1305:
2144:
2133:
1051:
326:
John P. Bluemle; Guide to the
Geology of South-Central North Dakota; Burleigh, Dickey, Emmons, Kidder, LaMoure, Logan, McIntosh, and Stutsman Counties; Educational Series 6; North Dakota Geological Survey, E. A. Noble, State Geologist; Bismarck, North Dakota; revised
176:, it merged with the Labradorean Ice Sheet, and formed the center of an ice sheet spanning North America from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific oceans. The seam between the two ice sheets passed over the northern tip of the
216:, it reaches its most southern point. At this point, the ice sheet no longer abuts the Labradoran ice sheet. The leading edge of the ice sheet follows roughly the Missouri River Valley through
1513:
391:
110:
was a major ice sheet that periodically covered large parts of North
America during glacial periods over the last ~2.6 million years. This included the following areas:
837:
336:
Lacelle, D., Fisher, D.A., Coulombe, S. et al. Buried remnants of the
Laurentide Ice Sheet and connections to its surface elevation. Sci Rep 8, 13286 (2018).
831:
308:
Fulton, R. J. & Prest, V. K. (1987). Introduction: The
Laurentide Ice Sheet and its Significance. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 41 (2), 181–186
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2192:
704:
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363:
698:
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1439:
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432:
243:
The
Cordilleran ice sheet forms the western boundary of the Keewatin ice sheet, where they abut along the front of the
2197:
1522:
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1136:
941:
668:
1321:
1214:
1006:
662:
437:
961:
753:
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1790:
1327:
710:
256:
185:
1176:
152:, until 1999) (ca 102 W, 63 N) the ice sheet covered up to 2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi) the
1481:
1352:
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1168:
1080:
843:
747:
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674:
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1180:
1141:
1131:
946:
735:
646:
260:
1417:
1026:
1021:
956:
282:
193:
83:
2143:
1160:
510:
2177:
1924:
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1228:
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1202:
1188:
1184:
1073:
1054:
1031:
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612:
500:
209:
156:. At its greatest reach, (14*146=2044 N-S by 12*146=1752 E-W) the northern edge abutted the
2018:
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1210:
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1987:
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362:; Professional Paper No 50 Series B, Descriptive Geology, 79; Department of the Interior,
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90:
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366:, Charles D. Walcott, Director; Washington, D.C.; Government Printing Office; 1906
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Received: 31 May 2018Accepted: 13 August 2018Published: 05 September 2018; DOI:
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1977:
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259:, where it completes its border in Baffin Bay and the seam with the
592:
495:
2118:
2114:
2110:
602:
208:
shoreline and crossed into western
Illinois. Reaching down the
1495:
1069:
373:
255:. This northern ice front, floats just off the coast of the
172:. Curling across the southern tip of Baffin Island, entering
61:
Keewatin Dome: 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) above sea level
1065:
232:, where after (10*146=1,460 mi) it reaches the
2093:
2057:
2017:
1986:
1955:
1942:
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405:
236:just south of the U.S. and Canadian border and the
96:
73:
65:
57:
49:
41:
31:
23:
18:
228:and into the Dakotas, reach westward across the
838:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
180:passing south across Hudson Bay and on to the
1507:
1081:
385:
322:
320:
318:
316:
314:
8:
832:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
45:2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi)
1952:
1744:
1639:
1539:
1514:
1500:
1492:
1114:
1088:
1074:
1066:
652:
577:
485:
392:
378:
370:
359:The Montana Lobe of the Keewatin Ice Sheet
342:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31166-2
338:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31166-2
15:
301:
188:. This seam continued southward across
766:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
730:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
7:
164:. Running south, along the shore of
2113:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
772:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
2117:= megaannum (millions years ago);
14:
2121:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
760:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
87:South – 40 degrees north latitude
2142:
2131:
1303:
1050:
1049:
705:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
212:valley to its junction with the
53:ca 1,460 mi (2,350 km)
2173:Glaciology of the United States
364:United States Geological Survey
768:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
1:
1560:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1440:Greenhouse and icehouse Earth
1012:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
433:Glacial history of Minnesota
1523:Geological history of Earth
796:Kettle Moraine State Forest
699:Lion's Head Provincial Park
2229:
1796:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1791:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1555:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1137:Penultimate Glacial Period
942:Penultimate Glacial Period
669:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
200:. It went southward into
2108:
2080:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
1930:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1478:
1301:
1045:
1007:Late Glacial Interstadial
786:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
663:Arrowhead Provincial Park
438:List of prehistoric lakes
356:Fred. H. H. Calhoun Sr.;
168:the edges floated in the
2075:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1920:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1765:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1617:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1607:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
962:Holocene glacial retreat
754:Glacial Lakes State Park
693:Foothills Erratics Train
2208:Geology of South Dakota
2203:Geology of North Dakota
2193:Geology of Saskatchewan
2070:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2035:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2030:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1973:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1863:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1770:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1581:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1328:Late Paleozoic icehouse
1002:Bølling–Allerød warming
742:Devil's Lake State Park
711:Ovayok Territorial Park
400:Continental glaciations
257:Queen Elizabeth Islands
144:, Canada (known as the
2040:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2009:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1968:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1915:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1760:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1586:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1482:Timeline of glaciation
1349:(579.88 to 579.63 Mya)
844:Yosemite National Park
748:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
687:Eskers Provincial Park
675:Cypress Hills (Canada)
473:Timeline of glaciation
251:near the mouth of the
58:Highest elevation
2045:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2004:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1925:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1612:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1445:Great Oxidation Event
987:Quaternary glaciation
922:Quaternary glaciation
820:Mill Bluff State Park
784:Interstate State Park
598:Giant current ripples
413:Cordilleran ice sheet
278:Cordilleran ice sheet
238:Cordilleran ice sheet
150:Northwest Territories
66:Lowest elevation
2213:Geology of Minnesota
2168:Glaciology of Canada
2085:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1978:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1858:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1848:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1330:(360 Mya to 260 Mya)
1324:(460 Mya to 430 Mya)
1146:Last Glacial Maximum
997:Wisconsin glaciation
952:Last Glacial Maximum
468:Post-glacial rebound
423:Last Glacial Maximum
418:Laurentide ice sheet
273:Laurentide Ice Sheet
154:Last Glacial Maximum
120:Eastern South Dakota
2188:Geology of Manitoba
2140: •
2129: •
2127:Geologic time scale
1889:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1853:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1822:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1717:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1686:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1465:Milankovitch cycles
1142:Last Glacial Period
982:Pre-Illinoian Stage
947:Last Glacial Period
736:Coteau des Prairies
647:Greenland ice sheet
261:Greenland ice sheet
2198:Geology of Montana
2138:Geology portal
1999:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1894:Early (470–485 Ma)
1827:Early (393–419 Ma)
1722:Early (247–252 Ma)
1691:Early (174–201 Ma)
1660:Early (100–145 Ma)
1655:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1378:(717 to 660 Mya);
1355:(547 to 541.5 Mya)
1027:4.2 kiloyear event
1022:8.2 kiloyear event
957:Mousterian Pluvial
689:, British Columbia
283:Labrador ice sheet
194:Keweenaw Peninsula
108:Keewatin ice sheet
84:Labrador ice sheet
19:Keewatin Ice sheet
2155:
2154:
2053:
2052:
2019:Paleoproterozoic
1938:
1937:
1884:Late (444–458 Ma)
1817:Late (359–383 Ma)
1730:
1729:
1712:Late (201–237 Ma)
1681:Late (145–164 Ma)
1625:
1624:
1546:(present–2.58 Ma)
1534:(present–66.0 Ma)
1489:
1488:
1420:(2.9 to 2.78 Gya)
1299:
1298:
1063:
1062:
1032:Piora Oscillation
992:Sangamonian Stage
853:
852:
635:
634:
631:
630:
210:Mississippi River
123:Western Minnesota
104:
103:
2220:
2149:World portal
2147:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2098:
2062:
2022:
1991:
1988:Mesoproterozoic
1960:
1953:
1948:
1907:
1876:
1840:
1809:
1783:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1704:
1673:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1599:
1573:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1401:(2.4 to 2.1 Gya)
1391:Paleoproterozoic
1382:(650 to 635 Mya)
1307:
1115:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1053:
1052:
653:
578:
562:Terminal moraine
486:
394:
387:
380:
371:
344:
334:
328:
324:
309:
306:
288:Baffin ice sheet
247:, ending in the
245:Canadian Rockies
178:Ungava Peninsula
136:Centered on the
16:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2130:
2122:
2104:
2096:
2089:
2060:
2049:
2020:
2013:
1989:
1982:
1958:
1957:Neoproterozoic
1947:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
1946:
1945:
1944:Proterozoic Eon
1934:
1905:
1898:
1874:
1867:
1838:
1831:
1807:
1800:
1781:
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1750:
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1520:
1490:
1485:
1474:
1423:
1404:
1385:
1358:
1333:
1308:
1295:
1292:(34 to 2.5 Mya)
1280:
1276:
1268:
1108:
1099:
1094:
1064:
1059:
1041:
927:Illinoian Stage
910:
901:Lambert Glacier
884:
870:Killary Harbour
849:
802:Lake Bonneville
722:
716:
651:
627:
576:
525:
521:U-shaped valley
511:Roche moutonnée
477:
443:Proglacial lake
428:Canadian Shield
401:
398:
353:
348:
347:
335:
331:
325:
312:
307:
303:
298:
269:
253:Mackenzie River
234:Rocky Mountains
146:Keewatin Region
138:Kivalliq Region
114:Eastern Montana
91:Rocky Mountains
88:
86:
81:
36:Canadian Shield
12:
11:
5:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
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2159:
2153:
2152:
2109:
2106:
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2100:
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2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2012:
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2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1984:
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1964:
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1950:
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1869:
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1842:
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1824:
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1813:
1811:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1780:Carboniferous
1776:
1775:
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1767:
1762:
1756:
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1742:
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1601:
1598:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1592:
1591:
1589:
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1577:
1575:
1572:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1566:
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1496:
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1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Snowball Earth
1452:
1450:Little Ice Age
1447:
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1437:
1435:Glacial period
1431:
1429:
1428:Related topics
1425:
1424:
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1368:Snowball Earth
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1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1322:Andean-Saharan
1318:
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1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1265:(2.5 to 0 Mya)
1239:
1217:
1195:
1157:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1101:
1100:
1095:
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1078:
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1039:
1037:Little Ice Age
1034:
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918:
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906:Ross Ice Shelf
903:
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867:
865:Hardangerfjord
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850:
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835:
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811:
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799:
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790:Kelleys Island
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
738:, South Dakota
733:
726:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
677:, Saskatchewan
672:
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501:Glacial striae
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214:Missouri River
192:, east of the
134:
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2:
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2150:
2145:
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2128:
2125:
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2116:
2112:
2107:
2101:
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2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1954:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1736:Paleozoic Era
1733:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:(66.0–145 Ma)
1641:
1638:
1636:
1634:(66.0–252 Ma)
1628:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:Pre-Illinoian
1244:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Pre-Illinoian
1222:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:Younger Dryas
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Late Cenozoic
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:Younger Dryas
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
913:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
891:
887:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
860:
856:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:Lake Missoula
812:
809:
808:Lake Lahontan
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
778:Ice Age Trail
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
727:
725:
719:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:Eramosa River
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
658:
654:
648:
645:
644:
642:
640:North America
638:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
583:
579:
573:
572:Veiki moraine
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:Rogen moraine
555:
553:
552:Pulju moraine
550:
548:
545:
543:
542:Erratic block
540:
538:
535:
534:
532:
528:
522:
519:
517:
516:Tunnel valley
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
491:
487:
484:
480:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
408:
404:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
375:
372:
365:
361:
360:
355:
354:
350:
343:
339:
333:
330:
323:
321:
319:
317:
315:
311:
305:
302:
295:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
271:
270:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Lake Michigan
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Lake Superior
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:Baffin Island
163:
160:ice sheet in
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
111:
109:
99:
95:
92:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
17:
2123:
2059:Archean Eon
2021:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1906:(485–539 Ma)
1875:(444–485 Ma)
1839:(419–444 Ma)
1808:(359–419 Ma)
1782:(299–359 Ma)
1751:(252–299 Ma)
1739:(252–539 Ma)
1703:(201–252 Ma)
1672:(145–201 Ma)
1631:Mesozoic Era
1531:Cenozoic Era
1480:
1460:Interglacial
967:Oldest Dryas
937:Interstadial
932:Interglacial
915:Time periods
846:, California
840:, Washington
581:Glacifluvial
530:Depositional
453:Lake Chicago
448:Lake Agassiz
358:
351:Bibliography
332:
304:
249:Arctic Ocean
242:
186:Fort Stevens
170:Davis Strait
135:
129:Saskatchewan
117:North Dakota
107:
105:
79:Arctic Ocean
2095:Hadean Eon
1873:Ordovician
1644:Cretaceous
1544:Quaternary
1410:Mesoarchean
1353:Baykonurian
1215:Santa María
1169:Weichselian
977:Pleistocene
972:Older Dryas
834:, Wisconsin
826:Oneida Lake
822:, Wisconsin
798:, Wisconsin
780:, Wisconsin
774:, Wisconsin
762:, Wisconsin
756:, Minnesota
750:, Wisconsin
744:, Wisconsin
732:, Wisconsin
618:Outwash fan
613:Kettle hole
506:Ribbon lake
463:Teays River
184:shore near
27:continental
2183:Ice sheets
2162:Categories
2097:(4–4.6 Ga)
2061:(2.5–4 Ga)
1990:(1–1.6 Ga)
1596:Paleogene
1364:Cryogenian
1259:Beestonian
1211:Wolstonian
1193:Llanquihue
1177:Midlandian
1127:Antarctica
1119:Quaternary
1105:Quaternary
896:Antarctica
889:Antarctica
875:Monte Rosa
828:, New York
608:Kame delta
567:Till plain
458:Lake Tight
296:References
204:along the
174:Hudson Bay
162:Baffin Bay
2124:See also:
1904:Cambrian
1837:Silurian
1806:Devonian
1701:Triassic
1670:Jurassic
1339:Ediacaran
1314:Paleozoic
1290:Antarctic
1282:Oligocene
1241:7th–8th:
1237:Rio Llico
1219:3rd–6th:
1203:Illinoian
1173:Devensian
1165:Wisconsin
1132:Greenland
816:, Montana
713:, Nunavut
707:, Ontario
701:, Ontario
695:, Alberta
683:, Ontario
671:, Alberta
665:, Ontario
489:Erosional
482:Landforms
202:Wisconsin
158:Greenland
69:Sea level
2178:Ice ages
1749:Permian
1570:Neogene
1399:Huronian
1380:Marinoan
1376:Sturtian
1347:Gaskiers
1274:Pliocene
1255:Menapian
1181:Pinedale
1097:Ice ages
1055:Category
880:Svalbard
810:, Nevada
588:Diluvium
267:See also
226:Nebraska
218:Missouri
198:Michigan
132:Manitoba
77:North –
74:Terminus
32:Location
1470:Stadial
1418:Pongola
1278:Miocene
1263:Caracol
1233:Anglian
858:Eurasia
547:Moraine
537:Drumlin
406:General
230:Montana
182:Ontario
142:Nunavut
126:Alberta
89:West –
82:East –
2103:
1229:Elster
1221:Mindel
1189:Merida
1185:Fraser
804:, Utah
792:, Ohio
723:States
721:United
656:Canada
623:Sandur
222:Kansas
97:Status
50:Length
1207:Saale
1197:2nd:
1159:1st:
1150:Older
593:Esker
496:Fjord
1251:Elbe
1243:Günz
1199:Riss
1161:Würm
1152:and
603:Kame
327:1975
106:The
100:gone
42:Area
24:Type
1253:or
196:of
2164::
2119:Ga
2115:Ma
2111:ka
1261:,
1257:,
1249:,
1245:,
1235:,
1231:,
1227:,
1223:,
1213:,
1209:,
1205:,
1201:,
1191:,
1187:,
1179:,
1171:,
1167:,
1163:,
1148:,
1107:/
313:^
263:.
240:.
224:,
220:,
148:,
140:,
1515:e
1508:t
1501:v
1366:-
1183:/
1175:/
1156:)
1144:(
1089:e
1082:t
1075:v
393:e
386:t
379:v
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