29:
387:. This law had limitations: the owners of land bordering water had a right to a reasonable amount of that water, but owners whose land did not border bodies of water had no rights to any of the water. Due to the usage restrictions arising from the riparian rights law, the government directed state engineers to come up with a plan for the entire state that would accomplish a fair distribution of water for irrigation and domestic use.
638:
624:, the Sacramento River is relatively narrow and deep with some areas of broader alluvial floodplain. Most of the Chinook-salmon-spawning habitat in the river is located in this reach. The variability and magnitude of natural seasonal flows of the Sacramento River have been significantly altered for the purposes of irrigation and flood control. The dams and diversions operated by the
535:
380:
intended for irrigation purposes, but it became a multipurpose project for flood control, improvement in navigation of the
Sacramento River, the supply of water to domestic and industrial users, the generation of electric power, the conservation of fish and wildlife, the creation of opportunities for recreation, and the enhancement of water quality.
376:. After a few years, many immigrants moved into agriculture, as it appeared to provide more stability than gold mining. The Central Valley had fertile soils, abundant water, and a flat gentle topography suitable for farming. An increase in demand for food eventually caused a shift from small-scale farming to large-scale intensive farming.
646:
and other metal deposits contaminating the sediments in the river. Exposure to copper and other metals physiologically affects salmonid species, especially with regard to reproduction, in the
Sacramento River below Keswick Dam. Winter-run Chinook salmon spawning in the river is one of the major salmonid species that are
466:
the
Keswick powerplant. Reclamation placed generator units Two and Three into operation. Early in 1950, the firm placed the fifty-by-fifty-foot spillway gates at Keswick, and the gates started operation on February 20. On March 31, 1950, Wismer and Becker installed the final generating unit at Keswick power plant.
653:
Spring Creek
Reservoir was built to control the drainage prior to discharge into Keswick Reservoir. The acid level, which was previously recorded in a pH range between 1.5 and -3.6, improved to a pH of about 3. When the acid mine-drainage and the discharge deposits were diverted to a treatment plant,
450:
By the end of 1941, despite labor issues, the Guy F. Atkinson
Company completed the foundations. During construction, weather was another issue. In the hot summer months, the workers had to spray water to cool the aggregates. In the winter, workers heated the mixtures to keep their temperatures above
645:
Both Iron
Mountain Mine and pyritic ore mining in Shasta County have contributed to the degradation of the Sacramento River, in addition to killing fish and other aquatic organisms downstream of Sacramento River to Keswick Dam. This is as a result of the acidity of the water caused by metal deposits
581:
as low as 3.6. In 2000, the water quality of the
Sacramento River was reported to be relatively good. Other unknown traces of mercury, pesticides, and metals have also been recorded in the 26-mile reach from Keswick Dam to Red Bluff. Water temperature is another principal water quality issue in the
419:
took over operation of the CVP, and the project became subject to reclamation law, under a 1937 act, with three objectives: to regulate rivers and improve flood control and navigation, to provide water for irrigation and domestic use, and to generate power. As time progressed and additional canals,
565:
Other inactive mines have contributed to the degradation of water quality at
Keswick Dam. Although laws such as the Clean Water Act and agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency are dedicated to improving the quality of drinking water by treating the contaminants, uncontrolled acid mine
556:
and deposition of contaminated sediments into the
Sacramento River. The mine was located in Shasta County, adjacent to Keswick Reservoir, and is known to be the largest toxic metal contributor to the Sacramento River system. The contaminated metal sediments that precipitated from the mine drainage
525:
and Clear Creek
Reservoir is released to the Sacramento River by way of Keswick Reservoir, to meet demand for water in Southern California. Under normal projected flood conditions, the width of the floodplain below Keswick Dam ranges from 200 to 500 feet. The river bed consists of coarse gravel at
465:
In December 1947, lack of funds altered the planned building of the dam; however, the powerhouse structure was completed. By July 1948, Atkinson-Kier had completed the Keswick spillway and repaired eroded portions of the spillway apron. In 1949, Wismer and Becker installed two of the generators at
628:
and local irrigation districts control much of the flow in the Sacramento River. Since 1993, to protect the holding and spawning of winter-run Chinook salmon, Reclamation has been required to manage cold-water reservoir storage and releases to maintain daily average water temperatures at or below
507:
The area receives average annual precipitation of about 69 inches, with the period of heaviest precipitation occurring from October through March, while June through September sees very low rainfall and reduced inflow of water to the dam's reservoir. In summer, temperatures range from about 85 to
379:
The low topography of the land caused flooding in the winter rainy season, but severe drought followed in summer months. Low water flow caused an increase in salinity, which resulted in the intrusion of salt in some parts of the valley, and in San Francisco Bay. The Keswick project was primarily
654:
that improved the concentrations of metals by about 97%, under regular operating conditions. Currently, the water-quality characteristics at the Spring Creek Debris Dam outlet to Keswick Reservoir meet the water standards for the Sacramento River as set and regulated by the Water Control Board.
410:
in the south. The state legislature created the CVP in 1933, but construction did not begin until the federal government assumed control of the project. The CVP's initial features were authorized for construction by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The funds for the construction of the first
566:
drainage still poses a great threat to the quality of water in the area. The quality of surface water downstream from Keswick Dam is also influenced by other human activities along the Sacramento River, including agriculture, historical mining, and municipal and industrial inputs.
474:
The landscape around Keswick Dam includes topographic features of the Klamath Mountains, the southern Cascade Range, and the Central Valley, including slopes characterized by a mix of pine and oak forests and chaparral and rock outcrops. The land on which the nearby city of
612:
Because of its small size, Keswick Reservoir does not stratify. Reservoir levels fluctuate daily by one to three feet. The reservoir can fluctuate as much as eight to nine feet on an annual basis. Releases to the Sacramento River have ranged from approximately 3,300
399:(CVP), which was established to address unequal water allocation that left some landowners with no water supply, especially during the summer season, when water diversions for irrigation and domestic use were required in prolonged hot and dry weather.
503:
The climate in Shasta County can be characterized as hot and dry in the summer, and cool and wet in winter, with the best climate occurring during the spring and fall seasons, by virtue of average annual rainfall and temperatures.
511:
In summer, there is a significant increase in discharge from the dam due to greater demands for water, especially for agricultural use. High temperatures increase the rate of evaporation, so more water is needed to sustain crops.
595:
Keswick Reservoir is an aquatic environment associated with the Sacramento River watershed. Cold-water fish species found in the reservoir include rainbow and brown trout. Warm-water species include the same species as found at
427:. Keswick Reservoir acts as Shasta Dam’s forebay, stabilizing the erratic water flow released through the Shasta power plant, and it also captures water diverted from the Trinity River through the Trinity River division.
520:
Keswick and Shasta dams together regulate the flow of the Sacramento River below mile 302. In summer, outflow from Shasta Dam increases Keswick's inflow significantly, despite the prolonged dry months. Water from
604:
occasionally plants hatchery-reared fish. The reservoir is accessible from the shore and by boat, but it is not heavily used for fishing. Keswick Dam is the uppermost barrier to anadromous fish migrating up the
561:
and Keswick Reservoir. Copper was identified as the main pollutant of the river, but other contaminants that caused degradation of water quality include iron, zinc, cadmium, mercury, lead, and acidic water.
1736:
490:
Keswick Reservoir is prone to rapid rises and falls, while alternately receiving releases from Shasta Dam and providing water to Keswick Dam's power generators and to meet downstream water demands.
1144:
1766:
827:
1771:
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458:, there was a strike by workers, due to the Guy F. Atkinson Company's not honoring an earlier agreement to raise workers’ wages. Workers returned after a promise by the
439:, the president of the Mountain Copper Company Limited. The project contract, with the Guy F. Atkinson and Kiefer Construction companies, was entered into by the
974:
Antweiler, R.C.; Taylor, H.E.; Alpers, C.N. (2012). "Distribution and geochemistry of selected trace elements in the Sacramento River near Keswick Reservoir".
28:
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321:, which has a capacity of 23,800 acre⋅ft (29,400,000 m). The dam's power plant has three turbines with a generating capacity of 117
1756:
1306:
1153:
668:
558:
310:
629:
56 °F (13 °C) between Keswick Dam and compliance locations between Balls Ferry and Bend Bridge, from May 15 to September 30.
617:(Department Of Water Resources, 2011) during drought periods to 79,000 cfs during flood events ( Department of Water Resources, 1974).
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479:, was built is primarily made up of volcanic and sedimentary rocks that are metamorphosed. Two volcanic features –
440:
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134:
325:(MW), which, in 1992, was uprated from its original 75 MW. The dam and reservoir serve as an afterbay to regulate
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369:
345:
47:
1005:
910:
383:
The California legislature enacted laws to deal with the state's water scarcity, and adopted a law establishing
1715:
1321:
1216:
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552:
was a widely known sulfide-ore mine that provided valuable metals; but its reputation suffered due to extreme
936:
Wild, scenic, and recreational characteristics : Sacramento River, California, Keswick Dam to Sacramento
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314:
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384:
337:
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power plants, and dams were built, the CVP's role in the region's water structure became more complex.
1670:
1639:
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1006:
Shasta Lake Water Resources Investigation: Physical Resources Appendix—Water Quality Technical Report
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302:
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443:; and construction started in August 1941. There was a labor shortage due to problems in the
1644:
1422:
1011:(Report). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation. November 2011. p. I-4
987:
606:
349:
298:
159:
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1447:
522:
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983:
402:
The Central Valley Project is a major water-conservation development extending from the
1520:
637:
508:
90 °F (29 to 32 °C). In winter, temperatures average 40 °F (4 °C).
365:
275:
229:
951:"Environmental Effects of Mining Iron Mountain | USGS California Water Science Center"
641:
Iron Mountain Acid Mine drainage. The mine was in operation from the 1860s until 1963.
1730:
1462:
938:. Sacramento : Dept. of the Army, Sacramento District, Corps of Engineers. 1975.
403:
326:
281:
252:
352:, and the Spring Creek Power plant, which is located just northwest of Keswick Dam.
1530:
1452:
1427:
480:
455:
340:
at Keswick Dam distributes power from the Keswick power plant, the power plants at
991:
1477:
1253:
569:
The total concentration of metals in the river has been recorded as high as 200
484:
462:
to consider the wage issue; and at the end of 1944, the agency increased wages.
451:
50 degrees. During rainy seasons, the construction was stopped due to flooding.
341:
294:
1122:
582:
upper Sacramento River between Keswick Dam and Red Bluff Diversion Dam (RBDD).
1634:
1472:
1457:
1402:
1157:
614:
597:
539:
424:
407:
372:. The discovery of gold mines in the 1840s attracted a flood of immigrants to
330:
306:
51:
78:
65:
534:
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1197:
1170:
322:
268:
190:
832:
Related Documents Trinity River Division Project History (52 KB) (pdf)
423:
Keswick Dam is part of the CVP's Shasta Division, which also includes
636:
574:
533:
779:. Oakland California: University of California press. p. 52.
526:
the riffle locations and fine sediments at non-riffle locations.
570:
487:– can be seen from numerous vantage points throughout the area.
1126:
146:
1054:
1030:
777:
Sustainable Water: Challenges and Solutions from California
578:
406:
in the north to the semi-arid but fertile plains along the
317:, the dam is 157 feet (48 m) high and impounds the
447:, but the Bureau of Reclamation gave it the go-ahead.
1737:
Buildings and structures in Shasta County, California
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538:Acidic sludge in Keswick Reservoir, forebay of the
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35:
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688:"California Hydroelectric Statistics & Data"
1767:Buildings and structures in Redding, California
577:(g/L) and the water so acidic as to register a
890:National Centers for Environmental Information
865:keswick dam–red bluff reach - Sacramento River
690:. California Energy Commission. Archived from
368:was felt starting in the 19th century, in the
1138:
886:"Statistical Weather and Climate Information"
8:
1079:"California Natural Diversity Database Home"
454:In 1944, for about a month near the end of
1547:
1362:
1145:
1131:
1123:
1055:"California Department of Water Resources"
828:"Trinity Division: Central Valley Project"
602:California Department of Fish and Wildlife
413:Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935
348:, the Judge Francis Carr Power plant near
203:250,000 cu ft/s (7,100 m/s)
27:
18:
799:"Shasta Division, Central valley project"
664:List of dams and reservoirs in California
411:features of the CVP were provided by the
301:about 2 miles (3.2 km) northwest of
1772:Hydroelectric power plants in California
1752:United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
185:214,000 cu yd (164,000 m)
679:
224:23,800 acre⋅ft (29,400,000 m)
1107:Environmental Effects of Iron Mountain
234:6,380 sq mi (16,500 km)
395:Keswick Dam was built as part of the
7:
1031:"Sacramento River Watershed Program"
792:
790:
788:
786:
740:
738:
669:List of power stations in California
1610:Imperial Solar Energy Center South
1383:Big Creek No. 1, 2, 2A, 3, 4 and 8
1307:Los Esteros Critical Energy Center
949:Center, California Water Science.
14:
1615:Imperial Solar Energy Center West
16:Dam in Shasta County, California
1676:Solar Energy Generating Systems
1600:Desert Stateline Solar Facility
1302:Huntington Beach Energy Project
1287:Donald Von Raesfeld Power Plant
1595:Centinela Solar Energy Project
1575:California Flats Solar Project
752:. May 13, 2009. Archived from
1:
1580:California Valley Solar Ranch
992:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.12.025
911:"Climate Shasta – California"
858:"Keswick Dam–Red Bluff Reach"
1757:Dams on the Sacramento River
1666:Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
1661:Genesis Solar Energy Project
1212:Puente Hills Energy Recovery
494:Hydro-meteorological aspects
435:Keswick Dam was named after
242:601.6 ft (183.4 m)
1706:San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm
1560:Antelope Valley Solar Ranch
118:; 74 years ago
100:; 83 years ago
1788:
1620:McCoy Solar Energy Project
1605:Desert Sunlight Solar Farm
1570:Blythe Solar Power Project
1327:Russell City Energy Center
1292:Gateway Generating Station
806:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
775:Lassiter, Allison (2015).
750:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
717:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
620:From Keswick Dam south to
441:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
417:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
311:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
135:U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
1630:Panoche Valley Solar Farm
1585:Campo Verde Solar Project
26:
1716:Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm
1322:Moss Landing Power Plant
1233:Argus Cogeneration Plant
713:"Central Valley Project"
177:596 ft (182 m)
1711:Shiloh Wind Power Plant
1701:Altamont Pass Wind Farm
1696:Alta Wind Energy Center
1423:Mammoth Pool Powerhouse
263:Installed capacity
169:157 ft (48 m)
95:Construction began
1742:Dams completed in 1950
1590:Catalina Solar Project
1468:San Francisquito No. 1
1282:Alamitos Energy Center
1217:Sunshine Gas Producers
719:. 2011. Archived from
642:
626:Central Valley Project
591:Wildlife and fisheries
559:Spring Creek Reservoir
546:
404:Cascade mountain range
397:Central Valley Project
391:Central Valley Project
315:Central Valley Project
276:Annual generation
200:Spillway capacity
79:40.61194°N 122.44583°W
1483:White Rock Powerhouse
1312:Metcalf Energy Center
756:on September 28, 2016
640:
622:Red Bluff, California
537:
385:riparian water rights
239:Normal elevation
147:Type of dam
1671:Mojave Solar Project
1640:Springbok Solar Farm
1565:Beacon Solar Project
1433:New Bullards Bar Dam
1418:Loon Lake Powerhouse
1103:"Acid Mine Drainage"
838:on February 22, 2013
746:"Keswick Powerplant"
84:40.61194; -122.44583
1531:William R. Gianelli
1428:Moccasin Powerhouse
1393:Caribou No. 1 and 2
1297:Glenarm Power Plant
984:2012ChGeo.298...70A
557:accumulated in the
477:Redding, California
230:Catchment area
221:Total capacity
75: /
1747:Dams in California
1625:Mount Signal Solar
1408:Jaybird Powerhouse
978:. 298–299: 70–78.
643:
633:Ecological effects
586:Biological aspects
554:acid mine drainage
550:Iron Mountain Mine
547:
329:releases from the
1724:
1723:
1684:
1683:
1539:
1538:
1443:New Exchequer Dam
1438:New Don Pedro Dam
1388:Camino Powerhouse
1378:Belden Powerhouse
955:ca.water.usgs.gov
915:U.S. Climate Data
319:Keswick Reservoir
288:
287:
216:Keswick Reservoir
141:Dam and spillways
113:Opening date
1779:
1645:Topaz Solar Farm
1548:
1488:William E. Warne
1373:Balch Powerhouse
1363:
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1059:www.water.ca.gov
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1035:www.sacriver.org
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976:Chemical Geology
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834:. Archived from
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772:
766:
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761:
742:
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723:on July 18, 2012
709:
703:
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607:Sacramento River
350:Whiskeytown Lake
299:Sacramento River
160:Sacramento River
151:Concrete gravity
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370:gold-mining era
363:
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336:The electrical
182:Dam volume
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1083:www.dfg.ca.gov
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445:Central Valley
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366:Water scarcity
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361:Water scarcity
359:
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309:. Part of the
293:is a concrete
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1762:Gravity dams
1453:Oroville Dam
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1398:Devil Canyon
1366:Conventional
1110:. Retrieved
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836:the original
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431:Construction
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346:Lewiston Dam
335:
318:
290:
289:
280:416,585,000
1478:Trinity Dam
1413:Keswick Dam
1254:The Geysers
485:Lassen Peak
342:Trinity Dam
295:gravity dam
291:Keswick Dam
284:(2001–2012)
82: /
70:122°26′45″W
58:Coordinates
22:Keswick Dam
1731:Categories
1635:Solar Star
1526:Thermalito
1473:Shasta Dam
1458:Parker Dam
1403:Folsom Dam
1242:Geothermal
1158:California
1088:2016-05-14
1064:2016-05-14
1040:2016-05-14
960:2017-09-27
698:2018-04-26
675:References
648:threatened
598:Shasta Dam
540:Shasta Dam
425:Shasta Dam
408:Kern River
374:California
338:substation
333:upstream.
331:Shasta Dam
307:California
67:40°36′43″N
52:California
516:Hydrology
470:Geography
323:megawatts
208:Reservoir
191:Spillways
1497:Pumped-
1359:electric
1273:Natural
1194:Biomass
1167:storage
1165:Battery
811:18 April
658:See also
253:Turbines
156:Impounds
131:Owner(s)
44:Location
1654:Thermal
1521:O'Neill
1506:Castaic
1499:storage
1357:Hydro-
1341:Nuclear
1264:Mammoth
1112:May 13,
980:Bibcode
895:May 13,
870:May 13,
842:May 13,
544:Redding
499:Climate
356:History
303:Redding
297:on the
213:Creates
121: (
103: (
36:Country
1332:Valley
600:. The
174:Length
166:Height
1544:Solar
1511:Helms
1009:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
802:(PDF)
575:liter
571:grams
542:near
1689:Wind
1249:Coso
1226:Coal
1196:(≥10
1169:(≥10
1114:2016
1017:2017
922:2017
897:2016
872:2016
844:2016
813:2016
762:2017
729:2017
483:and
344:and
267:117
123:1950
116:1950
105:1941
98:1941
1275:gas
1156:in
988:doi
615:cfs
313:'s
282:KWh
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1552:PV
1198:MW
1171:MW
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