine provinces in the
2234:
806:
Kavad II, like all other Sasanian rulers, was an adherent of Zoroastrianism. The government of Kavad II helped Christian churches, such as giving the
762:
Byzantine Middle East—was not willing to give up more or less everything he had achieved in order to stop more violence and expenditure. However, the
837:
The majority of his Khosrow II's design ideas on Sasanian coins were abandoned by Kavad II, including the numerous rims on the obverse and reverse,
446:. The nobles had grown weary of Khosrow II's policies, with some of them possibly already starting to form an opposition against him following the
52:
2754:
2068:
883:
identifies "Anzoy the Roman" as the wife of Kavad II and mother of Ardashir III. She was probably a Christian princess from the Byzantine Empire.
67:
2739:
2105:
2077:
2016:
1992:
1971:
1865:
1813:
1767:
2764:
2243:
511:
It was essential for the conspirators to move quickly to catch Khosrow II and his men off guard. To maintain contact between Ctesiphon and
2063:
649:. Agitated, Kavad II ordered his father to be executed. Although various figures wanted vengeance upon Khosrow II, no one dared to commit
753:, a source that Howard-Johnston considers to be the "only trustworthy account of the second stage of negotiations." The Byzantine writer
593:
The conspirators that overthrew Khosrow II and installed Kavad II on the throne were composed of several powerful dynastic factions; the
2194:
2035:
1927:
1890:
1786:
822:
43:
537:
from Ctesiphon. They thus must have departed by 17 February to be in time for the coup on 23/24 February. They met with Heraclius in
1948:
977:. According to the prophecy, the events would take place in 1058. The modern historian Israel Levi places the author's residence in
2046:
2774:
985:, and thus despised Kavad II for his murder of his father and subsequent peace with Heraclius. Considered the epitome of the
982:
754:
541:, most likely around 19 February. There they received his assurance, and in return informed him of the details of the coup.
2769:
2227:
1048:
981:
and dates the work to 629–636. The Jews of Palestine had great hopes for a Messianic verdict in history when the Iranians
925:) may have been a significant contributing element. This may have caused a growing disconnection between the army and the
447:
1751:
466:
340:
256:
180:
2412:
1846:
947:
302:
2220:
710:
630:
478:
572:
202:
962:
888:
2008:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
2002:
1900:
1102:
766:
745:
454:
together with a couple of unidentified brothers. There they were educated by tutors sent by Khosrow II.
2749:
610:
550:
authority and called for people to join his cause. The prisoners were freed, being told that the new
2759:
2734:
2612:
1061:
879:
848:
2143:
1876:
1835:
978:
958:
states that Kavad II's fratricide "would have a devastating effect on the future of the empire."
942:
807:
795:
376:
1826:(1999). "The Coinage of Queen Bōrān and Its Significance for Late Sāsānian Imperial Ideology".
2101:
2073:
2031:
2012:
1988:
1967:
1944:
1923:
1886:
1861:
1809:
1782:
1763:
618:
530:
Four army commanders and two high-ranking civilians made up the deputation that departed. The
483:
388:
348:
145:
1984:
A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity
1982:
940:
Some sources such as al-Tabari consider Kavad II to be a bad ruler, while others such as the
827:
783:
704:
626:
344:
278:
58:
2094:
Greenwood, Tim (2022). "Negotiating the North: Armenian Perspectives on the Conquest Era".
2632:
2247:
2212:
2163:
2050:
1801:
1755:
763:
614:
606:
427:. However, by 627 the tables had turned against the Sasanians, with the Byzantine emperor
424:
325:
219:
71:
695:
and vehement dissatisfaction at many of the policies implemented in order to prolong the
1823:
955:
771:
730:
715:
516:
190:
160:
2728:
2672:
2532:
1957:
930:
725:
The letter sent by Kavad II to Heraclius from this period has partly survived in the
692:
663:
524:
443:
328:
222:
1882:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE – 651 CE)
1411:
1409:
2572:
2432:
2204:
1904:
986:
598:
587:
512:
368:
282:
99:
892:, Boran was also Kavad II's wife, demonstrating the practice in Zoroastrianism of
2095:
2006:
1961:
1938:
1917:
1880:
1855:
2622:
2592:
2442:
2392:
2362:
2342:
1797:
838:
791:
675:
653:. Mihr Hormozd eventually volunteered. He was the son of Mardanshah, the former
465:. There he tried to secure the city and his legacy. He planned to crown his son
439:
363:
297:
500:
2692:
2652:
2642:
2582:
2542:
2522:
2512:
2372:
2332:
2312:
2262:
2187:
1098:
1065:
915:
811:
696:
622:
602:
397:
371:) when he died in the same year. According to the 7th-century Greek Christian
314:
245:
170:
89:
2682:
2502:
2402:
2382:
2352:
2302:
2282:
2134:
Malek, Hodge Mehdi (2014). "New Coins from the Reign of Kavad II (AD 628)".
1090:
1073:
1044:
970:
831:
787:
655:
646:
578:
538:
505:
462:
458:
428:
420:
372:
347:
woman which some Eastern sources considered to be a daughter of the emperor
260:
450:
in 626. During this period, Sheroe was imprisoned in a fortress outside of
2026:
Schindel, Nikolaus (2013). "Sasanian Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
2422:
2292:
2272:
966:
894:
650:
634:
532:
2147:
1839:
1162:
1160:
1101:. However, according to the modern historians Marie Louise Chaumont and
2702:
2552:
2492:
2472:
2452:
1069:
989:, Kavad II was as a result made into a villain in the messianic story.
974:
859:
843:
451:
380:, Sheroe was Khosrow II's eldest son. However, this remains uncertain.
359:
155:
782:
Kavad II soon died of a devastating plague, which became known as the
277:
Kavad II soon died of a devastating plague, which became known as the
2482:
2462:
2322:
1094:
667:
583:
520:
470:
442:(in present-day northwestern Iran) and laying waste to the temple of
412:
2117:
1940:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641
457:
Following the Byzantine sacking of the royal Sasanian residence at
2662:
2602:
2097:
The Historian of Islam at Work: Essays in Honor of Hugh N. Kennedy
910:
was lower under Kavad II than under Khosrow II. The fact that the
821:
709:
671:
571:
499:
393:
387:
135:
1611:
1609:
1536:
1534:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1348:
1346:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1963:
A History of the Jews in Babylonia, Part 5. Later Sasanian Times
1808:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 366.
334:
234:
228:
2216:
1762:. Vol. V. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
786:. According to the 10th-century Arab historian and geographer
1227:
1225:
1177:
1175:
847:("royal splendor)" and a star symbol, which had replaced the
461:
on 6 January 628, Khosrow II fled to the Sasanian capital of
332:
226:
213:
973:. The Jews escape after Siroes kills the progenitor of the
582:
depicting the enthronement of Kavad II. Created in 1518 in
1005:
Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".
851:. On the obverse of Kavad II's coins, the engraving reads
1937:
Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992),
1879:(2017). "The Sasanian Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
678:
for his actions, which caused him to become remorseful.
1212:
1210:
1147:
1145:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1828:
Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies)
1663:
411:
In 602, Maurice was murdered by his political rival
30:
186:
176:
166:
154:
144:
125:
117:
109:
105:
95:
85:
77:
66:
23:
2118:"The Coinage of the Sasanian King Kavad II AD 628"
2116:
1806:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/4: Bolbol I–Brick
933:and Shahrbaraz) the opportunity to challenge the
1600:
1857:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
1615:
1588:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1525:
1513:
1496:
1484:
1352:
1337:
1325:
1308:
1291:
1279:
1231:
1124:
1043:On the contrary, the medieval Muslim historian
961:Kavad II appears under the name "Siroes" in an
914:had stopped leading his army into battle since
1472:
1460:
1415:
1243:
1166:
666:and Shamta, the son of Khosrow II's treasurer
2228:
714:Map of the Byzantine-Iranian frontier during
281:. He was succeeded by his seven-year-old son
8:
1711:
1699:
1576:
1427:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1181:
682:Peace negotiations with the Byzantine Empire
61:of Kavad II with the mint signature "AYLAN"
2235:
2221:
2213:
2154:
929:, which gave military commanders (such as
51:
20:
1885:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies.
477:, make peace with the Byzantines and the
2745:7th-century deaths from plague (disease)
1752:Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir
1687:
1651:
1639:
1216:
2069:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1735:
1723:
1675:
1117:
998:
858:Although the previous Sasanian monarch
814:, a privilege they had lost since 609.
415:. As a result, Khosrow II proceeded to
1448:
1267:
1255:
1151:
469:(whose mother was the Christian queen
1909:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
1627:
1136:
7:
2199:25 February 628 – Summer/Autumn 628
2055:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2011:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
568:Execution of his father and brothers
206:
31:
2100:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 591–613.
2072:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2028:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
1664:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992
81:25 February 628 – Summer/Autumn 628
2195:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
2057:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
1430:, p. 175 (see also note 950).
605:, who represented a branch of the
44:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
16:King of the Sasanian Empire in 628
14:
810:permission to nominate their own
515:, it was necessary to occupy the
272:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
841:'s wings in the crown, the word
1919:The Last Great War of Antiquity
1916:Howard-Johnston, James (2020).
1796:Chaumont, Marie Louise (1989).
920:
864:
433:
402:
353:
319:
313:Born Sheroe, he was the son of
287:
265:
250:
2755:Leaders who took power by coup
2066:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1943:, Cambridge University Press,
965:chronicle, in which he fights
867: 488–496, 498/9–531
448:failed siege of Constantinople
1:
2740:7th-century Sasanian monarchs
1089:According to the 7th-century
948:Arab-Islamic conquest of Iran
818:Coinage and imperial ideology
303:Arab-Islamic conquest of Iran
1987:. Univ of California Press.
1601:Daryaee & Rezakhani 2017
1051:was Khosrow II's eldest son.
333:
227:
214:
2765:People of Byzantine descent
2717:usurpers or rival claimants
2115:Malek, Hodge Mehdi (1995).
2045:Schindel, Nikolaus (2022).
2030:. Oxford University Press.
1922:. Oxford University Press.
1781:. New York: Gorgias Press.
491:The coup against Khosrow II
2791:
1981:Payne, Richard E. (2015).
1702:, p. 205 (note 1139).
1418:, v. 5: p. 404 (note 996).
1060:The 9th-century historian
906:The personal power of the
855:("Kavad the victorious").
339:) of Iran. His mother was
2715:
2257:
2201:
2192:
2184:
2157:
983:took control of Jerusalem
898:, or close-kin marriage.
504:Map of the metropolis of
50:
41:
2136:The Numismatic Chronicle
1854:Daryaee, Touraj (2014).
1777:Bonner, Michael (2020).
1760:The History of Al-Ṭabarī
1097:, Boran was the wife of
631:Varaztirots II Bagratuni
479:Western Turkic Khaganate
1779:The Last Empire of Iran
830:of Kavad II, minted at
641:, led by Mihr Hormozd.
629:faction represented by
270:), thus concluding the
2775:Children of Khosrow II
2003:Pourshariati, Parvaneh
1901:Howard-Johnston, James
834:
744:The English historian
722:
590:
508:
408:
324:), the last prominent
2062:Zeini, Arash (2018).
1847:registration required
1103:Parvaneh Pourshariati
1076:, as later ruling as
902:Legacy and assessment
825:
767:Parvaneh Pourshariati
746:James Howard-Johnston
713:
575:
503:
391:
2770:Shahnameh characters
2123:Numismatic Chronicle
1616:Howard-Johnston 2020
1589:Howard-Johnston 2020
1565:Howard-Johnston 2020
1553:Howard-Johnston 2020
1541:Howard-Johnston 2020
1526:Howard-Johnston 2020
1514:Howard-Johnston 2020
1497:Howard-Johnston 2020
1485:Howard-Johnston 2020
1353:Howard-Johnston 2020
1338:Howard-Johnston 2020
1326:Howard-Johnston 2020
1309:Howard-Johnston 2020
1292:Howard-Johnston 2020
1280:Howard-Johnston 2020
1232:Howard-Johnston 2000
1125:Howard-Johnston 2020
778:Death and succession
611:House of Ispahbudhan
438:) seizing chunks of
367:seven-year-old son (
244:, he was the son of
2613:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
1877:Rezakhani, Khodadad
1714:, pp. 173–175.
1642:, pp. 836–837.
1579:, pp. 176–177.
1567:, pp. 327–328.
1528:, pp. 322–323.
1499:, pp. 321–322.
1473:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
1461:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
1416:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
1403:, pp. 157–158.
1379:, pp. 156–157.
1340:, pp. 318–319.
1294:, pp. 316–317.
1258:, pp. 304–305.
1244:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
1167:Al-Tabari 1985–2007
1105:, this is unlikely.
1064:mentioned a son of
880:Chronicle of Edessa
943:Chronicle of Seert
835:
808:Church of the East
796:Mah-Adhur Gushnasp
751:History of Khosrov
727:Chronicon Paschale
723:
591:
509:
409:
377:Chronicon Paschale
2722:
2721:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2287:
2277:
2267:
2252:
2211:
2210:
2202:Succeeded by
2179:Summer/Autumn 628
2107:978-90-04-52523-8
2079:978-0-19-866277-8
2018:978-1-84511-645-3
1994:978-0-520-29245-1
1973:978-90-04-50893-4
1875:Daryaee, Touraj;
1867:978-0-85771-666-8
1815:978-0-71009-127-7
1769:978-0-7914-4355-2
1712:Pourshariati 2008
1700:Pourshariati 2008
1577:Pourshariati 2008
1428:Pourshariati 2008
1401:Pourshariati 2008
1389:Pourshariati 2008
1377:Pourshariati 2008
1365:Pourshariati 2008
1182:Pourshariati 2008
889:Guidi's Chronicle
877:A passage of the
619:Rostam Farrokhzad
617:and his two sons
212:
196:
195:
121:Summer/Autumn 628
2782:
2708:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2533:Bahram VI Chobin
2528:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2250:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2185:Preceded by
2180:
2173:
2164:Sasanian dynasty
2155:
2151:
2130:
2120:
2111:
2083:
2058:
2051:Yarshater, Ehsan
2041:
2022:
1998:
1977:
1953:
1933:
1912:
1896:
1871:
1850:
1843:
1819:
1802:Yarshater, Ehsan
1792:
1773:
1756:Ehsan Yar-Shater
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1106:
1087:
1081:
1058:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1012:
1006:
1003:
969:over control of
924:
922:
868:
866:
802:Religious policy
784:Plague of Sheroe
705:Taurus Mountains
437:
435:
406:
404:
357:
355:
338:
323:
321:
291:
289:
279:Plague of Sheroe
269:
267:
254:
252:
237:briefly in 628.
232:
217:
211:romanized:
210:
208:
55:
34:
33:
21:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2633:Farrukh Hormizd
2631:
2621:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2253:
2248:Sasanian Empire
2241:
2207:
2198:
2190:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2093:
2090:
2088:Further reading
2080:
2061:
2044:
2038:
2025:
2019:
2001:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1956:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1899:
1893:
1874:
1868:
1853:
1844:
1824:Daryaee, Touraj
1822:
1816:
1795:
1789:
1776:
1770:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:, v. 5: p. 399.
1471:
1467:
1463:, v. 5: p. 398.
1459:
1455:
1447:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1307:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:, v. 5: p. 379.
1242:
1238:
1230:
1223:
1215:
1188:
1180:
1173:
1169:, v. 5: p. 378.
1165:
1158:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1088:
1084:
1059:
1055:
1042:
1038:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
919:
904:
875:
863:
820:
804:
798:as his regent.
780:
684:
615:Farrukh Hormizd
613:represented by
597:faction led by
576:Folio from the
570:
565:
547:
498:
493:
432:
401:
386:
352:
318:
311:
286:
264:
249:
140:
132:Anzoy the Roman
72:Sasanian Empire
62:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2269:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2131:
2112:
2106:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2059:
2042:
2037:978-0199733309
2036:
2023:
2017:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1958:Neusner, Jacob
1954:
1949:
1934:
1929:978-0198830191
1928:
1913:
1897:
1892:978-0692864401
1891:
1872:
1866:
1860:. I.B.Tauris.
1851:
1820:
1814:
1793:
1788:978-1463206161
1787:
1774:
1768:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1738:, p. 129.
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1690:, p. 366.
1680:
1668:
1656:
1654:, p. 837.
1644:
1632:
1620:
1618:, p. 337.
1605:
1593:
1591:, p. 328.
1581:
1569:
1557:
1555:, p. 324.
1545:
1543:, p. 323.
1530:
1518:
1516:, p. 322.
1501:
1489:
1487:, p. 321.
1477:
1465:
1453:
1451:, p. 314.
1432:
1420:
1405:
1393:
1391:, p. 157.
1381:
1369:
1367:, p. 156.
1357:
1355:, p. 319.
1342:
1330:
1328:, p. 318.
1313:
1311:, p. 317.
1296:
1284:
1282:, p. 316.
1272:
1270:, p. 304.
1260:
1248:
1236:
1221:
1186:
1184:, p. 173.
1171:
1156:
1154:, p. 306.
1141:
1129:
1127:, p. 315.
1116:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1082:
1053:
1047:reported that
1036:
1007:
997:
996:
994:
991:
956:Touraj Daryaee
923: 579–590
903:
900:
874:
871:
819:
816:
803:
800:
779:
776:
772:South Caucasus
731:Zoroastrianism
720:war of 602–628
716:Late Antiquity
683:
680:
569:
566:
564:
561:
546:
543:
517:pontoon bridge
497:
494:
492:
489:
436: 610–641
405: 590–628
385:
382:
362:historian and
356: 582–602
322: 590–628
310:
307:
290: 628–630
268: 610–641
253: 590–628
203:Middle Persian
194:
193:
191:Zoroastrianism
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
161:House of Sasan
158:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
129:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
64:
63:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
36:
35:
28:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2787:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2714:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2673:Yazdegerd III
2670:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:0-521-20160-8
1946:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:(1985–2007).
1753:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1726:, p. 35.
1725:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:Chaumont 1989
1684:
1681:
1678:, p. 77.
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:, p. 94.
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:Schindel 2013
1648:
1645:
1641:
1640:Schindel 2013
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1603:, p. 40.
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Schindel 2022
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:Also spelled
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
951:
949:
945:
944:
938:
936:
932:
931:Bahram Chobin
928:
917:
913:
909:
901:
899:
897:
896:
891:
890:
886:According to
884:
882:
881:
872:
870:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
845:
840:
833:
829:
824:
817:
815:
813:
809:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
775:
773:
768:
765:
759:
756:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
721:
717:
712:
708:
706:
700:
698:
694:
693:war-weariness
690:
681:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:Piruz Khosrow
660:
658:
657:
652:
648:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:Mihran family
604:
600:
596:
589:
585:
581:
580:
574:
567:
562:
560:
556:
553:
544:
542:
540:
535:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
507:
502:
495:
490:
488:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
444:Adur Gushnasp
441:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
399:
395:
390:
383:
381:
379:
378:
374:
370:
365:
361:
350:
346:
342:
337:
336:
330:
329:King of Kings
327:
316:
308:
306:
304:
299:
293:
284:
280:
275:
273:
262:
258:
247:
243:
238:
236:
231:
230:
224:
223:King of Kings
221:
216:
204:
200:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
137:
134:
131:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
60:
54:
49:
46:
45:
40:
29:
26:
25:
22:
19:
2573:Ardashir III
2562:
2433:Yazdegerd II
2205:Ardashir III
2193:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2096:
2067:
2054:
2027:
2007:
1983:
1962:
1939:
1918:
1908:
1881:
1856:
1831:
1827:
1805:
1778:
1759:
1736:Neusner 1970
1731:
1724:Daryaee 2014
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1676:Daryaee 1999
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1630:, p. 2.
1623:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1521:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1423:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1333:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1132:
1120:
1085:
1077:
1056:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1001:
987:anti-messiah
960:
952:
941:
939:
934:
926:
911:
907:
905:
893:
887:
885:
878:
876:
857:
852:
842:
836:
805:
781:
760:
755:Nikephoros I
750:
743:
739:
735:
726:
724:
701:
688:
685:
661:
654:
643:
635:Kanarangiyan
599:Mihr Hormozd
594:
592:
588:Safavid Iran
577:
557:
551:
548:
531:
529:
525:shock attack
521:Tigris River
513:Veh-Ardashir
510:
496:Preparations
482:
474:
456:
423:, including
410:
375:
369:Ardashir III
312:
294:
283:Ardashir III
276:
241:
239:
198:
197:
150:Ardashir III
100:Ardashir III
42:
18:
2750:Fratricides
2706:(pretender)
2696:(pretender)
2686:(pretender)
2623:Azarmidokht
2593:Khosrow III
2496:(498/9–531)
2486:(496–498/9)
2443:Hormizd III
2393:Yazdegerd I
2363:Ardashir II
2343:Adur Narseh
2142:: 257–260.
1905:"Ḵosrow II"
1449:Bonner 2020
1268:Bonner 2020
1256:Bonner 2020
1152:Bonner 2020
963:apocalyptic
853:Kawād pērōz
839:Verethragna
792:Mesopotamia
764:Iranologist
718:before the
676:Azarmidokht
484:coup d'état
440:Adurbadagan
417:declare war
364:numismatist
298:numismatist
86:Predecessor
2760:Patricides
2735:628 deaths
2729:Categories
2693:Bahram VII
2653:Khosrow IV
2643:Hormizd VI
2583:Shahrbaraz
2543:Khosrow II
2523:Khosrow II
2513:Hormizd IV
2373:Shapur III
2333:Hormizd II
2313:Bahram III
2263:Ardashir I
2188:Khosrow II
2129:: 119–130.
2064:"Qobad II"
2047:"Kawād II"
1628:Payne 2015
1137:Zeini 2018
1113:References
1099:Shahrbaraz
1093:historian
1078:shahanshah
1066:Khosrow II
935:shahanshah
927:shahanshah
916:Hormizd IV
912:shahanshah
908:shahanshah
812:catholicos
697:war effort
689:shahanshah
633:; and the
623:Farrukhzad
603:Shahrbaraz
552:shahanshah
475:shahanshah
467:Mardanshah
398:Khosrow II
384:Early life
335:shahanshah
315:Khosrow II
309:Background
246:Khosrow II
229:shahanshah
218:) was the
171:Khosrow II
90:Khosrow II
2683:Peroz III
2676:(632–651)
2666:(631–632)
2656:(630–636)
2646:(630–632)
2636:(630–631)
2626:(630–631)
2576:(628–630)
2556:(591–596)
2546:(591–628)
2536:(590–591)
2516:(579–590)
2506:(531–579)
2503:Khosrow I
2476:(488–496)
2466:(484–488)
2456:(459–484)
2446:(457–459)
2436:(438–457)
2426:(420–438)
2403:Shapur IV
2396:(399–420)
2386:(388–399)
2383:Bahram IV
2376:(383–388)
2366:(379–383)
2356:(309–379)
2353:Shapur II
2336:(303–309)
2326:(293–303)
2306:(274–293)
2303:Bahram II
2296:(271–274)
2286:(270–271)
2283:Hormizd I
2276:(240–270)
2266:(224–242)
2251:(224–651)
2172:after 590
2159:Kavad II
1966:. Brill.
1834:: 77–82.
1074:Juvansher
1049:Shahriyar
1045:al-Tabari
979:Palestine
971:Jerusalem
788:al-Masudi
656:padgospan
647:al-Tabari
579:Shahnameh
539:Shahrazur
519:over the
506:Ctesiphon
463:Ctesiphon
459:Dastagird
429:Heraclius
421:Near East
373:chronicle
345:Byzantine
261:Heraclius
113:after 590
96:Successor
2563:Kavad II
2423:Bahram V
2293:Bahram I
2273:Shapur I
2148:44710197
2005:(2008).
1960:(1970).
1903:(2000).
1840:24048959
1091:Armenian
1072:, named
1062:Dinawari
1032:Shiruyih
1028:Shiruyah
967:Nehemiah
895:Xwedodah
849:korymbos
651:regicide
627:Armenian
545:The coup
533:hazarbed
360:Austrian
326:Sasanian
220:Sasanian
207:𐭪𐭥𐭠𐭲
199:Kavad II
187:Religion
32:𐭪𐭥𐭠𐭲
27:Kavad II
2703:Narsieh
2553:Vistahm
2493:Kavad I
2473:Kavad I
2453:Peroz I
2413:Khosrow
2246:of the
2053:(ed.).
1804:(ed.).
1798:"Bōrān"
1758:(ed.).
1745:Sources
1070:Gordiya
1024:Shiruya
975:Messiah
860:Kavad I
844:xwarrah
828:drachma
826:Silver
595:Nemrozi
452:Babylon
349:Maurice
70:of the
59:drachma
57:Silver
2483:Jamasp
2463:Balash
2323:Narseh
2244:Rulers
2175:
2146:
2104:
2076:
2034:
2015:
1991:
1970:
1947:
1926:
1889:
1864:
1838:
1812:
1785:
1766:
1095:Sebeos
1020:Seiroe
1016:Shiroe
873:Family
668:Yazdin
639:Nemroz
625:; the
609:; the
584:Tabriz
471:Shirin
413:Phocas
255:) and
242:Sheroe
177:Mother
167:Father
126:Spouse
2663:Boran
2616:(630)
2606:(630)
2603:Boran
2596:(630)
2586:(630)
2566:(628)
2526:(590)
2416:(420)
2406:(420)
2346:(309)
2316:(293)
2177:Died:
2170:Born:
2144:JSTOR
2049:. In
1836:JSTOR
1800:. In
993:Notes
672:Boran
563:Reign
425:Egypt
394:dinar
392:Gold
341:Maria
257:Maria
240:Born
233:) of
215:Kawād
181:Maria
156:House
146:Issue
136:Boran
78:Reign
2102:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1068:and
1030:and
674:and
621:and
343:, a
235:Iran
118:Died
110:Born
68:King
2140:174
832:Ray
396:of
292:).
2731::
2138:.
2127:15
2125:.
2121:.
1907:.
1832:13
1830:.
1608:^
1533:^
1504:^
1435:^
1408:^
1345:^
1316:^
1299:^
1224:^
1189:^
1174:^
1159:^
1144:^
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
950:.
921:r.
865:r.
774:.
733:.
707:.
699:.
601:;
586:,
487:.
434:r.
403:r.
354:r.
320:r.
305:.
288:r.
274:.
266:r.
251:r.
209:,
205::
2236:e
2229:t
2222:v
2150:.
2110:.
2082:.
2040:.
2021:.
1997:.
1976:.
1932:.
1911:.
1895:.
1870:.
1849:)
1845:(
1842:.
1818:.
1791:.
1772:.
1234:.
1219:.
1139:.
1034:.
918:(
862:(
431:(
407:)
400:(
351:(
331:(
317:(
285:(
263:(
248:(
225:(
201:(
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