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population. Research showed that because of the massive amount of water to be transmitted to the coast, there would be a loss of water during the spring and summer months, causing reduced flow. Close to 100 percent of the river's estimated mean annual flow was diverted into the reservoir during the four-year period. 627 million cubic feet of water were withdrawn from the river daily. Therefore, the
Nechako riverbed would be affected, as well as causing a rise in water temperatures, which would make summer migration for salmon more difficult. In the process of dam development, water temperatures exceeded 20 degrees Celsius, and the safest levels for sockeye salmon is 14 degrees Celsius. Although the Nechako River temperatures became too high, the dam reservoir water temperatures were too low, and contained too high of levels of nitrogen and not enough oxygen for salmon.
595:. Both parties armed with their own scientists. While the trial was briefly commenced in 1987, it was ultimately settled out of court through negotiations involving Alcan, the provincial government and the federal government, resulting in the 1987 settlement agreement. Aspects of the agreement include: Alcan could build a cold water release valve in the Nechako Reservoir to cool the water temperature for migrating salmon and, in turn, release a smaller volume of water, and the company gave up its water rights to the Nanika River. In addition, the federal and provincial governments agreed to allow Alcan to proceed with a modified version of its completion project. Critics and opposition governments accused all three parties of not doing a proper environmental assessment.
517:
beavers, Canada geese, ducks, moose, and about 100 trumpeter swans, equivalent to one eighth of Canada's swan population. The
Nechako Reservoir took four years to fill, during these four year there was no flow running from the Nechako Reservoir for 50 miles between the dam and the Nautley River. The fish left in this section of the river remained trapped and died. Local animals that relied on that section of the river were also forced to migrate. In the first two years of operation, smelter emissions from the new Aluminum plant in Kitimat were believed to have caused further forest depletion, health problems for local workers, and harm on aquatic ecosystems.
480:, along with their ability to have a third-party advisor. The Cheslatta people also claimed that Alcan had assured them most grave sites would be unaffected by rising water levels, however any grave sites running the risk of inundation would be transferred to higher grounds and the Cheslatta would be informed. Alcan, however, claimed that the Cheslatta had agreed to flooding the grave sites, so long as two recent graves were moved and commemorative markers were placed above the flood waters. In accordance with this understanding, Alcan moved two graves while the rest of the grave markers were burned.
42:
571:. In 1978, when the project went forward, Alcan was able to run energy directly into the province's power grid. Because the BC Hydro grid is linked to the North American grid, Alcan began selling energy to Alberta and the United States. In order to meet the energy demands in its new market, Alcan began diverting more water into its reservoir, resulting in lower water levels in the Nechako River. The decrease in water levels provided an increase the water temperatures. By 1980 water temperatures in the Nechako River had risen above what
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12% reduction in the
Nechako River water levels. To avoid increased tensions Alcan accepted annual renewals of a court injunction setting water flows from 1980 until 1985, while the DFO performed studies on the potential effects on the Nechako's salmon population. In 1985, Alcan refused to consent to the renewal of the injunction, and DFO brought a claim against Alcan in the
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In order to create the correct balance, it was suggested that Alcan needed to draw water from both the centre and the surface of the reservoir, then run the water through "a hallow cone valve and over a baffle-clock spillway to reduce the amount of nitrogen". Second delays in the construction were due to a decrease in the demand of aluminum and a decrease in the economy.
449:
their community. The
Cheslatta people were compensated an average of $ 77/hectare with no payment covering moving expenses, compared to non-native individuals who received relocation compensation of $ 1,544/hectare along with covered moving expenses. It was only a year after the Murray Dam was constructed that the band members received their compensation payments.
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575:(DFO) consider to be safe for migrating and spawning salmon. In response to the DFO studies, the federal government asked Alcan to increase water flow from the Nechako Reservoir into the river, but Alcan declined. This led to the "constitutional battle" over who controls the flow of water in the Nechako River.
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Alcan has not built the cold water release facility outlined in the 1987 settlement agreement, and as such has not reduced the amount of water released in to the
Nechako water system. Studies showed that the water in the reservoir was too cold and contained too much nitrogen, while not enough oxygen.
448:
documents, the
Cheslatta people asked for $ 108,000 in compensation along with payments for their new land, traplines and monthly pensions, however requests were denied and claims were dismissed. Payments in the form of money were demanded for their new land and any constructional improvements within
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After two years of negotiations between Alcan and the BC government, the two parties signed the 1997 settlement agreement. Alcan committed to spending $ 50 million on a cold water release facility at Kenney Dam. In addition, the government paid Alcan $ 500 million for what the company had previously
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Alcan had originally proposed that the BC government build the dam and the company buy the electricity from the province, but the government declined. Instead, Alcan signed the Kemano I agreement with the province on
December 29, 1950 which granted the company rights to divert water from the Nechako
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Although there was a general public acceptance of the proposed hydroelectric dam and smelter plant in the Fraser River region, the fisheries sector was outspoken about the dam's potential effects on salmon reproductive patterns. Hydroelectric development in the region was seen in the media as being
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people were given approximately 10 days notice before they were relocated to live in overcrowded tents at a temporary location 30 miles north of their reserves in Grassy Plains. They were responsible for transporting their own belongings by means of wagons and consequently were forced to leave most
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Controversies began in 1980, starting with the DFO and the federal government when they realized Alcan was going to go ahead with the Kemano
Completion project without addressing the existing water level and temperature concerns. The proposed Kemano Completion Project would result in an additional
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introduced special legislation authorizing the provincial cabinet to do what it thought necessary to establish a new aluminum industry in BC. For its part, Alcan was concerned with locating its energy-intensive aluminum smelters in close proximity to an inexpensive source of hydroelectric power.
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Due to these concerns, the DFO asked Alcan to assist the river's flow during the summer months. Eventually both parties agreed to an extra spillway on
Cheslatta Lake that would promote the natural flow of the river during these dry periods. The Cheslatta, a tributary of the Nechako, would hold a
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Construction of the dam involved flooding 32,000 acres of land in order to create the
Nechako Reservoir. This flooding impacted surrounding agricultural land and caused the loss of 8.7 million cubic meters of timber. The reservoir also disrupted existing ecosystems, and impacted animals such as
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records show unanimous support by the Cheslatta people for the surrender of their territory, however many band members state that no formal assent was conducted and the signatures on documents are forged by Indian affairs officials. It is also widely debated whether or not the legal rights of the
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In the early 1990s there were increased objections to the completion project, both from the public and the newly elected NDP provincial government, and in 1993 the BC Utilities Commission was directed to conduct public hearings. The hearings began January 17, 1994. They looked at the design and
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The staff at the IPSFC and the DFO surveyed the Nechako River and discovered that the loss of salmon spawning grounds would not be the main threat to sockeye populations in dam construction. Rather, it was the diversion of the river's natural flow that would cause the most impact to the sockeye
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Construction of the dam and its associated facilities began in 1951 and continued until 1967, although the dam became operational in 1954. The dam, located in the Canyon of the Nechako River, is a rock-filled, clay-core dam measuring 97 metres high and 457 metres wide (at the top). Construction
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people for at least 10,000 years, were flooded and caused the relocation of approximately 200 Cheslatta people. Villages were demolished and burned prior to the flooding with most families unable to return to collect their belongings and as water levels rose, it has been noted that coffins and
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of their traditional possessions behind. After months of living in poor conditions at the temporary location sites, the Cheslatta people were eventually resettled on marginal farms scattered over large areas, which proved disconcerting for this once close-knit community. According to
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filled from 1952 to 1957, flooding a series of lakes in the drainage basin of the upper Nechako River. The water of the reservoir filled an area of 92,000 hectares. However, the level of the reservoir can vary by more than 3 metres depending on rainfall and power generation needs.
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to help cool water temperatures in the upper Nechako River in order to minimize the impact on salmon spawning from the development of the Kenney Dam. As a result of the discharged water from the Murray Dam and the spillway, the traditional lands which had been home to the
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The dam, which sits at the east end of the reservoir, forms part of a hydroelectric complex which also includes the Skins Lake spillway, which regulates water levels both in the reservoir and downstream. On the west side of the reservoir, a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) long
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construction of the plans for the facilities required for the completion project, hydrology impacts, fishery impacts, and the economic impacts for the people in the surrounding areas. In 1995, due to the potential and unresolved impacts on the salmon fishery, BC Premier
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spawned in the region, the provincial government eliminated the site from the proposal. In 1948, following feasibility studies, Alcan decided to pursue a project on the Nechako River to power a large aluminum smelter to be located at the new townsite of
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filed a Statement of Claim with the Supreme Court of British Columbia disputing all agreements and licenses issued to Alcan by the Federal and Provincial governments. The appeal was dismissed in Alcan's favour with no further legal actions in effect.
321:, tax exemptions, and favourable water rental rates. Alcan also received timber rights and mineral rights on the Crown land that was flooded, and was given the opportunity to purchase land for the townsite of Kitimat at a rate of $ 1.60 per acre.
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disruptive to important Fraser salmon spawning areas. There were limitations to long-term streamflow and ecosystems data in the Fraser River and its tributaries, which has made specific impacts of river diversion hard to evaluate.
258:), although in the late 1980s the company increased their economic activity by selling excess electricity across North America. The development of the dam caused various environmental problems along with the displacement of the
309:. A public opinion poll taken in 1949 indicated that an overwhelming majority of British Columbians supported the Alcan's plans for hydroelectric development on the Nechako. Support was not universal, however: for example, the
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announced the cancellation of the Kemano Completion Project. However, Alcan had already invested $ 1.3 billion in the Kemano Completion Project and in 1987 had been given permission to continue with the project.
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as a result of their poor living conditions. Requests for assistance in health care, education and housing were denied until 1964 when the relocation sites were officially turned into federal reserves.
859:
Windsor, J.E.; McVey, J.A. (2005). "Annihilation of Both Place and Sense of Place: The Experience of the Cheslatta T'En Canadian First Nation within the context of Large-Scale Environmental Projects".
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spillway and reservoir to supply the water needed in sockeye migration during the summer months. The river regained between 60 and 70 percent of flow, three years after the spillway was implemented.
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finalized the transfer of approximately 11,000 acres of land to the Cheslatta Carrier Nation. The Cheslatta received the land as a form of freehold ownership with an estimated value of $ 1.2 million
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above the dam and Nanika River downstream of Nanika Falls, permission to dam the Nechako and divert a portion of the original flow through a tunnel to a hydroelectric facility at
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to explore the potential of various sites around the country for hydroelectric power generation. British Columbia was particularly interested in attracting the aluminum industry.
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The Cheslatta Surrender. A Legal Analysis of a Surrender Given by the Cheslatta Carrier Nation to Her Majesty in Right of the Government of Canada on the 21st of April 1952
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Harrison, Kathryn (1996). "Environmental Protection in British Columbia: Postmaterial Values, Organized Interests, and Party Politics". In Carty, R. Kenneth (ed.).
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benefits. Their traditional practices became increasingly difficult as they were forced to conform to a new way of living and consequently death tolls rose from
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was no longer producing energy solely for Kitimat's aluminum smelter. The company had begun selling the extra energy produced by the Kenney Dam to
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The Cheslatta people were also regulated on where to hunt and when to fish which combined with the land payments forced many people to seek
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In the late 1970s Alcan announced the Kemano Completion Project. The project would construct a second tunnel from the Nechako Reservoir to
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Wellington, Alex; Greenbaum, Allan Jacob; Cragg, Wesley (1997). "Canadian Issues in Environmental Ethics". Peterborough: Broadview Press.
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fraud, duress and breach of trust, however the case was settled out of court for slightly less than $ 7 million. In 1998, Members of the
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to delay their proposed $ 100 million project by 10 years. BC Hydro's proposed project would improve the power transmission system from
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skeletons from their traditional grave sites were washed away with skeletal remains being allegedly found in and around Cheslatta Lake.
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Environment Canada. Threats to Water Availability in Canada, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Canada, 2004), 4.
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246:, which is also commonly known as the Ootsa Lake Reservoir. The dam was constructed to power an aluminum smelter in
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Cheslatta people were presented as many claim that they were unaware of their power to refuse the requests of the
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in the 1960s, the Kenney Dam was the largest rockfill dam in the world. The dam was named for the Hon.
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1322:"Engineers Invade Another Wilderness – Huge Canadian Power Project Marks 20th Century Frontier Boom"
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Concurrent with the hydroelectric development of the Nechako, the Alcan smelter, and townsite of
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region was the original proposed site for the Kenney Dam, but due to preliminary calculations by
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381:. The basic design of the Kenney Dam-Kemano power station inspired a similar development in
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Potential Effects of the Kemano Completion Project on Fraser River Sockeye and Pink Salmon
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Christensen, Bev (1995), "Too Good to Be True: Alcan's Kemano Completion Project",
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350:, then-Minister of Lands and Forests in the government of Premier Byron Johnson.
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555:, a publicly owned company. By 1968, Alcan was producing enough energy to allow
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242:, built in the early 1950s. The impoundment of water behind the dam forms the
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1200:"Rio Tinto Alcan returns Cheslatta Carrier Nation's traditional territory"
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McNaughton, W.J.W. (April 1960). "Bersimis: The Development of a River".
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421:(DIA), the Murray Dam and the Skins spillway were constructed across the
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In 1990, the Cheslatta filed a $ 122 million court case against the
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Following the Second World War, the Canadian government invited the
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Analysis of a Cold Water Release Facility in the Nechako Reservoir.
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Fish Versus Power: An Environmental History of the Fraser River
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showing that the Chilko Lake held up to three-quarters of the
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Rio Tinto Alcan. "Power Operations/Watershed Management".
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running through the Coast Mountain range brings water to
1266:(Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University Library, 2005), 1.
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and it would extend the transmission system further to
802:"Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples"
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for a 2,600-foot (790 m) vertical drop to the 8
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below the dam to stabilize the foundation. Until the
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Politics, Policy, and Government in British Columbia
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1249:International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission.
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1172:. British Columbia Court of Appeal. Archived from
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330:involved over 3 million cubic metres of material.
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313:objected to the use of a salmon river for power.
311:International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission
1640:Hydroelectric power stations in British Columbia
1276:Rio Tinto Alcan. "History in BC. - Background".
1614:Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal
1167:"Cheslatta Carrier Nation v. British Columbia"
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1278:Rio Tinto Alcan Primary Metal BC Operations
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1076:Rio Tinto Alcan Primary Metal BC Operations
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56:Location of Kenney Dam in British Columbia
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325:Construction and technical specifications
1665:1954 establishments in British Columbia
1619:North American Water and Power Alliance
950:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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262:, whose traditional land was flooded.
192:32.7 km (26,500,000 acre⋅ft)
7:
1561:(Julian, Kanairiktok & Naskaupi)
1330:article on the Kemano Hydro Project
1120:Royal Canadian Geographical Society
277:Aluminum Company of Canada (Alcan)
48:
14:
1339:, December 1953, pp. 96–104.
593:Supreme Court of British Columbia
389:, built between 1953 and 1956 by
873:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00156.x
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404:Relocation of the Cheslatta T'En
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16:Dam in British Columbia, Canada
1670:Privately owned dams in Canada
1047:'. Accessed: 16 February 2012.
478:Government of British Columbia
409:Flooding of First Nations land
1:
1153:The Cheslatta Story: In Brief
1112:Canadian Geographical Journal
1064:. Accessed: 16 February 2012.
1012:. Accessed: 16 February 2012.
990:Nechako Canyon Protected Area
680:Nechako Canyon Protected Area
387:Bersimis-1 generating station
70:Fraser Lake, British Columbia
1334:"Colossus in the Wilderness"
419:Department of Indian Affairs
1374:Interbasin water diversions
573:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
435:Relocation and compensation
415:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
294:Fisheries and Oceans Canada
260:Cheslatta T'En First Nation
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348:Edward Tourtellotte Kenney
169:457 m (1,499 ft)
1434:Columbia-Kootenay (canal)
946:Evenden, Matthew (2004).
690:Kitimat, British Columbia
612:invested in the project.
579:Kemano Completion Project
379:Kemano Generating Station
271:Selection of the dam site
248:Kitimat, British Columbia
35:
26:
1645:Dams in British Columbia
995:. Accessed 9 March 2012.
861:The Geographical Journal
685:Kemano, British Columbia
498:Cheslatta Carrier Nation
334:was injected in bedrock
1549:Saint John Water Supply
1253:. (New Westminster), 3.
976:. Vancouver: UBC Press.
660:Renewable energy portal
547:Starting in the 1960s,
213:Installed capacity
161:97 m (318 ft)
1660:Dams completed in 1954
1324:, by Richard Neuberger
1240:Environment Canada, 4.
910:Cite journal requires
484:Subsequent settlements
101:53.57917°N 124.95000°W
1028:BC Geographical Names
714:BC Geographical Names
512:Environmental impacts
504:On January 30, 2012,
281:Premier Byron Johnson
139:Type of dam
1457:Squamish (Cheakamus)
1429:Southern Indian Lake
1179:on 23 September 2015
521:Impacts on fisheries
353:Behind the dam, the
340:W. A. C. Bennett Dam
143:Rock-fill embankment
106:53.57917; -124.95000
1559:Smallwood Reservoir
1151:Wagg, Dana (1993).
812:on 25 November 2003
709:"Nechako Reservoir"
490:Canadian government
189:Total capacity
97: /
1317:– Rio Tinto Alcan.
1210:on 8 February 2015
1198:Billard, Rebecca.
1136:Byl, Dick (1992).
413:At the request of
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1570:Vernon Irrigation
1554:Sault aux Cochons
1515:Nechako Diversion
1495:Lac de la Frégate
1472:James Bay Project
1337:Popular Mechanics
1293:Missing or empty
1091:Missing or empty
1042:Reservoir and Dam
1005:Reservoir and Dam
675:Nechako Reservoir
355:Nechako Reservoir
342:was built on the
244:Nechako Reservoir
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183:Nechako Reservoir
133:Dam and spillways
117:Opening date
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1655:Rock-filled dams
1385:Water diversions
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1490:Jordan River
1467:Ingram River
1448:Cypress Lake
1411:Bridge River
1406:Bay d'Espoir
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1212:. Retrieved
1208:the original
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1174:the original
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646:Water portal
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391:Hydro-Québec
360:
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298:Fraser River
274:
227:
225:
1601:Chilko Lake
1529:Ogoki River
1476:Caniapiscau
1204:BCLocalNews
777:Talon Books
344:Peace River
286:Chilko Lake
104: /
80:Coordinates
1634:Categories
1585:Wreck Cove
1544:Root River
1519:Kenney Dam
1453:Daisy Lake
1415:Seton Lake
1295:|url=
1093:|url=
1057:The tunnel
696:References
466:alcoholism
417:(DFO) and
228:Kenney Dam
207:8 × 112 MW
92:124°57′0″W
89:53°34′45″N
22:Kenney Dam
1605:Tatlayoko
1505:Long Lake
1462:Deer Lake
1439:Coquitlam
1425:Churchill
371:penstocks
300:'s total
290:Chilcotin
174:Reservoir
68:South of
1609:Homathko
1594:Proposed
1575:Wahleach
1482:, &
1480:Eastmain
1401:Barrière
1392:Alouette
1286:cite web
1214:31 March
1183:31 March
1084:cite web
993:BC Parks
816:30 March
616:See also
565:Smithers
557:BC Hydro
553:BC Hydro
336:fissures
332:Concrete
203:Turbines
148:Impounds
125:Owner(s)
65:Location
1675:Kitimat
1539:Pasquia
1443:Buntzen
569:Terrace
462:suicide
454:welfare
398:Kitimat
307:Kitimat
288:in the
266:History
234:on the
179:Creates
1523:Kemano
1484:Rupert
1378:Canada
1122:: 127.
585:Kemano
385:. The
383:Quebec
367:tunnel
364:intake
319:Kemano
166:Length
158:Height
74:Canada
1396:Stave
1177:(PDF)
1170:(PDF)
549:Alcan
492:over
375:units
254:(now
252:Alcan
1299:help
1216:2012
1185:2012
1097:help
916:help
818:2012
806:RCAP
563:and
464:and
439:The
226:The
217:890
120:1954
1376:in
869:doi
865:171
494:DIA
473:DIA
446:DIA
250:by
1636::
1478:,
1290::
1288:}}
1284:{{
1233:^
1202:.
1128:^
1116:60
1114:.
1088::
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1082:{{
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982:^
956:^
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907::
905:}}
901:{{
881:^
863:.
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785:^
723:^
711:.
460:,
219:MW
72:,
1607:/
1603:-
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1517:(
1486:)
1474:(
1455:-
1441:–
1427:–
1413:-
1394:-
1366:e
1359:t
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1297:(
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1187:.
1155:.
1140:.
1099:)
1095:(
1078:.
1031:.
918:)
914:(
875:.
871::
717:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
