1895:
syllables and presyllables. Initially, the presyllables and minor syllables were written using short vowels while major syllables were written using long vowels. This was meant to reflect the stress-timing where the major syllable always has primary stress, resulting in a perceived lengthened vowel. However, the reader associated the final glottal stop inalienably with the vowel quality when reading short Thai vowel symbols. As a result, the vowel symbols were changed so that long vowels were used in all syllable types and short vowels used in glottal final syllables only.
3792:
1495:
vowel of the base identically, but changes the initial consonant of the reduplicative prefixal morpheme. The third reduplicative strategy results in only the final consonant being copied from the base, while the initial consonant and the vowel change. Other general observations regarding reduplication include a high incidence of nasal vowels and of final /ɸ/ in these forms.
1230:. The normal, unmarked case, in which no reduplication has taken place, would be completely unstressed. The less frequent, marked case occurs when the final syllable is copied, producing an initial syllable that bears secondary stress. In any event, the application of stress is completely predictable and, while acoustically differing, stress is not contrastive in Kensiu.
1187:/b, d, ɟ, g/ are phonetically realised as voiced bilabial alveolar, palatal and velar stops, respectively syllable initially, but as prestopped nasals morpheme final. The voiced stops have a word final allophone with a final nasal assimilating to the same point of articulation as the stop: /b/, , /d/, , , , /g/, .
1208:/ɻ/ is normally realised as a voiced retroflexed central approximant in either syllable initial or final position. However, this phoneme is perceived as a flap when it is the second consonant of a syllable initial cluster. There is one additional occurrence of /ɻ/ which is phonetically realised as a trill .
1190:/m, n, ɲ, ŋ/, nasal plosives at the bilabial, alveolar, palatal and velar points of articulation, are relatively infrequent in comparison to the oral plosives. The palatal nasal /ɲ/ is the least frequent and least widely distributed of all the nasals. All four nasals occur both syllable initial and final.
1924:
The voiced palatal /ɟ/ and velar /g/ plosives and the palatal nasal /ɲ/ are not currently found in spoken Thai. In these cases, the Thai symbol that was chosen historically bore the same features as the Kensiu consonant. This resulted in <ย> being assigned to /ɟ/ and <ฆ> to /g/ as both of
282:
In
Malaysia, the Maniq are situated between Northern Kedah and the borders of Thailand. However, they have been settling into villages near Baling, Kedah since 1965. There were reports that stated that they are found in Southern Kedah. In 1969, a survey gave a figure of 98 Maniq in Kedah alone. There
1874:
Kensiu vowels differ from Thai in that there are additional vowel heights, contrastive nasalization and no contrastive vowel length. This led to some creative uses of Thai orthographic symbols. A Pali dot was also used to differentiate these contrasting heights in the front, central and back vowels.
1494:
All 3 strategies copy the base morpheme, with the first syllable as the newly created bound morpheme and the second syllable as the base. The first strategy appears to be the most productive, with the least restrictions on possible constituents. The second strategy copies the final consonant and the
1345:
Kensiu appears to have all three of the above types of syllables, but with the added features of tri- and tetra-syllabic words and with fixed stress in multisyllabic words. In Kensiu, two, three and even four syllable words occur. However, the three and four syllable words appear to be largely Malay
1928:
The two Kensiu fricatives /ɸ/ and /ɣ/ are not found in the Thai language as well. As a result, <ฟ> was chosen to represent /ɸ/ due to its similarity in point and manner of articulation. <ร> was chosen to represent /ɣ/ as /ɣ/ is the Kensiu pronunciation of /ɻ/ found in Malay words that
1894:
For glottal final syllables, the short vowel symbol is used to denote the vowel height and position as well as a final glottal consonant. The decision to use the short vowels only for syllables ending in a glottal was based on a reader's reaction to the use of the short vowel symbols in the minor
1932:
The pre-stopped nasals /bm/, /dn/, /ɟɲ/ and /gŋ/ contrast with /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ and /ŋ/ in the final syllable position, resulting in the need to distinguish between these consonants in the orthography. The unaspirated stops were initially used to represent the pre-stopped nasals but the reader was
1878:
Kensiu also has contrastive nasalization that Thai does not have. Since the consonant graphs used to write Kensiu are of the middle or low class Thai consonants, it was believed that the 'ห' from the high class consonants could be used to mark nasalization. The consonant graph was chosen over a
1865:
script. The decision to use which Thai symbols or graphs were based on the principle of using symbols which most closely represent the value of the symbol in the Thai language. This minimized the number of symbols that would have been reassigned in the Kensiu writing system. This principle also
1962:
language) are dialects of the same language. There are also exchanges in lexicon between Kensiu and languages such as
Mendriq, Mintil, Bateg Nong, Jehai and Che Wong. What is most interesting is that Che Wong seems to be more closely related to Kensiu although it is spoken some 200 miles away,
1336:
vowels occurring medially in an initial consonant cluster or a broader inventory of vowels, but fixed final syllable stress, i.e. CV.'CVC or CV2.CV1C where V2 = and V1 is essentially unrestricted. Minor syllables occur only as non-final syllables. In Kensiu, they can also have the pattern of
1903:
For Kensiu consonants that are the same as the Thai consonants, the Thai symbol for the consonant was used. For the Kensiu consonants that are not the same as Thai, the consonants were matched with a Thai symbol that has (or has had in the past) the same point and manner of articulation.
1181:/k/ is realised phonetically as a voiceless unaspirated velar stop, , syllable initially and finally. /k/ has an infrequent aspirated realisation which appears to be in contrast with /kʰ/ in syllable initial position in a limited number of words, majority of which are Thai borrowings.
261:. After the Negrito, the next wave of migrants to arrive were speakers of the Mon–Khmer languages, most likely from southwestern China. Over the millennia, the Negrito lost their original languages and adopted the Mon–Khmer languages of their neighbors, which they still speak today.
291:
Kensiu has also been referred to as Belubn, Kense, Kenseu, Kensieu, Kensiw, Maniq, Mawas, Mendi, Mengo, Meni, Menik, Moni, Monik, Moniq, Mos, Ngok Pa, Orang Bukit, Orang Liar, Sakai, and Tiong. Tea-de, a language variety belonging to the Maniq-Kensiw language cluster, is spoken in
1340:
Presyllables which have either an epenthetic schwa or a slightly larger inventory of vowels, e.g. , disrupting an initial consonant cluster. Schwa presyllables vary with consonant clusters, CCVC ~ CCVC, in some forms. Presyllables occur only as pre-final syllables in disyllabic
1238:
There are a very small number of pairs of lexemes that contrast only on the basis of a pitch difference. One member of each of these pairs has a normal (mid-level) pitch while the other member has a high level pitch. This pitch difference correlates with a change in meaning.
1196:/s/, a voiceless alveolar fricative, has a palatal allophone in both syllable initial and final positions which appears to be in free variation with . Individual speakers seem to use one allophone consistently, although either realisation is deemed correct by all speakers.
1357:
in Kensiu is a relatively productive process, and it impacts the syllable structure. Reduplicated lexemes generally have the syllable structure CVC.CVC. In addition, occasional initial consonant clusters may be found in the second syllable but not in the first, e.g.
1890:
The consonant graph is similar to that of Thai's. To many Thai speakers today, Thai words beginning with 'ห' are nasalized even though nasalization is non-contrastive in Thai. This factor also contributed to the choice of 'ห' as a marker for nasalization.
1781:, 'ka'pɪgn' and 'ʔep' respectively. With regard to spatial proximity, there are different features that are used to contrast locations, e.g. reach, sight, hearing and walking distance in designating a range of space starting from the speaker's location.
1933:
unable to decode the word. Eventually, a garand were written above the oral stops representing /bm/, /dn/, /ɟɲ/ and /gŋ/. Writing in this manner allows the reader to recognize the consonant cluster as the representation of the pre-stopped nasal.
1866:
helped to simplify the Kensiu alphabet, so that it would be easier for a reader to transfer reading skills between the two languages. As for the Kensiu features that differ from Thai, adjustments were made to the Thai script.
1941:
In Kensiu, the consonant clusters are symbolized in the same manner as Thai clusters. Kensiu has a few more consonant clusters ending in /w/ than Thai does, (i.e. /pw/, /bw/, /tw/, /gw/, /hw/, /mw/, and /lw/).
1978:
In recent times, the need to have more contact with other people have risen thus forcing them to learn and speak the surrounding majority group's language, such as Thai, Mandarin, or the local Malay languages.
1205:/w/, a voiced labio-velar central approximant, occurs both syllable initially and finally. It can also occur in the second consonant position of a syllable initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables.
1847:
The first descending generation differentiates between one's children and one's siblings' children by the use of younger or elder, specifying whether the connecting parent is older or younger than ego.
1950:
Kensiu is not a tonal language even though there are some words that have a contrastive high tone and a normative pitch or mid-tone. The mid-tone is unmarked but the high tone is marked by a maitree.
1329:
Major syllables with a full inventory of vowels and initial and final consonants. They may occur as monosyllabic words or as the final syllable of disyllabic words, i.e. 'CVC, 'CCVC, CV.'CVC, 'CV.CVC.
1175:
borrowing. /t/ has one other occasional allophone , a voiceless dental or fronted alveolar stop. No phonological conditioning has been recognised that would account for this allophone to date.
749:
quality, probably influenced by Malay contact. It is slightly higher than the schwa . It can occur in stressed syllables in limited environments but is mainly found in unstressed syllables.
1777:
Spatial locatives in Kensiu indicate position, direction and proximity. There is a contrast between an enclosed location and a nonenclosed location, resulting in the use of two different
761:: Tongue height is slightly higher than CV 14 but significantly more fronted. It is commonly found in unstressed syllables. It also frequently occurs in the closed syllable pattern, CVC.
755:: A mid central unrounded vowel. The tongue height appears to be midway between the close-mid and open-mid positions as shown in the IPA chart. It rarely occurs in stressed syllables.
1300:
In addition to these pairs, there are a couple of other lexemes that are spoken with the high pitch, but for which no contrasting mid-level pitch lexeme has yet been found.
4357:
832:. The incidence of final nasal consonants is very low, however, and it is not possible to conclusively state this as a restriction. With regard to approximants, only
848:. The diphthong cannot combine with a final approximant and this is probably due to the vocalic nature of the approximants that would violate the syllable patterns.
3780:
2436:
797:: A close front unrounded lowering diphthong. It occurs only in stressed syllables, always with a final stop. It has an allophone, , before a final glottal stop.
279:
The Maniq in
Southern Thailand live in the border provinces of Narathiwat and Yala and in the Baantat Mountain Range of Satul, Trang and Phatthalung provinces.
1171:/t/ is normally realised as an unaspirated alveolar stop syllable initial and final and has a rare aspirated allophone, , which appears syllable initial in a
3629:
1184:/ʔ/ occurs syllable initially and finally on a very frequent basis. Its syllable final distribution seems to be restricted primarily to stressed syllables.
283:
is a total of 200 Maniq in
Thailand and around 2500 in Malaysia. This figure could not be ascertained due to the nomadic lifestyle that the Maniq adopted.
739:: Significantly more fronted than CV 16 but not enough to compare with CV 17. It is also lower in tongue height compared to its comparable cardinal vowel.
767:: An open central unrounded vowel. It is the vowel that occurs most frequently and can co-occur with every initial single consonant and final consonant.
2478:
1963:
further than where Mintil is spoken. Kensiu is also relatively more closely related to
Mendriq as compared to Jehai, which is spoken 100 miles away.
4771:
269:
The Maniq settle around the mountainous jungle areas in
Southern Thailand and Northern Malaysia. They are considered the original inhabitants of
672:
The vowels in Kensiu have five distinctive tongue heights for the front and central vowels and four for the back vowels. The close-mid vowels
4350:
3263:
389:
6200:
1097:
1844:
In the second ascending generation, lineal kinsmen (grandparents) use different terms from collateral kinsmen (siblings of grandparents).
3773:
2429:
1202:/l/ is realised as a palatal allophone in syllable final position. Syllable initially, /l/ is realised as 'clear' lateral approximant .
1131:
4759:
1987:
Modernization, especially with Thai, Mandarin, and Malay radio and television have influenced these minority speakers to lifestyles.
412:
1984:
The government's policy limits their settlement areas and forces them to adapt to the cultures and languages of the majority group.
1958:
Kensiu is closely related to most of the indigenous dialects of
Southern Thailand. For example, Kensiu and Kintaq Bong (a Northern
2157:
4343:
3523:
127:
Ijoh (Ijok), Jarum, Jeher (Sakai
Tanjong of Temongoh), Kedah (Quedah), Plus, Ulu Selama, Kensiu Batu, Kensiu Siong, Kentaq Nakil
2250:
405:
3758:
2408:
2111:
6386:
6381:
3766:
2968:
2519:
2422:
457:
5133:
669:. The frequency of the nasal vowels are also much less than the oral ones and they are often in a conditioned environment.
4452:
723:: Lower and more backed than /e̝/. It is unmarked diacritically since it is closer to the position of rest for the tongue.
464:
1226:. In addition, minor syllables may be either completely unstressed or secondarily stressed, depending on the presence of
6108:
5763:
5724:
4766:
4609:
3533:
2963:
1504:
1104:
1069:
1062:
485:
419:
189:
1083:
471:
363:
1156:, but three of the five are (though infrequently) realised as aspirated stops, apparently as a result of borrowings.
3824:
3003:
1111:
911:
904:
717:: Lower and further back than CV 2. It does not occur in the environment of final voiced bilabial stops or liquids.
370:
2858:
2524:
6391:
5549:
3931:
2386:
918:
431:
4099:
2544:
6193:
6115:
5048:
2888:
377:
321:. Front, central and back vowels at a tongue height intermediate to the close-mid and open-mid positions (i.e.
5339:
2364:
1834:
system. However, the Kensiu terminology differs from the
Hawaiian system considerably in the following ways:
4366:
4217:
3944:
3701:
3614:
3345:
3098:
3048:
3028:
2948:
2933:
2868:
2502:
2020:
995:
988:
925:
206:
90:
1886:
The consonant graph maintains a linear order which is easier to learn than diacritics which are non-linear.
6122:
6056:
5069:
5043:
4324:
4132:
4048:
3983:
3891:
3860:
3729:
3666:
3192:
3163:
2853:
2758:
2713:
2653:
2514:
1309:
1153:
1076:
1002:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
818:
811:
807:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
742:
736:
730:
726:
720:
714:
708:
697:
693:
677:
673:
666:
662:
636:
624:
612:
607:
602:
592:
585:
575:
568:
554:
544:
539:
534:
498:
445:
4778:
2551:
6165:
6129:
6061:
4754:
4271:
4202:
3990:
3796:
3571:
3073:
2953:
2698:
2445:
1091:
1032:
1025:
815:
2293:
6136:
5691:
5286:
4145:
4109:
3724:
3706:
3448:
3427:
3018:
2708:
2539:
2529:
1039:
1009:
4574:
1789:
There are not many single syllable words in use. A word is usually composed of the following parts:
6186:
5938:
5205:
4879:
4749:
4584:
4038:
3917:
3676:
3624:
3589:
3422:
3316:
3207:
3053:
2998:
2743:
2598:
2573:
2303:. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. pp. 37–128.
1056:
969:
958:
949:
941:
729:: Slightly higher and more backed than CV 3. The distribution and frequency are similar to that of
297:
270:
41:
4783:
4412:
2397:
1160:/p/ is normally realised as a voiceless unaspirated bilabial stop , but also has a rare aspirated
661:
It can be observed that there is a contrasting nasal monophthong for each oral monophthong except
5924:
5817:
5352:
5324:
4379:
4319:
4212:
4207:
3875:
3390:
3296:
3138:
3103:
2923:
2873:
2613:
2304:
2224:
1512:
1046:
869:
5664:
5106:
4972:
3962:
3865:
3068:
2903:
2618:
1841:
The term used for aunt and mother are the same but separate terms for father and uncle are used.
6302:
6066:
6022:
6012:
5933:
5882:
5857:
5732:
5357:
5258:
5170:
4967:
4671:
4294:
4155:
4061:
4018:
3844:
3641:
3619:
3513:
3412:
3407:
3395:
3385:
3350:
3148:
3113:
2943:
2913:
2893:
2783:
2733:
2683:
2673:
2534:
2473:
2460:
1123:
981:
884:
874:
438:
6282:
5965:
5943:
5914:
5867:
5803:
5791:
5768:
5742:
5737:
5714:
5544:
5528:
5518:
5508:
5408:
5276:
5236:
5175:
5145:
5000:
4907:
4858:
4731:
4632:
4543:
4538:
4498:
4478:
4289:
4281:
4266:
4261:
4251:
4243:
4122:
4033:
4023:
3907:
3636:
3604:
3599:
3458:
3417:
3360:
3291:
3133:
3093:
3013:
3008:
2988:
2978:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2863:
2833:
2823:
2778:
2748:
2658:
2623:
2507:
2015:
2010:
1959:
1831:
1178:/c/ is a voiceless palatal stop that occurs syllable initial and final, albeit infrequently.
864:
276:
In
Thailand, they are commonly known as the Sakai, Khon Paa or Ngok Paa, the forest people.
226:
214:
210:
100:
95:
6292:
5999:
5898:
5893:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5709:
5580:
5498:
5493:
5435:
5362:
5329:
5085:
5053:
4977:
4941:
4848:
4708:
4569:
4503:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4407:
4402:
4299:
4165:
4094:
4008:
3998:
3656:
3646:
3500:
3468:
3463:
3453:
3400:
3338:
3331:
3280:
3123:
3038:
3033:
2973:
2878:
2843:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2773:
2763:
2753:
2693:
2688:
2668:
2494:
2468:
2328:
1019:
879:
746:
701:
688:
The vowels listed below do not include nasalized vowels. Nasalized vowels are marked by a
258:
82:
4488:
4447:
2391:
1222:
Kensiu has fixed non-contrastive primary stress which falls on the final syllable of the
6345:
6287:
6159:
6096:
6051:
6035:
6030:
5948:
5888:
5876:
5827:
5822:
5812:
5648:
5643:
5627:
5622:
5612:
5596:
5483:
5460:
5383:
5378:
5309:
5301:
5241:
5220:
5160:
4874:
4687:
4589:
4579:
4559:
4483:
4457:
4422:
4417:
4222:
4192:
4185:
4117:
4089:
3977:
3967:
3957:
3870:
3609:
3326:
3268:
3236:
3231:
3153:
3143:
3128:
3088:
3063:
3058:
3043:
3023:
2993:
2983:
2958:
2908:
2883:
2813:
2808:
2768:
2738:
2678:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2608:
2588:
2568:
2168:
2115:
1811:
1796:
1165:
891:
293:
134:
332:
The following tables are in the transcription of the source rather than standard IPA.
181:
6375:
6355:
6338:
6307:
6073:
5617:
5523:
5513:
5488:
5403:
5314:
5165:
5101:
5018:
4957:
4925:
4884:
4832:
4817:
4809:
4799:
4703:
4564:
4533:
4513:
4473:
4170:
4150:
4140:
4074:
4067:
4056:
3912:
3839:
3814:
3686:
3671:
3661:
3486:
3216:
3158:
3118:
3108:
3083:
3078:
2898:
2803:
2793:
2556:
2086:
1862:
1819:
1354:
1227:
1172:
1149:
897:
218:
2257:
6350:
6318:
6297:
6266:
6251:
6246:
6007:
5758:
5347:
5281:
5191:
4962:
4853:
4827:
4822:
4655:
4650:
4493:
4397:
4197:
4013:
4003:
3952:
3651:
3561:
3432:
3275:
3253:
2848:
2718:
1193:/ɸ/ is a voiceless bilabial fricative which only occurs in syllable final position.
932:
141:
63:
2225:"Glossary of Aslian Languages: The Northern Aslian Languages of Southern Thailand"
1991:
All the above factors have a major part to play in the decreasing use of Kensiu.
1838:
Cousins and siblings are differentiated in terms of relative age rather than sex.
1199:/h/ is a voiceless glottal fricative that occurs both syllable initial and final.
6333:
6323:
6236:
5503:
5319:
5291:
5266:
4508:
4081:
3581:
3543:
3538:
3248:
3226:
3221:
3197:
2728:
2723:
2648:
2643:
2347:
2005:
314:
242:
194:
145:
55:
Northeast Kedah, near Thai border. Overlaps into south Yala Province, Thailand.
6328:
6209:
5852:
5271:
4028:
3528:
2703:
2000:
1333:
826:
2351:
4180:
4160:
3508:
3321:
3243:
3202:
1925:
these are historically voiced plosives. <ญ> was then assigned to /ɲ/.
1778:
1508:
1161:
326:
322:
318:
174:
158:
1975:
It belongs to a minority group whose descendants feel embarrassed to speak.
4335:
2192:
2040:
165:
6213:
6178:
3800:
3566:
3518:
2369:(Doctor's thesis). Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen – via pure.mpg.de.
2299:. In Jenner, Philip N.; Thompson, Laurence C.; Starosta, Stanley (eds.).
1815:
222:
45:
2414:
2308:
6271:
4175:
3258:
238:
2405:
RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
17:
6261:
6256:
6226:
3594:
1365:
There are essentially 3 productive means of reduplication in Kensiu:
1223:
254:
225:
and also reportedly by a community of approximately 300 speakers in
1971:
Kensiu can be considered endangered due to these critical factors:
6231:
4256:
3355:
2294:"Austroasiatic Subgroupings and Prehistory in the Malay Peninsula"
1325:
Typically, Mon–Khmer languages may have three types of syllables:
689:
234:
230:
1447:
Identical final consonant, changed initial consonant and vowel (C
1408:
Identical final consonant and vowel, changed initial consonant (C
676:
have a slightly higher tongue height than their mid counterparts
3365:
2402:
2167:. Bangkok: TU-SIL-LRDP Committee. pp. 53–68. Archived from
806:
The vowels do not occur in all environments. The central vowels
217:) subbranch. It is spoken by a small community of 300 people in
6182:
6094:
5987:
5789:
5689:
5433:
5131:
4998:
4905:
4729:
4630:
4377:
4339:
3762:
2418:
2329:"Who's Who in Kensiw? Terms of Reference and Address in Kensiw"
1861:
The alphabet for the Kensiu language was constructed using the
1747:
1723:
1625:
1551:
1699:
2165:
Minority Language Orthography in Thailand: Five Case Studies
1907:
The Kensiu consonants that differ from Thai consonants are:
1332:
Minor syllables with either a limited inventory of possible
335:
325:) are also present. The language does not seem to have any
2409:
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-D444-6@view
317:
and 12 nasal monophthongs, as well as 1 oral and 1 nasal
2251:"Lost in Space: Discovering Spatial Locatives in Kensiu"
1164:
in initial position which appears to be the result of a
2087:"A Preliminary Description of Kensiu (Maniq) Phonology"
1920:
A set of pre-stopped nasals, /bm/, /dn/, /ɟɲ/ and /gŋ/
1830:
The kinship system of the Maniq closely resembles the
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
1312:
of Kensiu vowels. There is a set of 13 nasal vowels.
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
313:
There are 28 vowels in the Kensiu language: 14 oral
257:
are reportedly the first modern humans to enter the
6044:
6021:
5998:
5957:
5923:
5907:
5866:
5802:
5751:
5723:
5702:
5657:
5636:
5605:
5589:
5573:
5566:
5537:
5476:
5469:
5453:
5446:
5396:
5371:
5338:
5300:
5257:
5250:
5229:
5213:
5204:
5184:
5153:
5144:
5094:
5078:
5062:
5036:
5027:
5011:
4950:
4934:
4918:
4867:
4841:
4808:
4792:
4742:
4696:
4680:
4664:
4643:
4602:
4552:
4522:
4466:
4390:
4312:
4280:
4242:
4235:
4131:
4108:
4047:
3943:
3930:
3900:
3884:
3853:
3832:
3823:
3807:
3717:
3694:
3685:
3580:
3554:
3499:
3479:
3441:
3376:
3309:
3185:
3176:
2792:
2597:
2581:
2567:
2493:
2459:
2452:
188:
172:
156:
151:
131:
123:
79:
69:
59:
51:
37:
32:
2366:Semantic Specificity of Perception Verbs in Maniq
1883:The vowel graphs are already extensive in number.
1145:Consonant allophonic description and distribution
745:: A close-mid central unrounded vowel. It has a
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
6194:
4351:
3774:
2430:
2080:
791:: Slightly higher and more fronted than CV 6.
8:
2156:Bishop, Nancy M.; Peterson, Mary M. (2002).
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
1814:. There are also quite a few words that are
1289:
1281:
1271:
1263:
1253:
1245:
779:: Slightly lower and more fronted than CV 7.
1981:It does not have a widely used orthography.
711:: Slightly lower and more backed than CV 1.
700:. They also differ from the description of
6222:
6201:
6187:
6179:
6091:
5995:
5984:
5799:
5786:
5699:
5686:
5570:
5473:
5450:
5443:
5430:
5254:
5210:
5150:
5141:
5128:
5033:
5008:
4995:
4915:
4902:
4739:
4726:
4640:
4627:
4526:
4387:
4374:
4358:
4344:
4336:
4239:
3940:
3829:
3781:
3767:
3759:
3691:
3182:
2578:
2456:
2437:
2423:
2415:
511:
339:
29:
27:Austroasiatic language spoken in Malaysia
1241:
855:
2280:
2032:
773:: Slightly lower and fronted than CV 8.
2118:on 2013-05-20 – via andaman.org.
1369:Identical consonants, changed vowel (V
237:states. Speakers of this language are
3264:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
696:would be the nasalized equivalent of
7:
825:seem to occur rarely with the final
2387:SEAlang Mon–Khmer Languages Project
2112:"The Negrito of Thailand: The Mani"
810:do not occur in open syllables and
6164:Languages between parentheses are
4755:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
2163:. In TU-SIL-LRDP Committee (ed.).
25:
6062:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
1954:Relationship with other languages
1773:'I will go to the store in Yala.'
1664:jo̝h'ʔuʔ hɔs ʔep tobm ʔi'huʔ ʔɔdn
1130:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
968:
957:
948:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
484:
470:
463:
456:
444:
437:
430:
418:
411:
404:
388:
376:
369:
362:
253:The Thai Maniq and the Malaysian
3790:
3524:Malay trade and creole languages
1911:Two voiced plosives, /ɟ/ and /g/
1673:'The branch falls at that tree.'
1667:jǫh'ʔuʔ hós ʔep tobm ʔi'huʔ ʔódn
1362:'to blink quickly, repeatedly'.
2479:comparison with British English
2411:Kensiu in RWAAI Digital Archive
1764:jɛʔ ma ɟɰp pe̝ ga'de̝ ʔep ɟa'la
6168:of the language on their left.
1826:Terms of reference and address
1515:as in the following examples:
1:
2403:http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai
2223:Phaiboon, Duangchand (2006).
1767:jéʔ ma ýųp pę ga'dę ʔep ýa'la
1670:branch fall LOC tree {} there
6057:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
2301:Austroasiatic Studies Part I
1810:Kensiu uses loan words from
2292:Benjamin, Geoffrey (1976).
2158:"The Kensiu (Maniq) People"
1917:Two fricatives, /ɸ/ and /ɣ/
1770:I FUT go LOC store LOC yala
1316:Word and syllable structure
785:: A mid back rounded vowel.
704:(CV) with the same symbol.
6408:
2394:(from the Rosetta Project)
1321:Word and syllable patterns
844:do not occur with a final
657:Nasality and tongue height
6220:
6150:
6103:
6090:
5994:
5983:
5798:
5785:
5698:
5685:
5442:
5429:
5140:
5127:
5007:
4994:
4914:
4901:
4738:
4725:
4639:
4626:
4529:
4386:
4373:
4213:Red Karen (Eastern Kayah)
3742:
3630:comparison with Malaysian
2381:Glossaries and word lists
2094:Mon–Khmer Studies Journal
1129:
1122:
1090:
1067:
1055:
1018:
890:
861:
632:
618:
598:
581:
564:
550:
530:
525:
522:
519:
517:
494:
478:
452:
426:
400:
384:
358:
353:
350:
347:
345:
3749:Nearly extinct languages
2249:Peterson, M. M. (1992).
814:do not occur with final
5086:Somray (Northern Chong)
4367:Austroasiatic languages
3702:Malaysian Sign Language
2327:Bishop, Nancy (1996b).
2021:Austroasiatic languages
1753:
1740:
1729:
1716:
1705:
1692:
1681:
1653:
1642:
1631:
1618:
1607:
1596:
1568:
1557:
1544:
1533:
1522:
1290:
1282:
1272:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1152:are characteristically
836:can occur with a final
513:Vowel Phonemes (Nasal)
265:Geographic distribution
3730:Selangor Sign Language
2849:Bruneian/Kedayan Malay
2654:Kelantan-Pattani Malay
2363:Wnuk, Ewelina (2016).
2085:Bishop, Nancy (1996).
1582:ʔuʔ ňók ʔep bə'lųʔ jéʔ
1579:ʔuʔ ŋɔk ʔep bə'lɰʔ jɛʔ
1310:suprasegmental feature
341:Vowel Phonemes (Oral)
245:or Maniq of Thailand.
207:Austroasiatic language
6387:Languages of Thailand
6382:Languages of Malaysia
4272:Southwestern Mandarin
2969:Kota Marudu Talantang
2699:Negeri Sembilan Malay
2446:Languages of Malaysia
1499:Morphology and syntax
241:who are known as the
3725:Penang Sign Language
3707:Manually Coded Malay
2392:Health Glossary List
1929:have been borrowed.
1818:with words from the
1588:'He sits in my lap.'
6109:Proto-Austroasiatic
5764:Southern Nicobarese
5154:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
3936:by languages groups
3208:Malaysian Cantonese
2964:Klias River Kadazan
2398:Kensiu Swadesh List
1879:diacritic because:
858:
857:Consonant phonemes
514:
342:
298:Narathiwat Province
271:Peninsular Malaysia
4320:Thai Sign Language
4244:Immigrant language
3555:Mixed & Others
3297:Malaysian Mandarin
1937:Consonant clusters
856:
512:
340:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6176:
6175:
6160:extinct languages
6146:
6145:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6081:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5392:
5391:
5200:
5199:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4598:
4597:
4333:
4332:
4308:
4307:
4231:
4230:
3926:
3925:
3808:Official language
3756:
3755:
3746:Extinct languages
3738:
3737:
3495:
3494:
3172:
3171:
3004:Mainstream Kenyah
2489:
2488:
2336:Mon–Khmer Studies
2232:Mon-Khmer Studies
1822:language family.
1298:
1297:
1142:
1141:
984:
944:
900:
684:Vowel description
653:
652:
646:
645:
508:
507:
200:
199:
16:(Redirected from
6399:
6392:Aslian languages
6223:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6180:
6092:
5996:
5985:
5800:
5787:
5700:
5687:
5571:
5474:
5451:
5444:
5431:
5255:
5211:
5151:
5142:
5129:
5034:
5009:
4996:
4916:
4903:
4763:
4740:
4727:
4641:
4628:
4527:
4388:
4375:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4337:
4282:Working language
4240:
4084:
4077:
4070:
3993:
3986:
3941:
3937:
3830:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3760:
3692:
3292:Mandarin Chinese
3183:
2779:Terengganu Malay
2579:
2457:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2416:
2370:
2359:
2343:
2333:
2313:
2312:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2256:. Archived from
2255:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2220:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2162:
2153:
2120:
2119:
2114:. Archived from
2108:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2082:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2037:
2016:Jahaic languages
2011:Aslian languages
1832:Hawaiian kinship
1749:
1725:
1701:
1627:
1585:he sit LOC leg I
1553:
1294:'deaf and mute'
1293:
1285:
1275:
1267:
1257:
1249:
1242:
1134:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
980:
972:
961:
952:
940:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
896:
859:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
820:
813:
809:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
744:
738:
732:
728:
722:
716:
710:
699:
695:
679:
675:
668:
664:
638:
626:
614:
609:
604:
594:
587:
577:
570:
556:
546:
541:
536:
515:
500:
488:
474:
467:
460:
448:
441:
434:
422:
415:
408:
392:
380:
373:
366:
343:
336:
227:Western Malaysia
184:
168:
161:
137:
85:
30:
21:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6312:
6276:
6216:
6207:
6177:
6172:
6171:
6142:
6116:Proto-Palaungic
6099:
6097:Proto-languages
6078:
6040:
6017:
5990:
5971:
5953:
5919:
5903:
5862:
5794:
5773:
5747:
5719:
5694:
5669:
5653:
5632:
5601:
5585:
5554:
5533:
5465:
5438:
5413:
5388:
5367:
5334:
5296:
5246:
5225:
5196:
5180:
5136:
5134:Khasi–Palaungic
5111:
5090:
5074:
5058:
5029:
5023:
5003:
4982:
4946:
4930:
4910:
4889:
4863:
4837:
4804:
4788:
4757:
4734:
4713:
4692:
4676:
4660:
4635:
4614:
4594:
4548:
4518:
4462:
4382:
4369:
4364:
4334:
4329:
4304:
4276:
4227:
4127:
4104:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4043:
3989:
3982:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3896:
3880:
3849:
3819:
3803:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3757:
3752:
3734:
3713:
3681:
3576:
3550:
3491:
3475:
3437:
3378:
3372:
3332:Malaysian Tamil
3305:
3178:
3168:
2889:Eastern Kadazan
2869:Coastal Kadazan
2795:
2788:
2600:
2593:
2572:
2563:
2485:
2448:
2443:
2378:
2373:
2362:
2346:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2320:Further reading
2317:
2316:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:
1997:
1969:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1901:
1872:
1859:
1854:
1828:
1808:
1787:
1775:
1762:
1751:
1738:
1727:
1714:
1703:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1651:
1640:
1629:
1616:
1605:
1594:
1590:
1577:
1566:
1555:
1542:
1531:
1520:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1318:
1306:
1236:
1220:
1215:
1213:Suprasegmentals
854:
802:Vowel contrasts
702:cardinal vowels
654:
311:
306:
289:
287:Alternate names
267:
259:Malay Peninsula
251:
205:(Kensiw) is an
180:
164:
157:
138:
133:
119:
86:
83:Language family
81:
75:259 (2015)
72:
71:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6405:
6403:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6374:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6183:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6162:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5917:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5661:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5448:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5252:
5251:East Palaungic
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5230:West Palaungic
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5148:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5031:
5028:Western Pearic
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4313:Sign languages
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4237:
4236:Non-Indigenous
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3987:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3698:
3696:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3269:Penang Hokkien
3266:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:Selungai Murut
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Punan Bah-Biau
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:Nonukan Tidong
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2949:Keningau Murut
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2576:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2377:
2376:External links
2374:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2344:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2284:
2281:Bishop (1996b)
2273:
2241:
2208:
2184:
2121:
2103:
2056:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1968:
1965:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:One nasal, /ɲ/
1912:
1900:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1871:
1868:
1858:
1857:Writing system
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1827:
1824:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:Minor syllable
1794:
1793:Major syllable
1786:
1783:
1752:
1739:
1728:
1715:
1704:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1652:
1641:
1630:
1617:
1606:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1567:
1556:
1543:
1532:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1308:Nasality is a
1305:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1251:
1235:
1232:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1150:Unvoiced stops
1147:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
977:
976:
974:
965:
963:
954:
945:
937:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
853:
850:
804:
803:
799:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
740:
734:
724:
718:
712:
686:
685:
659:
658:
651:
650:
644:
643:
641:
639:
634:
630:
629:
627:
622:
620:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
596:
595:
590:
588:
583:
579:
578:
573:
571:
566:
562:
561:
559:
557:
552:
548:
547:
542:
537:
532:
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
509:
506:
505:
503:
501:
496:
492:
491:
489:
482:
480:
476:
475:
468:
461:
454:
450:
449:
442:
435:
428:
424:
423:
416:
409:
402:
398:
397:
395:
393:
386:
382:
381:
374:
367:
360:
356:
355:
352:
349:
346:
334:
327:voice register
310:
307:
305:
302:
294:Waeng District
288:
285:
266:
263:
250:
247:
198:
197:
192:
186:
185:
178:
170:
169:
162:
154:
153:
152:Language codes
149:
148:
139:
135:Writing system
132:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
89:
87:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6404:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6339:Orang Seletar
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6204:
6199:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6167:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6149:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6123:Proto-Khmeric
6120:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6036:Bugan (Pakan)
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5982:
5968:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5784:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:Chaura-Teresa
5701:
5697:
5693:
5688:
5684:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5070:Western Chong
5068:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Central Chong
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4326:
4325:Ban Khor Sign
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:Pattani Malay
4072:
4069:
4068:Bangkok Malay
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3945:Austroasiatic
3942:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3892:Southern Thai
3890:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Northern Thai
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:East Timorese
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3375:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3346:Indo-European
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Sarawak Malay
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Brunei Bisaya
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Southern Thai
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Orang Seletar
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:North Bornean
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:Austroasiatic
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2263:on 2022-02-13
2259:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2174:on 2022-02-13
2170:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1820:Austroasiatic
1817:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1496:
1464:
1463:
1446:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1355:Reduplication
1350:Reduplication
1349:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1268:'to be stuck'
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1228:reduplication
1225:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
943:
939:
938:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
893:
889:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
860:
851:
849:
834:/i,e̝,ɛ,a,õ̝/
828:
821:. The vowels
817:
801:
800:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
748:
741:
735:
725:
719:
713:
707:
706:
705:
703:
691:
683:
682:
681:
670:
656:
655:
649:
642:
640:
635:
631:
628:
623:
621:
617:
611:
606:
601:
597:
591:
589:
584:
580:
574:
572:
567:
563:
560:
558:
553:
549:
543:
538:
533:
529:
516:
510:
504:
502:
497:
493:
490:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
344:
338:
337:
333:
330:
329:distinction.
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
303:
301:
299:
295:
286:
284:
280:
277:
274:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Yala Province
216:
212:
208:
204:
196:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
160:
155:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
130:
126:
122:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
91:Austroasiatic
88:
84:
78:
74:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
6155:
6135:
6130:Proto-Aslian
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
5964:
5958:unclassified
5881:
5832:
4978:Phong-Kniang
4203:Northern Pwo
4133:Sino-Tibetan
4049:Austronesian
3972:
3901:Northwestern
3534:Chetty Malay
3276:Chaoshan Min
3254:Southern Min
3193:Sino-Tibetan
3074:Sabah Bisaya
2954:Kinabatangan
2859:Bukar–Sadong
2719:Pahang Malay
2663:
2515:Austronesian
2380:
2379:
2365:
2355:
2348:Miyake, Marc
2339:
2335:
2300:
2287:
2276:
2265:. Retrieved
2258:the original
2244:
2235:
2231:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:
2187:
2176:. Retrieved
2169:the original
2164:
2116:the original
2106:
2097:
2093:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
1990:
1970:
1967:Endangerment
1957:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1860:
1829:
1809:
1788:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1746:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1722:
1719:
1711:
1708:
1698:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1624:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1550:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1503:Kensiu is a
1502:
1493:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1346:borrowings.
1344:
1324:
1307:
1299:
1237:
1221:
1148:
816:approximants
805:
687:
671:
660:
647:
331:
315:monophthongs
312:
300:, Thailand.
290:
281:
278:
275:
268:
252:
221:in southern
202:
201:
173:
142:Latin script
108:
6334:Orang Kuala
6324:Orang Kanaq
6237:Proto-Malay
6137:Proto-Munda
5287:Muak Sa-aak
4758: [
4644:West Katuic
4218:S'gaw Karen
4146:Eastern Pwo
4100:Urak Lawoi’
4082:Satun Malay
3854:Chiang Saen
3825:Other Thais
3544:Sabah Malay
3539:Cocos Malay
3428:Minangkabau
3379:archipelago
3249:Pu-Xian Min
3227:Eastern Min
3177:Significant
3019:Murik Kayan
2729:Reman Malay
2724:Perak Malay
2709:Orang Kanaq
2649:Kedah Malay
2644:Judeo-Malay
2525:Kayan–Murik
2356:amritas.com
2006:Mani people
1852:Orthography
1801:Presyllable
1511:follow the
1337:CVC.'CV(C).
1154:unaspirated
1092:Approximant
747:retroflexed
633:Diphthongs
551:Near-close
495:Diphthongs
385:Near-close
243:Mani people
146:Thai script
6376:Categories
6329:Orang Laut
6303:Semaq Beri
6210:Orang Asli
5939:Semaq Beri
5927:(Southern)
5806:(Northern)
5692:Nicobarese
5637:Gutob-Remo
5606:Sora-Gorum
5470:Kherwarian
4868:Phong–Liha
4750:Vietnamese
4743:Viet-Muong
4585:Mel-Khaonh
4110:Hmong-Mien
4039:Vietnamese
3833:Lao–Phutai
3677:Vietnamese
3667:Sri Lankan
3625:Indonesian
3582:Immigrants
3529:Baba Malay
3449:Philippine
3442:Philippine
3423:Mandailing
3377:Indonesian
3164:Umaʼ Lasan
3054:Punan Batu
2999:Lun Bawang
2744:Semaq Beri
2599:Peninsular
2582:Nationwide
2574:Indigenous
2545:Sama–Bajaw
2540:Philippine
2530:Land Dayak
2342:: 245–253.
2267:2010-11-15
2238:: 207–224.
2202:2021-09-02
2197:Ethnologue
2178:2010-11-17
2100:: 227–253.
2050:2018-07-25
2045:Ethnologue
2027:References
2001:Orang asli
1899:Consonants
1806:Vocabulary
1507:language.
1334:epenthetic
1250:'language'
1168:borrowing.
852:Consonants
565:Close-mid
401:Close-mid
213:(Northern
6283:Cheq Wong
6166:varieties
6158:indicate
6067:Khmer Khe
5870:(Central)
5818:Cheq Wong
5353:Quang Lam
5340:Bit-Khang
5325:Meung Yum
5206:Palaungic
4951:Phay-Pram
4208:Phrae Pwo
4181:Hainanese
4161:Cantonese
3885:Sukhothai
3876:Thai Song
3797:Languages
3718:By states
3572:Esperanto
3509:Chavacano
3322:Malayalam
3317:Dravidian
3244:Hainanese
3203:Cantonese
3139:Tombonuwo
3104:Sembakung
2924:Kalabakan
2874:Daro-Matu
2614:Cheq Wong
2552:Tai-Kadai
2469:Malaysian
1779:morphemes
1509:Modifiers
1286:'to bite'
1276:'to cut'
1162:allophone
1057:Fricative
942:aspirated
898:voiceless
674:/e̝,ɚ,ẽ̝/
599:Open-mid
453:Open-mid
319:diphthong
304:Phonology
175:Glottolog
159:ISO 639-3
60:Ethnicity
6293:Mah Meri
6214:Malaysia
6013:Nyah Kur
5934:Mah Meri
5925:Semelaic
5752:Southern
5733:Nancowry
5538:Santalic
5477:Mundaric
5171:Lyngngam
5095:Southern
5079:Northern
4968:Ksingmul
4767:in China
4665:Ta'oihic
4380:Bahnaric
4295:Japanese
4019:Nyah Kur
3984:Northern
3932:Minority
3845:Phu Thai
3801:Thailand
3657:Nepalese
3642:Japanese
3620:Filipino
3567:Tanglish
3519:Manglish
3514:Kristang
3413:Javanese
3408:Buginese
3396:Madurese
3386:Acehnese
3351:Gujarati
3179:minority
3149:Tringgus
3114:Serudung
2944:Kendayan
2914:Jangkang
2796:Malaysia
2684:Mah Meri
2674:Kristang
2601:Malaysia
2495:Families
2461:Official
2352:"Kensiu"
2350:(2014).
2309:20019154
2193:"Kensiu"
2041:"Kensiu"
1995:See also
1816:cognates
1597:jo̝h'ʔuʔ
1304:Nasality
870:Alveolar
523:Central
351:Central
323:true-mid
239:Negritos
223:Thailand
182:kens1248
124:Dialects
46:Thailand
42:Malaysia
6346:Semelai
6288:Jah Hut
6272:Mendriq
6156:Italics
6023:Pakanic
5966:Kenaboi
5944:Semelai
5915:Jah Hut
5908:Jah Hut
5853:Ten'edn
5769:Shompen
5743:Katchal
5738:Camorta
5725:Central
5715:Teressa
5545:Santali
5529:Agariya
5519:Majhwar
5509:Mundari
5409:Tai Loi
5277:Man Met
5259:Angkuic
5237:Palaung
5176:Maharam
5063:Western
5037:Central
5030:(Chong)
4859:Thavưng
4544:Tampuan
4539:Tariang
4523:Central
4499:Nyaheun
4290:English
4267:Russian
4262:Punjabi
4252:Burmese
4186:Hokchew
4176:Hokkien
4166:Teochew
4156:Sinitic
4123:Iu Mien
4034:Thavung
4029:Ten'edn
4024:Palaung
3991:Western
3918:Tai Nüa
3637:Persian
3605:Burmese
3600:Bengali
3590:African
3501:Creoles
3459:Maranao
3418:Kerinci
3361:Punjabi
3281:Teochew
3259:Hokkien
3186:Chinese
3134:Timugon
3094:Sekapan
3014:Momogun
3009:Melanau
2989:Lengilu
2979:Lahanan
2939:Kelabit
2929:Kanowit
2919:Kajaman
2864:Bukitan
2834:Bintulu
2824:Berawan
2749:Semelai
2659:Kenaboi
2624:Jah Hut
2569:Natives
2535:Malayic
2474:English
1600:jǫh'ʔuʔ
1360:pʌtplit
1258:'head'
1124:Lateral
885:Glottal
875:Palatal
830:/m,n,ɲ/
812:/ɚ,ə,ʌ/
808:/ɯ,ɚ,ʌ/
692:, e.g.
678:/e,ə,o/
249:History
209:of the
105:Western
6356:Temuan
6308:Temiar
6262:Kintaq
6257:Kensiu
6227:Semang
6045:Others
5989:Others
5899:Temiar
5894:Semnam
5868:Senoic
5848:Mintil
5843:Minriq
5838:Kintaq
5833:Kensiu
5804:Jahaic
5792:Aslian
5710:Chaura
5581:Kharia
5574:Kharia
5499:Birhor
5494:Birjia
5397:Others
5363:Bumang
5330:Savaiq
5146:Khasic
5107:Sa'och
5054:Kasong
5001:Pearic
4942:Mlabri
4935:Mlabri
4908:Khmuic
4849:Maleng
4732:Vietic
4709:Phuong
4633:Katuic
4575:Ra’ong
4570:Stieng
4504:Sapuan
4443:Rengao
4438:Bahnar
4433:Sedang
4428:Todrah
4408:Kayong
4403:Halang
4300:Korean
4095:Moklen
4009:Mlabri
3999:Kintaq
3973:Kensiu
3866:Tai Lü
3647:Korean
3595:Arabic
3480:Others
3464:Molbog
3454:Iranun
3401:Bawean
3391:Banjar
3339:Telugu
3310:Indian
3237:Fuzhou
3232:Fuqing
3124:Sungai
3069:Sa'ban
3039:Paluan
3034:Okolod
2974:Kuijau
2904:Ida'an
2879:Dumpas
2844:Bookan
2839:Bonggi
2829:Biatah
2819:Belait
2774:Temuan
2764:Temiar
2754:Semnam
2694:Mintil
2689:Minriq
2669:Kintaq
2664:Kensiu
2619:Duanoʼ
2508:Aslian
2307:
1960:Aslian
1870:Vowels
1730:ga'de̝
1649:
1646:ʔi'huʔ
1643:ʔi'huʔ
1603:branch
1561:bə'lųʔ
1558:bə'lɰʔ
1341:words.
1224:lexeme
1218:Stress
982:voiced
865:Labial
827:nasals
823:/i,e̝/
648:
531:Close
520:Front
359:Close
348:Front
309:Vowels
255:Semang
215:Aslian
211:Jahaic
203:Kensiu
195:Kensiu
109:Kensiu
101:Jahaic
96:Aslian
52:Region
33:Kensiu
18:Kensiu
6351:Temoq
6319:Jakun
6298:Semai
6267:Lanoh
6252:Jahai
6247:Batek
6232:Senoi
6052:Khmer
6031:Bolyu
6000:Monic
5949:Temoq
5889:Semai
5883:Sabüm
5877:Lanoh
5858:Wila'
5828:Jedek
5823:Jahai
5813:Batek
5649:Gutob
5644:Bonda
5628:Lodhi
5623:Juray
5613:Gorum
5597:Juang
5590:Juang
5567:South
5484:Korwa
5461:Korku
5454:Korku
5447:North
5436:Munda
5384:Kiorr
5379:Lamet
5372:Lamet
5358:Kháng
5310:Blang
5242:Riang
5221:Danau
5214:Danau
5161:Khasi
5049:Samre
4875:Phong
4784:Nguồn
4779:Mường
4772:in US
4762:]
4688:Pacoh
4681:Pacoh
4672:Ta'Oi
4590:Thmon
4580:Mnong
4560:Chrau
4553:South
4484:Laven
4458:Katua
4423:Monom
4418:Takua
4413:Kaco’
4391:North
4257:Hindi
4223:Ugong
4193:Nuosu
4171:Hakka
4118:Hmong
4090:Moken
4062:Malay
3978:Khmer
3968:Jahai
3963:Chung
3958:Chong
3871:Phuan
3687:Signs
3610:Khmer
3562:Rojak
3469:Suluk
3356:Hindi
3327:Tamil
3217:Hakka
3154:Tutoh
3144:Tring
3129:Tagol
3089:Sebop
3064:Remun
3059:Penan
3044:Papar
3024:Narom
2994:Lotud
2984:Lelak
2959:Kiput
2934:Kayan
2909:Jagoi
2894:Ganaʼ
2884:Dusun
2814:Bajau
2809:Bahau
2784:Wila'
2769:Temoq
2739:Semai
2734:Sabüm
2679:Lanoh
2639:Jedek
2634:Jakun
2629:Jahai
2609:Batek
2589:Malay
2571:&
2332:(PDF)
2305:JSTOR
2297:(PDF)
2261:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2228:(PDF)
2172:(PDF)
2161:(PDF)
2090:(PDF)
1812:Malay
1785:Words
1757:ýa'la
1754:ɟa'la
1736:store
1733:ga'dę
1660:there
1166:Malay
1020:Nasal
880:Velar
842:/i,ɪ/
819:/w,j/
690:tilde
619:Open
526:Back
479:Open
354:Back
235:Kedah
231:Perak
64:Maniq
6074:Mang
5665:Gta’
5658:Gta’
5618:Sora
5524:Turi
5514:Koda
5489:Asur
5404:Kuan
5315:Lawa
5302:Waic
5166:Pnar
5102:Suoi
5019:Pear
5012:Pear
4973:O’du
4958:Prai
4926:Khmu
4919:Khmu
4885:Liha
4880:Tuom
4833:Sach
4818:Arem
4810:Chứt
4800:Cuoi
4793:Cuoi
4704:Katu
4697:Katu
4603:East
4565:Koho
4534:Alak
4514:Brao
4479:Jru'
4474:Lavi
4467:West
4453:Duan
4151:Lisu
4141:Akha
4057:Cham
3913:Shan
3908:Khün
3840:Isan
3815:Thai
3695:Main
3672:Thai
3662:Urdu
3487:Cham
3433:Rawa
3366:Urdu
3159:Ukit
3119:Sian
3109:Seru
3079:Sama
2899:Iban
2804:Abai
2794:East
2453:Main
1946:Tone
1863:Thai
1760:yala
1657:ʔódn
1654:ʔɔdn
1638:tree
1635:tobm
1632:tobm
1614:fall
1513:head
1234:Tone
1173:Thai
892:Stop
795:/ie/
777:/o̝/
731:/e̝/
715:/e̝/
665:and
582:Mid
427:Mid
233:and
6212:of
6008:Mon
5759:Car
5550:Kol
5348:Bit
5282:Mok
5192:War
5185:War
4963:Mal
4854:Kri
4842:Kri
4828:Ruc
4823:May
4656:Bru
4651:Kuy
4610:Cua
4494:Juk
4489:Su'
4448:Hrê
4398:Jeh
4198:Mpi
4014:Mon
4004:Kuy
3953:Bru
3799:of
3652:Lao
3222:Min
3198:Yue
2704:Mos
2557:Tai
1748:LOC
1744:ʔep
1741:ʔep
1724:LOC
1717:pe̝
1709:ýųp
1706:ɟɰp
1700:FUT
1685:jéʔ
1682:jɛʔ
1678:(3)
1626:LOC
1622:ʔep
1619:ʔep
1611:hós
1608:hɔs
1593:(2)
1572:jéʔ
1569:jɛʔ
1564:leg
1552:LOC
1548:ʔep
1545:ʔep
1540:sit
1537:ňók
1534:ŋɔk
1526:ʔuʔ
1523:ʔuʔ
1519:(1)
1505:SVO
1291:káp
1283:kāp
1273:kéc
1265:kēc
1255:gúj
1247:gūj
846:/j/
838:/w/
789:/ɔ/
783:/o/
771:/u/
765:/a/
759:/ʌ/
753:/ə/
743:/ɚ/
737:/ɯ/
727:/ɛ/
721:/e/
709:/i/
698:/i/
694:/ĩ/
667:/ɚ/
663:/ə/
229:in
190:ELP
166:kns
6378::
5504:Ho
5320:Wa
5292:Va
5267:Hu
4760:vi
4509:Oi
2354:.
2340:26
2338:.
2334:.
2236:36
2234:.
2230:.
2211:^
2195:.
2124:^
2098:25
2096:.
2092:.
2059:^
2043:.
1720:pę
1712:go
1696:ma
1693:ma
1529:he
1477:.C
1471:−α
1467:−β
1461:α)
1455:~C
1453:−α
1449:−β
1431:.C
1421:−β
1416:)
1412:~C
1410:−β
1392:.C
1386:−α
1377:)
1373:~V
1371:−α
973:)
970:kʰ
962:)
959:tʰ
953:)
950:pʰ
840:.
680:.
637:ĩẽ
613:ɔ̃
608:ʌ̃
603:ɛ̃
576:õ̝
569:ẽ̝
555:ɪ̃
540:ɯ̃
499:ie
420:o̝
406:e̝
296:,
273:.
144:,
44:,
6202:e
6195:t
6188:v
5272:U
4359:e
4352:t
4345:v
3782:e
3775:t
3768:v
2438:e
2431:t
2424:v
2358:.
2311:.
2270:.
2205:.
2181:.
2053:.
1688:I
1575:I
1487:α
1485:V
1483:α
1481:V
1479:β
1475:α
1473:C
1469:V
1465:C
1459:V
1457:β
1451:V
1441:α
1439:C
1437:α
1435:V
1433:β
1429:α
1427:C
1425:α
1423:V
1419:C
1414:β
1402:α
1400:C
1398:α
1396:V
1394:β
1390:α
1388:C
1384:V
1382:β
1380:C
1375:α
1132:l
1112:j
1105:ɻ
1098:w
1084:h
1077:ɣ
1070:s
1063:ɸ
1047:ŋ
1040:ɲ
1033:n
1026:m
1010:g
1003:ɟ
996:d
989:b
967:(
956:(
947:(
933:ʔ
926:k
919:c
912:t
905:p
733:.
625:ã
593:õ
586:ẽ
545:ũ
535:ĩ
486:a
472:ɔ
465:ʌ
458:ɛ
446:o
439:ə
432:e
413:ɚ
390:ɪ
378:u
371:ɯ
364:i
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.