84:
782:
1238:
66:
481:
357:
635:
1930:
1177:
769:, 4,253 in north China, 1,927 in Korea, 1,094 in south China, 937 in Thailand, 829 in the Philippines, 758 in Malaya, 745 in Formosa, 540 in Burma, 538 in Java, 479 in occupied French Indochina, 387 in Sumatra, 362 in Singapore, 156 in Borneo, and 89 in the South Seas. Included within these numbers were Taiwanese, Malays, Chinese, Cambodians, and Vietnamese. In Indo-China the
42:
3024:
408:
847:
impressed many POWs and civilians into slave labour gangs for war work, and subjected them to torture, including standing inside small cages set on top of red ant nests and lashing to trees with barbed wire. Prisoners were forced to sign non-escape oaths, and those who escaped and were recaptured
859:
in April 1942, captured Allied airmen were accused of intentionally attacking civilians so were treated as war criminals rather than POWs, and were thus made subject to the death penalty. The U.S. airmen captured in China after the raid were subjected to harsh treatment and interrogation by the
1457:
1458:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/29C6E969297882D2AC4ED11AFED4A1F0/S0738248023000524a.pdf/an_instrument_of_military_power_the_development_and_evolution_of_japanese_martial_law_in_occupied_territories_18941945.pdf
590:
suspected an espionage ring operating in Japan, though neither organization shared information with the other. The
Germans began suspecting Sorge, who was posing as a journalist sympathetic to Nazism, was a Soviet agent and in mid-1940 informed the
927:
organized regular and violent reprisals against populations in Japan's occupied territories. After the
Doolittle Raid, it carried out reprisals against thousands of Chinese civilians accused of helping U.S. airmen. In 1942, it carried out the
816:, and suppressing anti-Japanese sentiment. The organization was notorious for its brutality in suppressing dissent, and was responsible for widespread abuses, including forced labor, torture, and executions. Torture methods were taught at
399:
and in conscripting guards for prisoner of war camps. It carried out the empire's policies of suppressing Korean national identity, language, customs, and culture; it also promoted
Japanese organizations and spread pro-Japan
1038:
also organized extensive criminal networks, which extorted vast amounts of money from businesses and civilians in areas where they operated; the forced prostitution system for the
Imperial Army, whose victims were known as
888:; they were paraded through the streets, ridiculed, beaten, and tortured before being doused with petrol and burned alive. In February 1945, six British airmen were captured in southern Burma and interrogated by the
848:
were subjected to beatings and torture as examples in front of other prisoners. 27 percent of Allied POWs taken by Japan during the war died in captivity. Camp guards, often Korean and
Formosan, were also abused by
530:
organization). The two organizations served as public censors and overseers of private morals and thought. All prisoners were presumed guilty on arrest; examinations of suspects took place in secret, and the use of
347:), while the latter was responsible for supply, organization, and training; security; and counter-intelligence. The Navy, seeking to limit Army influence, also maintained its own military police corps, known as the
1026:
in
Jakarta, who treated many of the victims, of deliberately contaminating the vaccines to sabotage labor for the Japanese, and imprisoned him for nine months before beheading him and running over his body with a
2944:
320:
as part of a broader modernization and
Westernization of the Japanese military. Initially, the organization was an elite corps of 349 men, and was tasked with the narrow role of enforcing the new army
896:
officer; their bodies were used for bayonet practice. In May 1945, a U.S. aviator shot down and injured near Saigon in French
Indochina was left untreated for three days before being interrogated by
2217:
2135:
3152:
2939:
828:, burning and scalding, administration of electric shocks, knee joint separation, suspension from ropes, kneeling on sharp edges, fingernail and toenail removal, and digit fracturing.
3012:
956:
executed the Rajah of Loeang and 95 natives from the Loeang and
Sermata Islands for failing to turn over guerrillas who had allegedly assassinated several officers. On 7 July 1945, the
864:; three were sentenced to death and executed in October 1942, while five others had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment. They were subjected to mental torture in the form of
210:
included maintaining military discipline, enforcing conscription laws, protecting vital military zones, and investigating crimes among soldiers. In occupied areas, it also issued
2370:
1877:
804:), and targeted students, farmers, socialists, communists, pacifists, foreign workers, and any showing irreverence for the emperor. In occupied territories and war zones, the
2828:
241:
and civilian internment camps, known for their mistreatment of detainees, and also acted as a political police force in the military and occupied territories. It carried out
747:. In peacetime, officers typically had one year of training, while non-commissioned officers were trained for six months. In 1937, Western sources estimated there were 315
3310:
499:
recruited large numbers of locals in those territories. Taiwanese and
Koreans were extensively used as auxiliaries to guard POWs and police the newly occupied areas in
2974:
603:
investigated and concluded that Sorge was a Soviet spy, and also came to suspect Ozaki, who was arrested on 15 October 1941. Information from his interrogation by the
1904:
3305:
701:, and commanded by a major general or colonel. Each headquarters controlled two to three field offices, each commanded by a lieutenant colonel, 22 field officers (
3320:
3005:
2846:
840:
618:
in 1945, upon which its officers were ordered to disperse and vanish. Nonetheless, many of its former commanders were convicted of war crimes. The post-war
2979:
2360:
2291:
324:
legislation. Under laws passed in 1898 and 1928, the organization functioned in a General Affairs Section and a Service Section; the former took up the
2694:
2304:
2186:
1814:
1023:
909:
843:
of 1929 (not ratified by Japan). A total of 350,000 prisoners were taken and housed in 176 camps in Japan and about 500 in occupied territories. The
3054:
2087:
2077:
535:
to extract confessions of guilt was commonplace. While its suspects were nominally subject to civilian judicial proceedings, they were often denied
2998:
2990:
1882:
1067:
First Field Kempeitai â commanded by Major-General KÅichi Åno from August 1941 to 23 January 1942 and probably based in China with the Japanese
3300:
3142:
2892:
2866:
1436:
1402:
430:, with 18,000 personnel in the area by 1932. Many of Japan's wartime leaders built their reputations and careers as officers in the Manchurian
206:
roles within Japan and its occupied territories, and was notorious for its brutality and role in suppressing dissent. The broad duties of the
2836:
2664:
3264:
3247:
3156:
2420:
2296:
2196:
2181:
2092:
2052:
757:
698:
2679:
1397:
3185:
3062:
2964:
2959:
2176:
3315:
2531:
2526:
2425:
2365:
2156:
2146:
1837:
1724:
1256:
or the cavalry uniform with high black leather boots. Civilian clothes were also authorized with rank badges or the Japanese Imperial
972:
as reprisal for local guerrilla attacks after interrogation, beatings, and the rape of women and children did not elicit information.
1778:
3112:
3089:
1847:
1842:
1224:
936:, arrested and tortured 57 people in response to an Allied raid on Singapore Harbour; 15 of them died in custody. In 1943â1944, the
2871:
2856:
2851:
2561:
2320:
2253:
2042:
1862:
995:. Thousands of uncooperative prisoners and civilians were transported in windowless prison cars to the unit's facility under the
781:
3295:
3100:
2554:
1253:
2576:
1018:
among hundreds of laborers in Java, possibly tied to the biological warfare program, was traced to contaminated vaccines. The
3146:
2934:
2277:
2047:
1852:
1762:
1202:
740:
3237:
3166:
3162:
2861:
2286:
2201:
2191:
2097:
1807:
552:
466:
3122:
2841:
2712:
2166:
2107:
1237:
2516:
3211:
3177:
3081:
2335:
2206:
667:
1187:
1059:
operated commands on the Japanese mainland and throughout all occupied and captured overseas territories during the
607:
implicated Sorge, who was arrested on 18 October. Both men were tried, and executed by hanging on 7 November 1944.
3107:
2803:
2772:
1198:
1101:
713:) commanded by a second lieutenant or warrant officer and 20 other ranks. Each detachment had sections for police (
1206:
1191:
940:
arrested 1,918 persons on Java, of whom 743 died while in custody (439 of whom were executed). In March 1944, the
395:
was instrumental in suppressing Korean opinion and political participation, and played a major role in recruiting
2762:
2757:
2684:
2639:
2619:
2430:
2117:
1909:
1857:
1118:
1074:
619:
495:
As further foreign territories fell under Japanese military occupation during the 1930s and the early 1940s, the
376:
3134:
2876:
2659:
2601:
2549:
2171:
1999:
1800:
1350:
744:
2699:
2571:
2501:
2310:
2062:
1989:
868:. Every airman captured in occupied territory after the raid was starved, interrogated, and tortured by the
480:
356:
2340:
876:
decided that formal trials were a waste of time, and executed airmen (often by beheading) soon after their
440:
3325:
3260:
3243:
2649:
2411:
2375:
2351:
2248:
2233:
2082:
1994:
1089:
435:
336:
332:
273:
191:
89:
3268:
2435:
1897:
1381:
1155:
933:
348:
340:
1088:
Third Field Kempeitai â drawn from a Manchurian Kenpei Training Regiment in July 1941, attached to the
522:
also operated on the Japanese home islands, where it was responsible for maintaining public order as a
1105:
2566:
2390:
2380:
1892:
1392:
1082:
733:
auxiliaries, established under laws in 1919 and 1937, were allowed a highest rank of sergeant major.
173:
1078:
2798:
2745:
2718:
2708:
2654:
2644:
2629:
2581:
2506:
2330:
2009:
2004:
1887:
1752:
1135:
788:
U.S. Army Air Force Lieutenant Robert L. Hite is led from a Japanese transport plane by men of the
634:
203:
3255:
812:, recruiting labor, arresting members of resistances, requisitioning food and supplies, spreading
547:
2767:
2704:
2521:
2491:
2032:
1413:
1265:
1159:
984:
615:
391:, which operated from 1,642 police stations and recruited large numbers of Korean nationals. The
368:
237:
grew rapidly as Japanese militarism expanded. During World War II, the organization ran Japan's
1081:. In January 1944, Malaya came under the responsibility of Third Field Kempeitai Major-General
331:
policy, personnel, discipline, and records functions, as well as political policing within the
3195:
2808:
2496:
2476:
1952:
1872:
1758:
1720:
1428:
1387:
488:
246:
165:
765:
officers and personnel during the war: 10,679 in Japan, 6,115 in central China, 4,946 in the
751:
officers and 6,000 personnel of other ranks; in 1942, the U.S. Army estimated there were 601
709:) commanded by a captain or lieutenant and 65 other ranks, in turn divided into detachments (
2949:
2924:
2669:
2385:
2057:
1423:
1419:
1126:
969:
913:
809:
526:, alongside the civilian Special Higher Police (in the 1920s there were mentions of a joint
508:
450:
1735:
3273:
2969:
2674:
2591:
2511:
1984:
1823:
836:
651:
238:
211:
187:
103:
71:
2919:
2586:
1014:
were conducted on Allied POWs in the southeast Pacific. In February 1944, an outbreak of
1002:
Human Materials Procurement Arm and were subjected to medical experimentation, including
932:, a mass killing in Singapore after it fell to the Japanese, and in October 1943, in the
3048:
2954:
2929:
2813:
2634:
2624:
2481:
2445:
1867:
1783:
1736:
Rabaul Prisoner Compound (Rabaul POW Prison), Casurine Street and Konbue Street, Rabaul
1077:
and based in Singapore from 1942, the unit was under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
949:
865:
856:
785:
693:). When needed, first- and second- class privates were attached from other services. A
582:, which gathered intelligence on Japanese intentions in the Far East. By 1940 both the
512:
500:
477:(1935â1937) and later Minister of War, Prime Minister, and Chief of the General Staff.
3289:
3233:
2541:
2440:
2243:
2161:
2151:
1979:
1944:
1338:
1326:
1257:
1068:
1040:
877:
825:
766:
663:
655:
579:
575:
564:
537:
523:
454:
396:
250:
195:
145:
140:
107:
117:
Various duties, including military, civil, espionage, and counter-intelligence roles
2037:
1914:
821:
560:
321:
219:
2611:
2228:
317:
839:(POW) and civilian internment camps, which treated detainees in violation of the
650:
formed a branch of the IJA through its Administration Bureau, which was led by a
261:
was disbanded after the war, and many of its leaders were tried and convicted of
2689:
2238:
1669:
1176:
1060:
1028:
1003:
945:
801:
470:
384:
214:, recruited labor, arrested resistance, requisitioned food and supplies, spread
99:
2486:
2395:
2102:
1044:
965:
929:
892:
before being lined up on the edge of a trench, blindfolded, and beheaded by a
813:
401:
249:, and violent reprisals and massacres against civilians, as well as procuring
215:
563:
activities. After Tojo was appointed as Vice Minister of War in 1938 and the
2818:
2793:
2788:
2596:
2467:
2072:
1719:, Barbara Gifford Shimer and Guy Hobbs, Equinox Publishing, 2010, pp. 33â34
1330:
1143:
1139:
1007:
880:
had been approved. In December 1944, three U.S. airmen were arrested by the
556:
423:
419:
313:
262:
230:
199:
41:
1268:
on their uniforms and a white armband on the left arm with the characters
2897:
2325:
2016:
1960:
1408:
1010:, and simulated combat wounds. More experiments, also facilitated by the
988:
901:
885:
254:
574:
From 1933 to 1941, the Soviet Union operated a spy ring in Tokyo led by
2067:
1531:
1346:
1318:
1097:
1015:
961:
662:
was answerable to the Ministry of War for regular military duties, the
532:
242:
2750:
1919:
1355:
1342:
1122:
992:
904:. In July 1945, 15 U.S. airmen were captured and interrogated by the
705:), and 352 other ranks. Each field office was divided into sections (
952:
and 23 of his disciples were later executed. In September 1944, the
218:, and suppressed anti-Japanese sentiment. At its peak at the end of
1704:
800:
often assisted local civilian law authorities (though it was not a
773:
particularly recruited from members of the Cao Dai religious sect.
567:
passed an anti-espionage act in 1939 which expanded its power, the
3023:
2112:
1792:
1367:
1314:
1261:
1236:
780:
633:
479:
407:
406:
372:
355:
507:
also carried out recruitment activities among the populations of
1310:
1306:
1093:
948:
in western Java, killing several hundred Muslims; Muslim leader
2994:
1796:
1491:
1489:
1325:
officers on ceremonial occasions. Rank insignia comprised gold
1170:
1158:
from November 1941 to August 1942, when he became head of the
1649:
1647:
979:
was responsible for providing human test subjects, codenamed
551:
military intelligence agency, which reported directly to the
3073:
International Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Collection Unit
912:
on August 6, of which two were possibly clubbed to death at
371:(1904â1905), the Empire of Japan effectively controlled the
792:. Hite was subjected to waterboarding and survived the war.
729:
operated in forward areas as field units. Volunteer ethnic
674:
came under the control of that area's military commander.
272:
also discharged limited military police functions for the
541:(the right to have one's case tried before a court). The
487:
personnel searching captured Chinese soldiers after the
920:, and two were possibly stoned to death by civilians.
449:(1932â1934) and later Vice Minister of War; General
226:
was an extensive corps with about 35,000 personnel.
3226:
3210:
3194:
3176:
3133:
3080:
3061:
3047:
3033:
2912:
2885:
2827:
2781:
2738:
2731:
2610:
2540:
2465:
2458:
2409:
2349:
2275:
2268:
2215:
2133:
2126:
2025:
1972:
1937:
1830:
1384:, the military police of the Imperial Japanese Navy
1063:. The external units operating outside Japan were:
136:
121:
113:
95:
77:
59:
51:
23:
1305:Until 1942, a full dress uniform comprising a red
670:for law administration duties. In war zones, the
2975:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1154:Eleventh Field Kempeitai â commanded by Colonel
414:non-commissioned officers aboard a train in 1935
375:, which was formally annexed into the empire as
2945:German preâWorld War II industrial co-operation
426:. It became a major zone of operations for the
177:
1929:
1361:
1287:
1274:
571:became even more visible and active in Japan.
312:was established on 4 January 1881, during the
286:
31:
3006:
1808:
194:(IJA). The organization also shared civilian
16:Military police of the Imperial Japanese Army
8:
1779:Japanese World War II-era nationalist groups
1692:
1653:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1480:
1468:
1302:which transliterates to "military police".
268:While institutionally part of the Army, the
2292:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
1205:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3013:
2999:
2991:
2735:
2462:
2272:
2130:
1815:
1801:
1793:
1754:Kempeitai: Japan's Dreaded Military Police
1372:, especially when dealing with prisoners.
46:Kempeitai logo found on officers' armbands
40:
3311:Defunct law enforcement agencies of Japan
2695:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2305:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
1225:Learn how and when to remove this message
1134:Eighth Field Kempeitai â attached to the
1108:. By war's end, the unit had 772 members.
1100:from 1942. The unit headquarters were in
1073:Second Field Kempeitai â attached to the
960:killed 600 inhabitants of the village of
761:. Japanese records show a peak of 34,834
461:(1937â1938) and later commander of Tokyo
418:In 1931â1932, Japan invaded and occupied
3055:Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office
2078:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
1264:. Uniformed personnel also wore a black
1117:Sixth Field Kempeitai â attached to the
1104:under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
697:headquarters was established under each
555:; the organizations jointly carried out
300:was based on the Gendarmerie Nationale.
1707:, C Peter Chen, retrieved 9 August 2018
1450:
739:officers were usually graduates of the
595:that Sorge was under surveillance. The
559:, counterintelligence, propaganda, and
363:gendarmes in Japanese-controlled Korea
3306:Defunct Japanese intelligence agencies
2893:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1403:Police services of the Empire of Japan
1345:, while enlisted men had a pistol and
626:, has no jurisdiction over civilians.
20:
3321:Intelligence services of World War II
1664:
1662:
7:
3265:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
3248:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff
3094:Intelligence Security Command (JSDF)
2297:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
2053:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
1532:https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/9885219/1/1
1203:adding citations to reliable sources
908:near Hiroshima; 12 died in the U.S.
758:Handbook on Japanese Military Forces
422:and established the puppet state of
3186:Public Security Intelligence Agency
2965:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
2207:East Asia Development Board (KÅain)
1674:The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
1252:personnel wore either the standard
3203:Security and Intelligence Division
654:general who was answerable to the
404:through Korea's daily newspapers.
14:
3090:Defense Intelligence Headquarters
3070:Intelligence and Analysis Service
1717:The Kenpeitai in Java and Sumatra
968:region of southeast Burma in the
658:. In Japan during peacetime, the
473:, commander of the Kwantung Army
3022:
2665:SovietâJapanese border conflicts
1928:
1175:
1006:, artificially-induced illness,
82:
64:
2680:SovietâJapanese Neutrality Pact
1398:List of Japanese spies, 1930â45
681:was made up of field officers (
642:cadets in Manchuria, late 1930s
434:, including Lieutenant General
339:(IJN) parallel to the civilian
3097:Military Intelligence Command
3028:Japanese intelligence agencies
2935:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
2048:Imperial Rescript on Education
1022:accused Achmad Muchtar of the
944:brutally suppressed a riot in
741:Imperial Japanese Army Academy
685:), non-commissioned officers (
1:
3301:Political repression in Japan
2381:Imperial Way Faction (KÅdÅha)
2287:Imperial General Headquarters
1878:Foreign commerce and shipping
1047:radio propaganda broadcasts.
666:for civil police duties, and
553:Imperial General Headquarters
445:, commander of the Manchukuo
233:, the size and duties of the
126:
3034:Cabinet Intelligence Council
2713:Hirohito surrender broadcast
2108:Greater East Asia Conference
835:also ran Japan's network of
808:was responsible for issuing
253:and human test subjects for
3063:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2093:Supreme Court of Judicature
1337:officers were armed with a
622:military police corps, the
229:Founded in 1881 during the
178:
3342:
3240:, Foreign Affairs Division
3108:Fleet Intelligence Command
3040:Joint Intelligence Council
2804:Second Philippine Republic
2577:ManchuriaâMongolia problem
1438:The Man in the High Castle
1162:Kempeitai Southern Section
910:atomic bombing of the city
469:; and notoriously General
387:organization known as the
3316:Defunct military provosts
2685:Japan during World War II
2640:Pacification of Manchukuo
2532:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
2527:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2396:Control Faction (TÅseiha)
2118:Imperial Japanese Airways
1926:
1738:, retrieved 9 August 2018
1362:
1288:
1275:
983:('logs'), for the Army's
777:Activities and war crimes
689:) and superior privates (
630:Organization and strength
515:, and other territories.
287:
169:
39:
32:
30:
2660:Second Sino-Japanese War
2602:Racial Equality Proposal
2182:Agriculture and Commerce
1317:and trousers with black
1245:sergeant major's uniform
638:Graduation ceremony for
545:had close ties with the
383:developed into a unique
2572:Washington Naval Treaty
2517:AngloâJapanese Alliance
2502:First Sino-Japanese War
2321:Nuclear weapons program
2063:Great Japan Youth Party
1990:National seals of Japan
1405:(KeishichÅ, until 1945)
1131:Seventh Field Kempeitai
987:research program under
721:), and special duties (
143:(Japanese home islands)
3296:Imperial Japanese Army
3261:Imperial Japanese Navy
3244:Imperial Japanese Army
3153:Public Security Bureau
3119:Air Intelligence Wing
2650:Motherland controversy
2620:ShÅwa financial crisis
2412:Imperial Japanese Navy
2352:Imperial Japanese Army
2083:Peace Preservation Law
1260:worn under the jacket
1246:
1241:A mannequin wearing a
1111:Fourth Field Kempeitai
820:schools, and included
793:
643:
492:
415:
364:
337:Imperial Japanese Navy
333:Imperial Japanese Army
318:Great Council of State
274:Imperial Japanese Navy
192:Imperial Japanese Army
148:(overseas territories)
90:Imperial Japanese Army
3238:Special Higher Police
2562:Siberian Intervention
2371:Railways and Shipping
2187:Commerce and Industry
1883:Industrial production
1757:. Sutton Publishing.
1751:Lamont-Brown (1998).
1705:Malaya in World War 2
1382:Tokubetsu Keisatsutai
1240:
1151:Tenth Field Kempeitai
1148:Ninth Field Kempeitai
1114:Fifth Field Kempeitai
1043:; and the all-female
934:Double Tenth incident
784:
637:
483:
467:Eastern District Army
410:
359:
341:Special Higher Police
3163:Security departments
3135:Police organizations
2980:Political dissidence
2829:Occupied territories
2567:General Election Law
2391:Taiwan Army of Japan
1422:responsible for the
1393:History of espionage
1199:improve this section
614:was disbanded after
436:Toranosuke Hashimoto
379:in 1910. The Korean
204:counter-intelligence
3212:Ministry of Finance
3178:Ministry of Justice
3082:Ministry of Defense
2799:Wang Jingwei regime
2709:Potsdam Declaration
2700:SovietâJapanese War
2655:Anti-Comintern Pact
2645:January 28 incident
2630:London Naval Treaty
2507:Triple Intervention
2336:Supreme War Council
2220:deliberative bodies
1641:, pp. 101â106.
1617:, pp. 118â124.
1545:, pp. 140â141.
1522:, pp. 164â165.
1416:(Kempeitai founder)
1321:was authorized for
1294:, together read as
1254:M1938 field uniform
900:, then killed with
872:; by May 1945, the
717:), administration (
668:Ministry of Justice
620:Self-Defense Forces
453:, commander of the
280:corps was called a
2522:Russo-Japanese War
2492:Two Lords Incident
2147:Imperial Household
1414:Fukushima Yasumasa
1247:
1156:ShÅshichi Kamisago
985:biological warfare
794:
644:
493:
416:
369:Russo-Japanese War
365:
316:, by order of the
276:. A member of the
247:summary executions
3283:
3282:
3219:Research Division
3196:Japan Coast Guard
2988:
2987:
2960:Socialist thought
2908:
2907:
2847:Dutch East Indies
2809:Empire of Vietnam
2727:
2726:
2497:Satsuma Rebellion
2477:Meiji Restoration
2454:
2453:
2264:
2263:
2202:Greater East Asia
2088:Political parties
2043:Foreign relations
1695:, pp. 50â51.
1693:Lamont-Brown 1998
1654:Lamont-Brown 1998
1639:Lamont-Brown 1998
1627:Lamont-Brown 1998
1615:Lamont-Brown 1998
1605:, pp. 18â20.
1603:Lamont-Brown 1998
1591:Lamont-Brown 1998
1579:Lamont-Brown 1998
1569:, pp. 35â40.
1567:Lamont-Brown 1998
1555:Lamont-Brown 1998
1543:Lamont-Brown 1998
1520:Lamont-Brown 1998
1510:, pp. 89â97.
1508:Lamont-Brown 1998
1498:, pp. 62â65.
1496:Lamont-Brown 1998
1483:, pp. 86â87.
1481:Lamont-Brown 1998
1469:Lamont-Brown 1998
1388:Internal security
1235:
1234:
1227:
993:Harbin, Manchuria
841:Geneva Convention
616:Japan's surrender
152:
151:
3333:
3227:Defunct agencies
3027:
3026:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2950:Shinmin no Michi
2940:Internment camps
2852:French Indochina
2736:
2582:TaishÅ Democracy
2463:
2386:Japanese holdout
2273:
2197:Colonial Affairs
2131:
2058:Yokusan Sonendan
1964:
1956:
1948:
1932:
1931:
1858:Economic history
1817:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1768:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1424:Amakasu Incident
1420:Masahiko Amakasu
1371:
1365:
1364:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1230:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1179:
1171:
1127:Papua New Guinea
1106:Kuzumi Kenzaburo
1024:Eykman Institute
1001:
970:Kalagon massacre
914:Hiroshima Castle
786:Doolittle Raider
755:officers in its
745:Army War College
509:French Indochina
465:(1938â1940) and
451:Shizuichi Tanaka
444:
373:Korean Peninsula
330:
292:
290:
289:
185:
184:
181:
171:
131:
128:
88:
86:
85:
70:
68:
67:
44:
35:
34:
21:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3276:(feudal period)
3267:(3rd Section),
3222:
3206:
3190:
3172:
3143:Security Bureau
3129:
3076:
3057:
3043:
3029:
3021:
3019:
2989:
2984:
2970:Yasukuni Shrine
2904:
2881:
2823:
2777:
2723:
2675:Tripartite Pact
2670:Rape of Nanking
2606:
2592:Tapani incident
2536:
2512:Boxer Rebellion
2470:
2450:
2414:
2405:
2354:
2345:
2280:
2260:
2254:Representatives
2222:
2219:
2218:Legislative and
2211:
2177:Foreign Affairs
2140:
2137:
2122:
2021:
2000:Government Seal
1985:Rising Sun Flag
1968:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1933:
1924:
1826:
1824:Empire of Japan
1821:
1784:U.S. Report on
1775:
1765:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1378:
1359:
1309:, gold and red
1285:
1272:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1196:
1180:
1169:
1083:Masanori Kojima
1053:
999:
866:mock executions
837:prisoner of war
779:
727:Yasen Kempeitai
699:army of the IJA
656:Minister of War
652:provost marshal
632:
528:TokkÅâKempeitai
489:Fall of Nanking
438:
389:Kempei keisatsu
361:Kempei keisatsu
328:
306:
284:
239:prisoner of war
188:military police
182:
163:
155:
146:Ministry of War
144:
129:
104:Military police
83:
81:
72:Empire of Japan
65:
63:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3339:
3337:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3271:
3258:
3241:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3150:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3049:Cabinet Office
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
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2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2814:State of Burma
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Musha Incident
2632:
2627:
2625:Jinan incident
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
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2557:
2546:
2544:
2538:
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2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Beipu uprising
2479:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2446:Treaty Faction
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Imperial Guard
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2136:Administration
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1773:External links
1771:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1725:978-6028397100
1709:
1697:
1685:
1658:
1643:
1631:
1629:, p. 100.
1619:
1607:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1374:
1327:Austrian knots
1233:
1232:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1132:
1129:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1086:
1079:Oishi Masayuki
1071:
1052:
1049:
950:Zainal Mustafa
878:courts-martial
857:Doolittle Raid
810:travel permits
796:In Japan, the
778:
775:
631:
628:
501:Southeast Asia
367:Following the
305:
302:
212:travel permits
153:
150:
149:
138:
134:
133:
125:about 35,000 (
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
97:
93:
92:
79:
75:
74:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3338:
3327:
3326:Secret police
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:Home Ministry
3232:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3164:
3161:
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3148:
3144:
3141:
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3136:
3132:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3093:
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3068:
3066:
3064:
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3056:
3052:
3050:
3046:
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3036:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
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2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Fukoku kyÅhei
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
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2873:
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2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:Puppet states
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
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2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
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2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Fleet Faction
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:General Staff
2419:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:General Staff
2359:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:military code
2313:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:Imperial Diet
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Privy Council
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:Home Ministry
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Imperial Seal
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Flag of Japan
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1656:, p. 43.
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1593:, p. 35.
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:, p. 33.
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:, p. 17.
1556:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1471:, p. 16.
1470:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1431:
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1215:November 2023
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1092:and based in
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1080:
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1070:
1069:Kwantung Army
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1041:comfort women
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565:National Diet
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538:habeas corpus
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3256:Tokumu Kikan
3251:
2913:Other topics
2749:
2587:TaishÅ Roman
2400:
2341:Conscription
2311:
2303:
2278:Armed Forces
2138:(ministries)
2038:Charter Oath
2033:Constitution
1915:State Shinto
1898:Essentialism
1848:Demographics
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1677:. Retrieved
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1292:, 'soldier')
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1197:Please help
1185:
1056:
1054:
1051:Active units
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996:
980:
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975:The Chinese
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561:fifth-column
548:Tokumu Kikan
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220:World War II
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159:
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137:Part of
24:
18:
2955:ShÅwa Modan
2930:HakkÅ ichiu
2867:Philippines
2754:after 1943)
2732:Territories
2690:Pacific War
2550:World War I
2426:Air Service
2366:Air Service
2239:Gozen Kaigi
1955:(Yoshihito)
1947:(Mutsuhito)
1893:Nationalism
1838:Agriculture
1745:Works cited
1670:"Kempeitai"
1440:(TV series)
1432:(TV series)
1061:Pacific War
1029:steamroller
1004:vivisection
946:Tasikmalaya
802:gendarmerie
471:Hideki Tojo
439: [
385:gendarmerie
130: 1945
100:Gendarmerie
3290:Categories
2719:Occupation
2542:TaishÅ era
2487:Boshin War
2331:War crimes
2127:Government
2103:Tonarigumi
2010:Privy Seal
2005:State Seal
1963:(Hirohito)
1888:Militarism
1843:Censorship
1764:0750915668
1679:2023-05-09
1446:References
1366:, 'bamboo
1353:carried a
1331:epaulettes
1311:waist sash
1045:Tokyo Rose
1012:Kempeitai,
930:Sook Ching
855:After the
814:propaganda
723:tokumu han
719:naikin han
503:, and the
402:propaganda
335:(IJA) and
263:war crimes
216:propaganda
3269:Tokkeitai
3252:Kempeitai
2920:SonnÅ jÅi
2872:Singapore
2857:Hong Kong
2819:Azad Hind
2794:Mengjiang
2789:Manchukuo
2763:KantÅ-shÅ«
2705:Surrender
2612:ShÅwa era
2597:Truku War
2468:Meiji era
2436:Tokkeitai
2401:Kempeitai
2312:Senjinkun
2229:DaijÅ-kan
2192:Munitions
2073:Mokusatsu
1863:Education
1349:. Junior
1335:Kempeitai
1323:Kempeitai
1250:Kempeitai
1243:Kempeitai
1186:does not
1144:Indonesia
1140:Halmahera
1121:based at
1090:16th Army
1075:25th Army
1057:Kempeitai
1036:Kempeitai
1020:Kempeitai
1008:frostbite
997:Kempeitai
977:Kempeitai
958:Kempeitai
954:Kempeitai
942:Kempeitai
938:Kempeitai
925:Kempeitai
918:Kempeitai
906:Kempeitai
898:Kempeitai
894:Kempeitai
890:Kempeitai
882:Kempeitai
874:Kempeitai
870:Kempeitai
862:Kempeitai
850:Kempeitai
845:Kempeitai
833:Kempeitai
818:Kempeitai
806:Kempeitai
798:Kempeitai
790:Kempeitai
771:Kempeitai
763:Kempeitai
753:Kempeitai
749:Kempeitai
737:Kempeitai
731:Kempeitai
715:keimu han
711:bunkentai
695:Kempeitai
679:Kempeitai
672:Kempeitai
660:Kempeitai
648:Kempeitai
640:Kempeitai
612:Kempeitai
597:Kempeitai
593:Kempeitai
584:Kempeitai
569:Kempeitai
557:espionage
543:Kempeitai
520:Kempeitai
505:Kempeitai
497:Kempeitai
485:Kempeitai
475:Kempeitai
463:Kempeitai
459:Kempeitai
447:Kempeitai
432:Kempeitai
428:Kempeitai
424:Manchukuo
420:Manchuria
412:Kempeitai
393:Kempeitai
381:Kempeitai
350:Tokkeitai
326:Kempeitai
314:Meiji era
310:Kempeitai
298:Kempeitai
278:Kempeitai
270:Kempeitai
259:Kempeitai
235:Kempeitai
231:Meiji era
224:Kempeitai
208:Kempeitai
200:espionage
179:Kenpeitai
160:Kempeitai
55:1881â1945
25:Kempeitai
3274:Rokuhara
2898:Yen bloc
2886:Ideology
2877:Thailand
2746:Karafuto
2739:Colonies
2326:Kamikaze
2269:Military
2172:Treasury
2026:Policies
2017:Kimigayo
1938:Emperors
1905:Politics
1873:Eugenics
1831:Overview
1409:Unit 100
1376:See also
1279:, 'law')
1160:1st Army
1136:2nd Army
989:Unit 731
966:Moulmein
902:procaine
886:Hangzhou
822:flogging
687:kashikan
624:Keimutai
255:Unit 731
186:was the
166:Japanese
3250:(G-2),
2459:History
2431:Marines
2068:Kokutai
1973:Symbols
1953:TaishÅ
1910:Statism
1853:Economy
1370:sword')
1347:bayonet
1319:facings
1300:kenpei,
1266:chevron
1207:removed
1192:sources
1167:Uniform
1102:Batavia
1098:Sumatra
1016:tetanus
964:in the
962:Kalagon
916:by the
691:jotohei
533:torture
491:in 1937
304:History
243:torture
190:of the
174:Hepburn
60:Country
2862:Malaya
2837:Borneo
2773:Taiwan
2768:Nan'yÅ
2758:ChÅsen
2751:naichi
1961:ShÅwa
1945:Meiji
1920:Kazoku
1868:System
1788:(1945)
1786:Kempei
1761:
1723:
1356:shinai
1343:pistol
1296:kempei
1123:Rabaul
1000:'s
981:maruta
707:buntai
513:Malaya
377:ChÅsen
329:'s
282:kempei
257:. The
222:, the
202:, and
87:
78:Branch
69:
52:Active
3123:JASDF
3113:JMSDF
3101:JGSDF
2842:Burma
2555:Entry
2249:Peers
2113:Senbu
2098:TokkÅ
1430:Tenko
1368:kendo
1315:tunic
1262:lapel
991:near
703:sakan
683:sakan
605:TokkÅ
601:TokkÅ
588:TokkÅ
443:]
345:TokkÅ
3157:TMPD
2167:Navy
2162:Army
1759:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1351:NCOs
1341:and
1329:and
1307:kepi
1281:and
1190:any
1188:cite
1096:and
1094:Java
1055:The
1034:The
923:The
831:The
677:The
646:The
610:The
599:and
586:and
578:and
518:The
308:The
296:The
157:The
122:Size
114:Role
106:and
96:Type
3167:PPH
3147:NPA
2157:War
1298:or
1283:hei
1270:ken
1201:by
1138:on
884:at
743:or
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