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seafaring people, called canoe-people by some anthropologists. They made canoes that were eight to nine meters long and one meter wide, which would hold a family and its dog. They continued this fishing, nomadic practice until the twentieth century, when they were moved into settlements on land.
297:
In the 21st century, few Kawésqar remain. The 2002 census found 2,622 people identifying as Kawésqar (defined as those who still practiced their native culture or spoke their native language). In 2006, only 15 full-blooded members remained, but numerous
364:
in the form of a manuscript. Through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, numerous missionaries and anthropologists moved among the indigenous peoples to record, study and, in the case of the missionaries, proselytise them.
271:. Their environment was disrupted as Europeans began to settle in the area in the late 1880s. A 2022 estimate puts the total population of the Kawésqar before the 19th- and early 20th-century collapse at 3,700 to 3,900. The
579:
Estay, Sergio A.; López, Daniela N.; Silva, Carmen P.; Gayo, Eugenia M.; McRostie, Virginia; Lima, Mauricio. "A modeling approach to estimate the historical population size of the
Patagonian Kawésqar people".
302:
have Kawésqar ancestry. Lessons in the Kawésqar language are part of the local curriculum, but few native speakers remain to encourage daily use of their traditional language. In
523:[Coastal hunter gatherers in Chiloé: From facilitators of the navigation of Spaniards in the Chonos and Guayaneco archipelagoes to producers and traders, 1567-1792].
698:
495:
Alvarez Abel, Ricardo (2002). "Reflexiones en torno a las identidades de las poblaciones canoeras, situadas entre los 44º y 48º de latitud sur, denominadas "chonos"".
360:
who had been proselytising and studying the indigenous peoples of Tierra del Fuego since the late 1860s, and his son
Despard compiled a 1,200-word vocabulary for the
708:
303:
521:"Canoeros en Chiloé: de facilitadores de las navegaciones españolas en los archipiélagos los Chonos y de Guayaneco, a productores y comerciantes, 1567-1792"
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559:
723:
420:
formally apologized for the state having allowed these indigenous people to be taken out of the country to be exhibited and treated like animals.
713:
497:
346:
412:. Only four survived to return to Chile. Early in 2010, the remains of five of the seven who died in Europe were repatriated from the
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311:
127:
668:
678:
703:
441:
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267:(Península de Brecknock) to the south. Like other indigenous peoples, they suffered high fatalities from endemic European
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307:
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434:
409:
275:, lasting from the 17th to the 19th centuries, may also have had a negative impact on the Kawésqar population.
259:
The total population of the Kawésqar was estimated not to exceed 5,000. They ranged from the area between the
654:
556:
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416:, Switzerland, where they had been held for studies. Upon the return of the remains, Chilean president
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31:
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222:(also known as Yámana), a competing indigenous tribe whom they met first in central and southern
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286:, to shield them from pressures from the majority culture. Later they moved further south, to
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566:, National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution, accessed 12 October 2013
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226:, used for these people: "Alacaluf" or "Halakwulup" (meaning "mussel eater" in the
327:
47:
17:
353:
397:
243:
Because of their maritime culture, the Kawésqar have never farmed the land.
81:
238:
Like the Yahgan in southern Chile and
Argentina, the Kawésqar used to be a
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203:
210:
records either are ancient Kawésqar or came to merge with the Kawésqar.
382:
357:
299:
255:
Distribution of the pre-Hispanic people of Chile, north is to the right
673:
610:
Proceedings of the
Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists
218:
The
English and other Europeans initially adopted the name that the
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In 1881, European anthropologists took eleven Kawéskar people from
405:
372:
250:
239:
126:
73:
498:
Anales del
Instituto de la Patagonia, serie Ciencias Humanas
109:
Traditional tribal religion, Christian (mostly
Protestant)
606:"The Haush And Ona, Primitive Tribes Of Tierra Del Fuego"
653:. National Museum of the American Indian. Archived from
230:). Their own name for themselves (autonym) is Kawésqar.
278:
In the 1930s many remaining Kawésqar were relocated to
482:
Instituto
Nacional de Estadísticas, Santiago de Chile
131:
A Kawésqar woman selling handicrafts to tourists in
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103:
87:
67:
57:
557:Patricia Messier Loncuante, "Kawésqar Community"
8:
574:
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40:
519:; Reyes, Omar; Belmar, Carolina A. (2020).
310:was elected to represent the nation in the
46:
39:
552:
550:
538:
449:about the history of the Alacalufe people
191:. Their traditional language is known as
630:"130 años después regresan los kawésqar"
699:Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone
466:
709:Indigenous peoples in Tierra del Fuego
263:(Golfo de Penas) to the north and the
27:Indigenous people of Chilean Patagonia
338:(Tayataf), Yequinahuere (Yequinahue,
322:Adwipliin, Aksánas, Alacaluf, Cálen (
7:
68:Regions with significant populations
645:Patricia Messier Loncuante (2005).
475:"Síntesis de Resultados Censo 2017"
674:Los indios Alacalufes (o Kawésqar)
25:
719:Hunter-gatherers of South America
312:Chilean Constitutional Convention
199:as few native speakers survive.
540:10.4067/S0717-73562020005000702
442:Who Will Remember the People...
437:, Kawésqar man who died in 2008
724:Nomadic groups in the Americas
202:It has been proposed that the
1:
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651:Indigenous Geography Project
714:Indigenous peoples in Chile
602:Furlong, Charles Wellington
745:
29:
632:, BBC.co.uk, January 2010
457:, a 2015 documentary film
183:islands northwest of the
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108:
92:
72:
62:
45:
435:Alberto Achacaz Walakial
410:Berlin Zoological Garden
400:to be exhibited in the
704:Ethnic groups in Chile
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369:Kawéskar in human zoos
308:Margarita Vargas López
256:
167:, specifically in the
136:
30:For the language, see
376:
254:
130:
114:Related ethnic groups
647:"Kawésqar Community"
414:University of Zurich
318:Tribes and languages
306:, Kawésqar activist
143:, also known as the
269:infectious diseases
265:Brecknock Peninsula
169:Brunswick Peninsula
42:
562:2012-08-07 at the
445:, a 1986 novel by
394:
257:
185:Strait of Magellan
137:
604:(December 1915).
430:Kawésqar language
418:Michelle Bachelet
362:Kawésqar language
284:Villa Puerto Edén
282:, in the town of
280:Wellington Island
187:and south of the
165:Chilean Patagonia
161:indigenous people
133:Villa Puerto Edén
125:
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32:Kawésqar language
16:(Redirected from
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454:The Pearl Button
402:Bois de Boulogne
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224:Tierra del Fuego
58:Total population
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21:
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228:Yahgan language
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204:Caucahue people
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18:Kawésqar people
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669:Los Alacalufes
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640:
639:External links
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593:
568:
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529:(in Spanish).
517:Urbina, Ximena
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501:(in Spanish).
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347:Thomas Bridges
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288:Puerto Natales
273:Little Ice Age
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679:Photo Gallery
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657:on 2012-08-07
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590:(6): 578–583.
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261:Gulf of Penas
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659:. Retrieved
655:the original
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614:. Retrieved
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583:The Holocene
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481:
469:
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447:Jean Raspail
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326:, Calenes),
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292:Punta Arenas
277:
258:
237:
217:
208:colonial-era
201:
163:who live in
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
138:
63:3,448 (2017)
37:Ethnic group
390: 1882
206:known from
78:Puerto Edén
729:Sea nomads
688:Categories
661:2009-09-14
616:2009-08-16
462:References
377:"Alakaluf
354:missionary
247:Population
197:endangered
181:Desolación
177:Santa Inés
173:Wellington
157:Halakwulup
612:: 446–447
398:Patagonia
356:based in
340:Yekinauer
324:Cálenches
214:Etymology
159:, are an
153:Alacalufe
88:Languages
82:Argentina
694:Kawésqar
560:Archived
526:Chungara
505:: 79–86.
424:See also
385:skins" (
379:Fuegians
351:Anglican
345:By 1884
336:Taíjataf
332:Lecheyel
330:, Enoo,
328:Caucahué
195:; it is
193:Kawésqar
149:Alacaluf
145:Kaweskar
141:Kawésqar
135:, Chile.
104:Religion
98:Kawésqar
41:Kawésqar
383:huanaco
358:Ushuaia
300:mestizo
240:nomadic
234:Economy
94:Spanish
220:Yahgan
179:, and
171:, and
120:Yahgan
533:(2).
478:(PDF)
406:Paris
349:, an
74:Chile
304:2021
290:and
139:The
52:Flag
535:doi
404:in
342:).
155:or
690::
649:.
608:.
588:32
586:.
571:^
549:^
531:52
503:30
480:.
387:c.
334:,
314:.
294:.
175:,
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147:,
96:,
80:,
76::
664:.
619:.
543:.
537::
392:)
34:.
20:)
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