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executed at various locations. Victims were also brought out to sea in boats, stopping near Pulau
Blakang Mati (today Sentosa), where they were thrown overboard and shot by the Hojo Kempei (Japanese auxiliary military police). Some of these bodies were buried around the nearby Berhala Reping, by British soldiers who later became Prisoners-of-War.
924:
1416:. Comprising four white concrete columns, this 61 metres tall memorial commemorates the civilian dead of all races. It was built after thousands of remains were discovered all over Singapore during the urban redevelopment boom in the early 1960s. The memorial was officially unveiled by Singapore's first prime minister
1148:("auxiliary military police") being employed to carry out the actual shooting under orders of a Kempeitai officer. Although the exact figures will never be fully known, it was estimated that a total figure between 25,000 and 50,000 victims were massacred according to the post-war trial testimonies in 1947.
1529:
Near this site, victims of Sook Ching, a
Japanese military operation which took place during the Second World War, were buried. For about two weeks from 18 February 1942, Chinese men from ages 18 to 50 underwent screening at various centres around Singapore. Those suspected to be anti-Japanese were
1043:
The
Kempeitai believed that a person suspected of committing a crime had to prove his innocence, but was given no opportunity to do so. Pain and threats to life were standard methods of interrogation used by the Kempeitai to obtain a 'confession'. Called "treatments" by the Kempeitai, some that were
978:
members, gangsters, prostitutes and those of other races with criminal records, who were obliged to provide information to save themselves from torture or execution. As a result, many innocent people were taken away mysteriously, and an atmosphere of distrust and fear ruled life during the
Japanese
1322:
Following the end of World War II, there were several differing views on what should be done with the Old YMCA Building. The
British had wanted it demolished and then to designate the open space as a memorial to the victims who had suffered under the Kempeitai. The building briefly became a Forces
1034:
The YMCA building also served as a prison for people suspected of being anti-Japanese. Typically, prisoners were cramped into small cells and forced to be motionless and absolutely silent. Those arrested would be tortured for the purpose of extracting names of anti-Japanese accomplices from them;
1468:
Those who passed the arbitrary screening were released with 'Examined' stamped on their faces, arms or clothes. Others not so fortunate were taken to outlying parts of
Singapore and executed for alleged anti-Japanese activities. Tens of thousands were estimated to have lost their lives.
1555:
operation to purge suspected anti-Japanese civilians among
Singapore's Chinese population between 18 February and 4 March 1942. The victims who perished along the foreshore were among 1,000 Chinese males rounded up following a house-to-house search of the Chinese community living along
1166:
Overstepping his authority, he had issued orders during the massacre of thousands of
Chinese civilians in Singapore and Malaya with Yamashita's knowledge but without his approval. He was also responsible for the slaughter of thousands of American and Filipino prisoners-of-war in the
1075:
After the "treatment" was meted out, those who had 'confessed' to minor crimes were sentenced to imprisonment, while others were summarily executed. After the
British surrender on 15 February 1942, the heads of looters were displayed on stakes outside the Kempeitai Headquarters and
1425:
We meet to remember the men and women who were the hapless victims of one of the fires of history... If today we remember these lessons of the past, we strengthen our resolve and determination to make our future more secure then these men and women for whom we mourn would not have
1048:
Water torture: The victim was tied up and laid flat on the ground. Water was forced through the mouth and nose until the victim's stomach became distended, after which the interrogators would jump on the victim's stomach to force out the water, until the victim lost
1183:. He was pursued by the British but they were unable to capture him, as he was sheltered by the United States for political reasons when he resurfaced in Japan in 1947. He was cleared of any war crimes in 1950 and later became one of Japan's most prominent post-war
1827:[Akashi Yoji & Yoshimura Mako eds. New Perspectives on the Japanese Occupation in Malaya and Singapore, Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2008 Chapter 9 Massacre of Chinese in Singapore and Its Coverage in Postwar Japan HAYASHI Hirofumi
1154:
was identified by
Japanese army commanders as the man responsible for the Sook Ching massacre during the Singapore Chinese Massacre Trial in 1947. Tsuji was appointed as the Chief Planning and Operations Officer of the 25th Army, which was led by
1092:
Being somewhat curious and adventurous, I decided to see one for myself... I could see the bloodied head of a male Chinese on show... After a week's exposure, the heads eventually shrank and turned blue-black... It was truly a disgusting sight.
1420:
on the 25th anniversary of the start of the Japanese occupation in 1967. It was constructed with part of the S$ 50 million 'blood debt' compensation paid by the Japanese government in October 1966. Speaking at the unveiling ceremony, Lee said:
2169:
2094:
1207:
were not on trial. Tsuji escaped and hid himself and Yamashita was on trial in Manila. Only seven officers, who followed orders to massacre and torture civilians and prisoners, were charged for their alleged role in
1332:
expressed her gratitude for the building's destruction, as she had been detained and tortured at the old YMCA building for nearly 200 days for her crime of "being pro-British and anti-Japanese" during the
1298:
but served just five years until 1952, when Japan regained its sovereignty. Despite being spared the gallows, Takuma did not evade the death penalty when he was separately tried and executed for the 1942
1035:
refusal to offer such names led to further punishment. Should a prisoner surrender under the torment, any person identified by him as a "subversive force" would be sentenced to death or imprisonment.
1015:, with his headquarters established at the old YMCA building, which also served as the East District Branch after the Kempeitai had all its British YMCA administrators and staff incarcerated at the
2104:
1507:
operation to purge suspected anti-Japanese civilians among Singapore's Chinese population between 18 February and 4 March 1942. Tanah Merah Besar Beach, a few hundred metres south (now part of
1323:
Centre for a Salvation Army services welfare Indian team. The YMCA later reclaimed their building and, after fundraising and refurbishment, resumed operations at the building in December 1946.
1461:. All Chinese men between 18 and 50 years old, and in some cases women and children, were ordered to report to these temporary registration centres for interrogation and identification by the
1396:
To keep alive the memory of the Japanese occupation and its lessons learnt for future generations, the Singapore government erected several memorials with some at the former massacre sites.
2129:
1306:
Kawamura Saburo published his reminiscences in 1952 (after his death) and in the book, he expressed his condolences to the victims of Singapore and prayed for the repose of their souls.
1503:(auxiliary military police) firing at the water's edge on this stretch of Changi Beach on 20 February 1942. They were among tens of thousands who lost their lives during the Japanese
2144:
738:
2099:
1849:
1071:
Body suspension: The victim's body was suspended by the wrists or neck or hung upside down by the legs. Interrogators would then pull the victim's limbs from their sockets.
1019:. There were about 200 regular Kempeitai in Singapore but 1,000 auxiliaries were recruited from the army. The Kempeitai jail was in Outram, with branches in Stamford Road,
1405:
57:
991:
a 999-year lease for a site at Dhoby Ghaut to be built as their headquarters. The building was completed in 1911 and the YMCA officially relocated to its new premises.
974:
and recruited spies from within the community, and encouraged giving information with rewards and privileges in return. Many of the informers had dubious backgrounds:
159:
2179:
825:
1347:
After my release, I avoided Stamford Road as I just could not bring myself to look at the YMCA building. It was the Japanese army's other killing field besides
1080:— used by the Japanese Military Propagation Department – as a deterrent to looting and gruesome reminder of its power. Rudy Mosbergen, a former principal of
900:
Council of State. Its brief covered military discipline, law and order, intelligence and subversion as well as policing thoughts in the civilian population.
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Burning and electric shocks: 'Live' electric wires, candles, lighted cigarettes, boiling oil or water were applied to sensitive parts of the victim's body.
946:
Kempeitai personnel were dressed in the standard Japanese military uniform, but they were distinguished by an armband bearing the Japanese characters for
911:, the Japanese-occupied territories in Asia during World War II. All prisoners-of-war (POW) and POW camps came under the control of the Kempeitai, as did
1525:
The site of this monument is located off the tee box of Hole 3 in the Serapong course in the Sentosa Golf Club. The inscription on the monument reads:
2154:
2124:
46:
The etched drawings on the heritage monument, near where the present YMCA building stands, depicts what the old YMCA building looked like previously.
585:
1163:. He had close links with the Imperial Headquarters in Tokyo and enjoyed certain privileges that officers of more senior ranks were not allowed.
908:
647:
1126:
During the early days of the Japanese occupation, an extensive clean-up operation to purge anti-Japanese elements—including former members of
718:
1088:(2007), about his life as a teenager during the Japanese occupation, during which he witnessed the following scene at the Cathay Building:
633:
403:
393:
1643:
1381:. The four columns are a symbolic representation of the four major races of Singapore, namely the Chinese, Malays, Indians and Eurasians.
2022:
1479:
1326:
Plans to rebuild the YMCA premises on the site began in 1969. They came to fruition in 1981, when the Old YMCA Building was demolished.
875:
874:
erected several memorials with some at the former massacre sites. In 1995, the former site of the old YMCA building was gazetted by the
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383:
2077:
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2007:
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The site of this monument lies within the compound of Hong Lim Complex in Chinatown. The inscription on the monument reads:
907:
became the Vice-Minister of War in the 1930s. From 1895 to 1945, the Kempeitai built up a large network of influence in the
2164:
1831:
1068:
Eardrum piercing: The sharp ends of pencils were inserted into the victim's ears until they pierced the victim's eardrums.
811:
782:
269:
1627:
National Heritage Board, "World War II Sites of Singapore – In Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the End of WWII".
1539:
The site of this monument is located off Punggol Road in northeastern Singapore. The inscription on the monument reads:
658:
605:
527:
152:
1514:) was one of the most heavily-used killing grounds where well over a thousand Chinese men and youths lost their lives.
688:
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1551:(auxiliary military police) firing squad. They were among tens of thousands who lost their lives during the Japanese
2134:
1593:
1065:
Tearing out fingernails and toenails: Toothpicks were inserted under the nails before they were torn out by pliers.
777:
299:
557:
1508:
1358:
855:
866:
YMCA building was the site of interrogation and torture of many innocent civilians, including the war heroine
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of Singapore from 1942 to 1945. It was located at the old YMCA building, at the present site of Singapore's
615:
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1647:
1603:
728:
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1413:
1409:
1378:
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at the time of Japan's unconditional surrender to British forces in August 1945 and made his getaway to
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41:
1135:
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uniforms with an armband or were simply dressed in civilian clothes. While officers were armed with a
1557:
1390:
1228:
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Breaking fingers: Sticks were placed between the victim's fingers and squeezed, fracturing the bones.
1020:
1004:) in 1942, the Kempeitai came under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of War in Tokyo. It was led by
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338:
278:
1340:
1216:
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After the war, the main masterminds who were mainly responsible for the Sook Ching massacre, namely
1005:
1314:
1265:
1253:
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Kempeitai officers were trained at special training schools, with the main ones being in Tokyo and
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stick split at the ends to make it pliable and to increase the pain felt by a person who was hit.
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On 15 February every year, memorial services (opened to the public) are held at the memorial.
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348:
17:
2042:
World War II Sites of Singapore – In Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the End of WWII
1044:
described by victims and witnesses during the Singapore Chinese Massacre Trial in 1947 were:
1598:
1580:
1495:(near Camp Site 2) in the eastern part of Singapore. The inscription on the monument reads:
1446:
The site was one of the temporary registration centres of the Japanese Military Police, the
1222:
1160:
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was undertaken. The massacres were executed under the supervision of the Kempeitai with the
801:
1835:
1077:
847:
358:
1343:, had since been sentenced to death by a military court in 1946 after the war. She said:
1318:
The present YMCA building that was rebuilt on the former site of the Kempeitai HQ in 1984
1179:
disguised as a wandering Buddhist monk. He later spent a short spell in China during the
1877:
Foong, "A Shameful Past in Human Memory: A Verbal Account by Elizabeth Choy", pp. 240—6.
1977:
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The Kempeitai was formed as a semi-autonomous unit on 4 January 1881 by order of the
859:
668:
1427:
1417:
897:
879:
123:
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was officially opened on 24 November 1984 on the former site of its old building.
1757:
Chua, Mui Hoong (13 August 2007). "World War II through the eyes of a teenager".
1677:
Lee, "The Fearsome Kempeitai: Fighting The Anti-Japanese Resistance", pp. 234—8.
1168:
904:
323:
1828:
1570:
1543:
On 23 February 1942, some 300–400 Chinese civilians were killed along Punggol
1457:
launched a month-long purge of 'anti-Japanese elements' in an operation named
1353:. It bore the blood of their victims whose lives they could never compensate.
1349:
1140:
1105:
943:, running spy networks and other subversive activities in a year-long course.
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174:
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1188:
1131:
971:
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309:
252:
145:
127:
1110:
1891:
Lee, "Remembering The Hapless Victims of The Fires of History", pp. 327—9.
1476:
screening remains one of their worst memories of the Japanese Occupation.
1176:
1127:
958:(military sword) and a pistol, non-commissioned officers often carried a
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932:
863:
113:
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sticks, whips, wet knotted ropes, belts with buckles or revolver butts.
319:
1453:
On 18 February 1942, three days after the surrender of Singapore, the
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936:
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Military units and formations in British Malaya in World War II
1691:
Modder, "Kempeitai Torture/The Double Tenth Trial", pp. 112—3.
1339:
inquisition. Her tormentor, a Kempeitai warrant officer named
2000:
The Price of Peace – True Accounts of the Japanese Occupation
1958:
The Singapore Chinese Massacre – 18 February to 4 March 1942
1939:
The Syonan Years – Singapore Under Japanese Rule 1942 – 1945
1729:
National Heritage Board, "Kempeitai East District Branch".
2044:. Singapore: National Heritage Board Publicity Committee.
1052:
Beatings: Victims were beaten with metal bars, wooden or
1783:
Modder, "Tsuji: 'Mastermind of The Massacre", pp. 78—82.
1023:, and the Central Police Station. A former residence at
939:. Officers were trained to conduct espionage, weaponry,
2051:
Syonan – My story: The Japanese occupation of Singapore
1389:
The Sook Ching Centre Monument at Hong Lim Complex in
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1406:Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry
1818:Lee, "War Crimes Trials in Singapore", pp. 305—8.
2130:Demolished buildings and structures in Singapore
1703:"Young Men's Christian Association | Infopedia"
1541:
1527:
1497:
1444:
1423:
1345:
1090:
927:Kempeitai officers on board a train, circa 1935
739:2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
2145:Military history of Japan during World War II
1941:. Singapore: National Archives of Singapore.
1747:Uma, "Kempeitai East District Branch", p. 17.
1187:. In 1961, Tsuji disappeared mysteriously in
987:In 1909, the colonial government granted the
819:
8:
1829:http://www.geocities.jp/hhhirofumi/eng18.htm
1225:, commander of the Imperial Guards Division.
1975:Major Yap, Siang Yong; et al. (1992).
1771:Modder, "War Criminals Are Charged", p. 56.
1238:, commander of the Syonan Defence Garrison.
1979:Fortress Singapore – The Battlefield Guide
1779:
1777:
1499:66 male civilians were killed by Japanese
1191:and was officially declared dead in 1968.
1122:operation in Singapore and Malaya in 1942.
826:
812:
263:
31:
2095:Picture archives of the old YMCA building
1904:Registration Centre in Chinatown", p. 72.
1450:, for screening 'anti-Japanese' Chinese.
903:Their political influence increased when
2105:Rudy Mosbergen—"In the Grip of a Crisis"
2053:. Singapore: Times Books International.
1983:. Singapore: Times Books International.
1922:Modder, "Punggol Beach Massacre", p. 67.
1873:
1871:
1687:
1685:
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1491:The site of this monument is located in
1913:Modder, "Changi Beach Massacre", p. 69.
1814:
1812:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1620:
1412:is located in the War Memorial Park at
1219:, commander of the 2nd Field Kempeitai.
277:
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27:Singapore headquarters of the Kempeitai
2180:20th-century architecture in Singapore
1637:
1635:
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909:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1797:Ward, "The killer They called A God".
1725:
1723:
1673:
1671:
1669:
7:
1000:(as Singapore was called during the
1701:Singapore, National Library Board.
1806:Lee, "Col. Tsuji Masanobu", p. 83.
862:. Opened in 1911, the distinctive
251:Kempeitai East District Branch, a
25:
1118:, the primary mastermind for the
2155:Japanese war crimes in Singapore
2125:Japanese occupation of Singapore
2110:Colonel Tsuji Masanobu of Malaya
2040:National Heritage Board (1995).
1852:. YMCA Singapore. Archived from
1573:
1294:; the remaining five were given
1002:Japanese occupation of Singapore
795:
376:British colonial era (1819–1942)
288:
257:Japanese occupation of Singapore
137:1 Orchard Road, Singapore 238824
63:
56:
40:
2019:Singapore 100's Historic Places
1535:Punggol Beach Massacre Monument
1521:Sentosa Beach Massacre Monument
1472:For those who were spared, the
1404:Spearheaded and managed by the
548:Singapore Glass Factory strikes
215:
199:
1487:Changi Beach Massacre Monument
1029:Kempeitai West District Branch
840:Kempeitai East District Branch
84:Kempeitai East District Branch
18:Kempeitai East District Branch
1:
1738:Uma, "Cathay building" p. 17.
2072:. Singapore: Media Masters.
2070:The killer They called A God
2002:. Singapore: Asiapac Books.
1960:. Singapore: Horizon Books.
1377:in the War Memorial Park at
1290:Kawamura and Oishi received
842:was the headquarters of the
659:1969 race riots of Singapore
72:Former location in Singapore
1850:"History of YMCA Singapore"
510:Anti-National Service Riots
2196:
2049:Shinozaki, Mamoru (1982).
1594:Selarang Barracks Incident
1562:— National Heritage Board.
1516:— National Heritage Board.
1438:Sook Ching Centre Monument
1103:
970:The Kempeitai made use of
889:
500:Second Legislative Council
2160:Downtown Core (Singapore)
2140:British rule in Singapore
2100:History of YMCA Singapore
1998:Foong, Choon Han (1997).
558:Pulau Senang prison riots
480:First Legislative Council
175:1.2973861°N 103.8485278°E
51:
39:
1509:Singapore Changi Airport
1134:, and supporters of the
1027:in Chinatown formed the
528:Internal self-government
2023:National Heritage Board
1834:10 January 2017 at the
1480:National Heritage Board
1086:In The Grip of A Crisis
876:National Heritage Board
616:MacDonald House bombing
606:Race riots in Singapore
2150:Massacres in Singapore
1956:Modder, Ralph (2004).
1937:Lee, Geok Boi (2005).
1648:National Library Board
1604:Japanese Cemetery Park
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950:(憲兵隊). They also wore
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586:Singaporean referendum
180:1.2973861; 103.8485278
2017:G. Uma, Devi (2002).
1707:eresources.nlb.gov.sg
1589:Double Tenth Incident
1560:by Japanese soldiers.
1410:Civilian War Memorial
1400:Civilian War Memorial
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1375:Civilian War Memorial
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1336:Double Tenth Incident
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1301:Parit Sulong massacre
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1039:Interrogation methods
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878:as one of the eleven
870:. After the war, the
699:Embassies attack plot
634:Republic of Singapore
452:Double Tenth incident
2165:Museum Planning Area
1856:on 26 September 2007
1558:Upper Serangoon Road
915:and comfort houses.
882:sites of Singapore.
872:Singapore government
802:Singapore portal
576:Merger with Malaysia
339:Kingdom of Singapura
1084:, wrote in a book,
1082:Raffles Institution
966:Informers and spies
852:Japanese occupation
719:Bus drivers' strike
596:Operation Coldstore
490:Maria Hertogh riots
422:Japanese Occupation
394:Straits Settlements
171: /
110:Architectural style
97:General information
2068:Ward, Ian (1992).
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1350:Operation Clean Up
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1201:Tomoyuki Yamashita
1157:Tomoyuki Yamashita
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679:Operation Spectrum
538:Hock Lee bus riots
255:branch during the
2135:1942 in Singapore
1759:The Straits Times
1493:Changi Beach Park
1181:Chinese Civil War
1136:China Relief Fund
983:Old YMCA building
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1930:Bibliography
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1858:. Retrieved
1854:the original
1843:
1823:
1802:
1767:
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1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1642:Wong, Heng.
1623:
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880:World War II
839:
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404:Crown colony
124:Orchard Road
81:Former names
29:
1549:Hojo Kempei
1501:Hojo Kempei
1281: [
1269: [
1257: [
1245: [
1232: [
1169:Philippines
1159:during the
1146:Hojo Kempei
1009: [
905:Hideki Tojo
578:(1963–1965)
530:(1955–1963)
472:(1945–1962)
424:(1942–1945)
324:Long Ya Men
279:History of
240:Floor count
178: /
153:Coordinates
2119:Categories
1902:Sook Ching
1610:References
1553:Sook Ching
1505:Sook Ching
1474:Sook Ching
1459:Sook Ching
1414:Beach Road
1379:Beach Road
1310:Demolition
1303:at Johor.
1210:Sook Ching
1141:Sook Ching
1138:—known as
1120:Sook Ching
1106:Sook Ching
1099:Sook Ching
956:shin guntō
442:Sook Ching
302:(pre-1819)
217:Demolished
105:Demolished
1900:Modder, "
1860:21 August
1545:foreshore
1463:Kempeitai
1455:Kempeitai
1448:Kempeitai
1391:Chinatown
1365:Memorials
1212:in 1947:
1195:Aftermath
1189:Indochina
1132:Force 136
1021:Chinatown
972:informers
948:Kempeitai
892:Kenpeitai
886:Kempeitai
844:Kempeitai
753:2020–2022
713:2009–2010
504:1951–1955
484:1948–1951
408:1867–1942
398:1826–1867
388:1819–1826
363:1528–1819
353:1400–1511
343:1299–1398
310:Srivijaya
281:Singapore
253:Kempeitai
248:Known for
201:Completed
191:Named for
146:Singapore
128:Singapore
1832:Archived
1712:27 March
1658:20 April
1567:See also
1357:The new
1177:Thailand
1128:Dalforce
1114:Colonel
919:Training
864:Art Deco
783:Military
773:Timeline
766:By topic
384:Founding
314:650–1377
270:a series
268:Part of
120:Location
114:Art Deco
1173:Myanmar
320:Temasek
142:Country
134:Address
2076:
2057:
2029:
2006:
1987:
1964:
1945:
1512:runway
1408:, the
1054:bamboo
997:Syonan
960:bamboo
329:Ban Zu
272:on the
209:Opened
102:Status
1615:Notes
1285:]
1273:]
1261:]
1249:]
1236:]
1013:]
952:khaki
937:Korea
933:Keijō
898:Meiji
778:Riots
648:ASEAN
225:Owner
2074:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2027:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1862:2007
1714:2018
1660:2007
1373:The
1203:and
989:YMCA
838:The
743:2018
733:2013
723:2012
703:2001
693:1997
683:1987
673:1974
663:1969
653:1967
620:1965
610:1964
600:1963
590:1962
562:1963
552:1960
542:1955
514:1954
494:1950
456:1943
446:1942
436:1942
229:YMCA
220:1981
212:1911
204:1911
195:YMCA
1547:by
994:In
935:in
858:on
2121::
2025:.
1882:^
1870:^
1811:^
1788:^
1776:^
1722:^
1705:.
1682:^
1668:^
1646:.
1632:^
1478:—
1465:.
1430:.
1283:ja
1271:ja
1259:ja
1247:ja
1234:ja
1130:,
1031:.
1011:ja
322:,
126:,
2082:.
2063:.
2035:.
2012:.
1993:.
1970:.
1951:.
1864:.
1838:]
1761:.
1716:.
1662:.
1482:.
827:e
820:t
813:v
650:)
646:(
326:,
243:3
20:)
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