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status of the fluid of each lake, and also considering the abundance of different major elements, such as iron and manganese. Oxidation-reduction status depends on the balance of volcanic gas input and rainfall rate, and is thought to be mediated by the groundwater system in the volcano itself. The colors in the lakes change independently from each other, as each has its own unique connectivity to the underlying volcano's activity. Between
January and November 2016, the colors of the craters changed six times. Although it is widely believed that the changes are unpredictable, it is more accurate to say that the lack of any regular monitoring of the volcanic system precludes scientists from having the data necessary to drive widely available predictive models.
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325:. There are regular flights to Ende from Bali. The drive from Ende to Moni, the town at the base of Kelimutu where accommodation is available, takes about 3 hours, while from Moni to Kelimutu vehicle park, a 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) drive, needs 45 minutes. Usually tourists sleep one night to catch sunrise at Kelimutu.
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Kelimutu is also of interest to geologists, because the three lakes have different colors, yet are at the crest of the same volcano. According to
Kelimutu National Park officials, the colour changes as a result of chemical reactions resulting from the minerals contained in the lake perhaps triggered
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of varying colors. Tiwu Ata Bupu (Lake of Old People) is usually blue and is the westernmost of the three lakes. The other two lakes, Tiwu Ko'o Fai Nuwa Muri (Lake of Young Men and
Maidens) and Tiwu Ata Polo (Bewitched or Enchanted Lake) are separated by a shared crater wall and are typically green
243:
The science of the
Kelimutu lakes is relatively well-known, and the changes in color and temperature are concluded to be related to volcanic activity and the resulting fluid flux at vents at the bottom of the lakes. The Lake colors periodically change due to adjustments in the oxidation-reduction
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In the early days of developing the local national park in the
Kelimutu area, there were some disputes with local communities over the use of the resources. More recently, forest rangers have worked to develop better relations with nearby village communities and overall management has improved.
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Kelimutu is sacred to the local Lio people, who believe the souls of the dead migrate here. Young people's souls go to the warmth of Tiwu Koo Fai Nuwa Muri (Lake of Young Men and
Maidens), old people's to the cold of Tiwu Ata Bupu (Lake of Old People), and those of the wicked to Tiwu Ata Polo
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Aerial view from the krater lakes, at the lower left is the Tiwu Ata Mbupu (Lake of Old People), at the upper centre Tiwu Ko'o Fai Nuwa Muri (Lake of Young Men and Maiden) and Tiwu Ata Polo (Bewitched, or
Enchanted Lake) at the upper
334:(Bewitched or Enchanted Lake). Pork, betel nuts, rice and other valuable offerings are left on ceremonial rocks beside the lakes, amid the dancing of the Lio's annual 'Feed the Spirit of the Forefathers' ceremony, on August 14.
858:
593:
Pasternack, G. B. 1993. Acid-brine crater lake systematics: a case study. Undergraduate High Honors thesis. Wesleyan
University, 160 pp, 4 appendices. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3414.1040.
641:
Herrick, Julie. (2013). Nevado del Tolima (Colombia): Non-eruptive activity during 2005-2012: hazard assessment and glacial retreat. Bulletin of Global
Volcanism Network. 38. 27.
310:
The area is said to have begun to attract attention after being noticed by a regional Dutch military commander, B. van
Suchtelen in 1915 and became more well known after
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in historical time. The summit of the compound 1,639 m (5,377 ft) high Kelimutu volcano is elongated 2 km (1.2 mi) in a WNW-ESE direction; the older
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of Kelido and Kelibara are located respectively 3 km (1.9 mi) to the north and 2 km (1.2 mi) to the south. The scenic lakes are a popular
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by volcano gas activity. However, it is more accurate to refer to the color changes as being driven by oxidation-reduction chemical dynamics.
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Soil properties of the eastern toposequence of Mount Kelimutu, Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara and their potential for agricultural use'
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Some details of the characteristics of volcanic soils in the area can be found at Hikmatullah, H. Subagyo, and B.H. Prasetyo, '
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Exotic NTT: 200 tempat paling menantang dan eksotis di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur: wisata alam, bahari, budaya, dan tradisi
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lake in West Java, south of Bandung, is another crater lake in Indonesia with some similarities to the lakes at Kelimutu.
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Pasternack, Gregory B.; Varekamp, Johan C. (1997-05-01). "Volcanic lake systematics I. Physical constraints".
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481:"Dr. Gregory B. Pasternack - Watershed Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Ecohydraulics :: Keli Mutu"
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in Indonesia which are mountains in Indonesia which are more than 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) high.
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or red respectively. The lake colors vary on a periodic basis. Subaqueous
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province. It has three volcanic crater lakes that differ in color.
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is a special issue of the journal dedicated to Volcanic lakes.
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Murphy, Sam; Wright, Robert; Rouwet, Dmitri (January 2018).
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Volume 28, No. 3, pp. 137-306 of the Geochemical Journal
605:"Kelimutu lakes change color for the 6th time this year"
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The Tiwu Ko'o Fai Nuwa Muri has been a source of minor
228:. It is around 50 km (31 mi) to the east of
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664:Pasternack, Gregory B.; Johan C. Varekamp (1994).
787:"Kelimutu National Park | Indonesia Attractions"
652:Kelimutu: Adventure to the Three coloured lakes'
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761:, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, p. 184.
8:
409:Tiwu Ata Polo (Bewitched, or Enchanted Lake)
16:Volcano on the island of Flores in Indonesia
742:Locals help protect Kelimutu national park'
252:The volcano contains three striking summit
220:close to the small town of Moni in central
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18:
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421:Tiwu Ko'o Fai Nuwa Muri and Tiwu Ata Polo
397:Tiwu Ko'o Fai Nuwa Muri and Tiwu Ata Polo
729:Indonesian Jour. of Agricultural Science
1472:Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park
1048:Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
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1833:Landforms of Flores Island (Indonesia)
1808:Mountains of Flores Island (Indonesia)
265:that occurs at the two eastern lakes.
1813:Volcanoes of the Lesser Sunda Islands
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1477:Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park
1409:Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park
1156:Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
928:Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
771:Tri Hatma Ningsih (June 23, 2014).
603:Markus Makur (November 24, 2016).
433:Tiwu Ata Bupu (Lake of Old People)
14:
1507:Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park
1241:Mount Halimun Salak National Park
1221:Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat
300:Kelimutu is one of the mountains
261:are the probable cause of active
1782:Teluk Cenderawasih National Park
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1838:Landforms of East Nusa Tenggara
33:Crater lake at Kelimutus summit
1710:Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre
1492:Kepulauan Togean National Park
365:List of volcanoes in Indonesia
314:wrote about the site in 1929.
60:List of volcanoes in Indonesia
1:
1843:Sacred mountains of Indonesia
1828:Active volcanoes of Indonesia
1126:Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark
706:Here's a link to the abstract
1605:Gunung Rinjani National Park
1512:Taka Bone Rate National Park
1487:Gandang Dewata National Park
1419:Danau Sentarum National Park
1404:Betung Kerihun National Park
953:Kerinci Seblat National Park
820:travel guide from Wikivoyage
49:1,639 m (5,377 ft)
1560:Bali Safari and Marine Park
1181:Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument
1859:
1414:Baning Nature Tourist Park
1346:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
1331:Sukorambi Botanical Garden
773:"Tiga Warna Sejuta Pesona"
1381:Ujung Kulon National Park
1231:Meru Betiri National Park
1191:Karimunjawa National Park
898:Baiturrahman Grand Mosque
654:, Accessed 29 April 2012.
522:10.1007/s00445-017-1172-2
317:The closest airports are
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26:
1502:Lore Lindu National Park
1071:Alas Purwo National Park
1053:Way Kambas National Park
998:Mentawai Islands Regency
943:Gunongan Historical Park
462:Global Volcanism Program
731:, 4(1), 2003, pp. 1-11.
686:10.2343/geochemj.28.243
553:Bulletin of Volcanology
510:Bulletin of Volcanology
467:Smithsonian Institution
200:Kelimutu featured on a
1527:Wakatobi National Park
1439:Sabangau National Park
1136:Dieng Volcanic Complex
623:www.photovolcanica.com
485:pasternack.ucdavis.edu
360:Kelimutu National Park
204:
1823:Volcanic crater lakes
1767:Lorentz National Park
1522:Trans Studio Makassar
1482:Bunaken National Park
1091:Baluran National Park
565:10.1007/s004450050160
202:5,000-rupiah banknote
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1625:Komodo National Park
1580:Garuda Wisnu Kencana
1537:Lesser Sunda Islands
1454:The Equator monument
988:Lumbini Natural Park
938:East Lampung Regency
757:Gagas Ulung (2011),
1787:Wasur National Park
1434:Kutai National Park
1361:Tirto Samodra Beach
1211:Keraton Kacirebonan
908:Bandar Lampung City
888:Aceh Tsunami Museum
868:Tourist attractions
673:Geochemical Journal
278:tourist destination
213:[kəliˈmutu]
89: /
1777:Raja Ampat Islands
1735:Ujung Water Palace
1399:Beras Basah Island
1166:House of Sampoerna
1096:Banyuwangi Regency
829:2016-03-03 at the
711:2016-03-04 at the
619:"Kelimutu Volcano"
270:phreatic eruptions
248:Geological details
238:East Nusa Tenggara
205:
39:Highest point
1818:Complex volcanoes
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1326:Sidoarjo mud flow
1206:Keraton Kasepuhan
1018:Pagaruyung Palace
748:, 4 January 2011.
232:, the capital of
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190:June to July 1968
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1635:Lake Segara Anak
1356:Thousand Islands
1351:Tangkuban Perahu
1151:Gembira Loka Zoo
1023:Penyengat Island
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1341:Suramadu Bridge
1276:Patenggang Lake
1216:Keraton Kanoman
1201:Kenjeran Bridge
1186:Jawa Timur Park
1176:Istiqlal Mosque
1161:Heroes Monument
1086:Arjuno-Welirang
1076:Ancol Dreamland
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1725:Tirta Gangga
1705:Tampaksiring
1640:Lovina Beach
1614:
1336:Surabaya Zoo
1321:Sempu island
1306:Ranu Kumbolo
1251:Mount Semeru
1246:Mount Merapi
1111:Bogor Palace
963:Lagundri Bay
933:Bukit Lawang
794:. Retrieved
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691:the original
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302:listed as a
299:
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267:
254:crater lakes
251:
242:
234:Ende regency
210:(pronounced
207:
206:
154:Ende Regency
64:Spesial Ribu
1772:Puncak Jaya
1670:Nusa Penida
1660:Moyo Island
1301:Ragunan Zoo
1271:Pangandaran
1266:Nusa Barong
1236:Mount Bromo
1196:Kawah Putih
1171:Ijen Crater
1141:Ceto Temple
968:Lampung Bay
286:Kawah Putih
96: /
71:Coordinates
1802:Categories
1497:Lake Tempe
1391:Kalimantan
1106:Baturraden
1003:Metro City
948:Jam Gadang
796:2022-06-28
700:2009-04-02
628:2022-06-28
490:2017-06-11
457:"Kelimutu"
439:References
1715:Tanah Lot
1645:Mandalika
1620:Kintamani
1600:Goa Gajah
1590:Gili Meno
1570:Cempi Bay
1545:Awang Bay
1311:Ranu Pani
1291:Prambanan
1286:Penataran
1116:Borobudur
1101:Batu City
983:Lake Toba
918:Berastagi
872:Indonesia
581:140598280
573:0258-8900
530:0258-8900
312:Y. Bouman
263:upwelling
259:fumaroles
226:Indonesia
162:Indonesia
109:Geography
45:Elevation
1700:Senggigi
1695:Seminyak
1665:Nusa Dua
1615:Kelimutu
1610:Jimbaran
1585:Gili Air
1464:Sulawesi
1371:Trowulan
1316:Sangiran
958:Krakatoa
827:Archived
818:Kelimutu
709:Archived
538:85508274
516:(1): 2.
338:See also
208:Kelimutu
150:Location
140:Kelimutu
134:Kelimutu
84:121°49′E
22:Kelimutu
1740:Uluwatu
1550:Bedugul
1429:Kakaban
880:Sumatra
371:Gallery
329:Culture
319:Maumere
292:Tourism
218:volcano
216:) is a
168:Geology
55:Listing
1750:Maluku
1680:Pecatu
1565:Canggu
1517:Toraja
1366:Tretes
1296:Puncak
1256:Mrapen
1226:Malang
1146:G-Land
1043:Sipura
1033:Sabang
579:
571:
536:
528:
385:right.
321:, and
81:8°46′S
1754:Papua
1690:Sanur
1685:Rinca
1081:Anyer
694:(PDF)
669:(PDF)
577:S2CID
534:S2CID
274:cones
1752:and
1730:Ubud
1630:Kuta
1063:Java
1013:Nias
569:ISSN
526:ISSN
323:Ende
304:ribu
870:in
681:doi
561:doi
518:doi
236:in
224:in
1804::
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727:,
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508:.
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459:.
446:^
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160:,
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860:e
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846:v
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683::
650:'
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607:.
583:.
563::
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520::
493:.
469:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
