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620:(NICE) considered evidence of the effectiveness and the potential risks of the laser surgery, stating "current evidence suggests that photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors is safe and effective for use in appropriately selected patients. Clinicians undertaking photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors should ensure that patients understand the benefits and potential risks of the procedure. Risks include failure to achieve the expected improvement in unaided vision, development of new visual disturbances, corneal infection and flap complications. These risks should be weighed against those of wearing spectacles or contact lenses." The FDA reports "The safety and effectiveness of refractive procedures has not been determined in patients with some diseases."
555:"A method and apparatus for modifying the curvature of a live cornea via use of an excimer laser. The live cornea has a thin layer removed therefrom, leaving an exposed internal surface thereon. Then, either the surface or thin layer is exposed to the laser beam along a predetermined pattern to ablate desired portions. The thin layer is then replaced onto the surface. Ablating a central area of the surface or thin layer makes the cornea less curved, while ablating an annular area spaced from the center of the surface or layer makes the cornea more curved. The desired predetermined pattern is formed by use of a variable diaphragm, a rotating orifice of variable size, a movable mirror or a movable fiber optic cable through which the laser beam is directed towards the exposed internal surface or removed thin layer."
758: – an inflammatory process that involves an accumulation of white blood cells at the interface between the LASIK corneal flap and the underlying stroma. It is known colloquially as "sands of Sahara syndrome" because on slit lamp exam, the inflammatory infiltrate appears similar to waves of sand. The USAeyes organisation reports an incidence of 2.3% after LASIK. It is most commonly treated with steroid eye drops. Sometimes it is necessary for the eye surgeon to lift the flap and manually remove the accumulated cells. DLK has not been reported with photorefractive keratectomy due to the absence of flap creation.
524:"The central corneal flattening obtained by radial diamond knife incisions has been duplicated by radial laser incisions in 18 enucleated human eyes. The incisions, made by 193 nm far-ultraviolet light radiation emitted by the excimer laser, produced corneal flattening ranging from 0.12 to 5.35 diopters. Both the depth of the corneal incisions and the degree of central corneal flattening correlated with the laser energy applied. Histopathology revealed the remarkably smooth edges of the laser incisions."
414:. In patients who have an element of internally induced astigmatism, therefore, the wavefront-guided astigmatism correction may leave regular astigmatism behind (a cross-cylinder effect). If the patient has preexisting irregular astigmatism, wavefront-guided approaches may leave both regular and irregular astigmatism behind. This can result in less-than-optimal visual acuity compared with a wavefront-guided approach combined with vector planning, as shown in a 2008 study.
843:(DoD) launched the LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project (LQOLCP) to help better understand the potential risk of severe problems that can result from LASIK in response to widespread reports of problems experienced by patients after LASIK laser eye surgery. This project examined patient-reported outcomes with LASIK (PROWL). The project consisted of three phases: pilot phase, phase I, phase II (PROWL-1) and phase III (PROWL-2).
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when asleep and to reduce dry eyes. They also are required to moisturize the eyes with preservative-free tears and follow directions for prescription drops. Occasionally after the procedure a bandage contact lens is placed to aid the healing, and typically removed after 3–4 days. Patients should be adequately informed by their surgeons of the importance of proper post-operative care to minimize the risk of complications.
657:. Independent research indicates 95% of patients experience dry eye in the initial post-operative period. This number has been reported to up to 60% after one month. Symptoms begin to improve in the vast majority of patients in the 6 to 12 months following the surgery. However, 30% of post-LASIK referrals to tertiary ophthalmology care centers have been shown to be due to chronic dry eye.
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Another important factor is whether the excimer laser can correctly register eye position in 3 dimensions, and to track the eye in all the possible directions of eye movement. If a wavefront guided treatment is performed with less than perfect registration and tracking, pre-existing aberrations can be worsened. In older patients,
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2007 to 2011. Within this time frame, LASIK searches declined by 40% in the United States. Countries such as the U.K. and India also showed a decline, 22% and 24% respectively. Canada, however, showed an increase in LASIK searches by 8%. This decrease in interest can be attributed to several factors: the emergence of
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induced in the eye by earlier methods. A meta-analysis of eight trials showed a lower incidence of these higher order aberrations in patients who had wavefront-guided LASIK compared to non-wavefront-guided LASIK. Based on their experience, the United States Air Force has described WFG-Lasik as giving
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People with large pupils (e.g. due to taking medications or in the younger age group) may be particularly prone to symptoms such as glare, halos, starbursts, and ghost images (double vision) in dim light after surgery. Because the laser can only work on the inner section of the cornea, the outer rim
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The FDA's director of the
Division of Ophthalmic Devices said about the LASIK study: "Given the large number of patients undergoing LASIK annually, dissatisfaction and disabling symptoms may occur in a significant number of patients". Also in 2014, FDA published an article highlighting the risks and
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For climbers – Although the cornea usually is thinner after LASIK, because of the removal of part of the stroma, refractive surgeons strive to maintain the maximum thickness to avoid structurally weakening the cornea. Decreased atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes has not been demonstrated
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Flap complications – The incidence of flap complications is about 0.244%. Flap complications (such as displaced flaps or folds in the flaps that necessitate repositioning, diffuse lamellar keratitis, and epithelial ingrowth) are common in lamellar corneal surgeries but rarely lead to permanent
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introduced LASIK to ten VISX centers. In 1998, the "Kremer
Excimer Laser", serial number KEA 940202, received FDA approval for its singular use for performing LASIK. Subsequently, Summit Technology was the first company to receive FDA approval to mass manufacture and distribute excimer lasers. VISX
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The "leftover" astigmatism after a purely surface-guided laser correction can be calculated beforehand, and is called ocular residual astigmatism (ORA). ORA is a calculation of astigmatism due to the noncorneal surface (internal) optics. The purely refraction-based approach represented by wavefront
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No good data can be found that compare the percentage of LASIK procedures that employ wavefront guidance versus the percentage that do not, nor the percentage of refractive surgeons who have a preference one way or the other. Wavefront technology continues to be positioned as an "advance" in LASIK
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Patients are usually given a course of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops. These are continued in the weeks following surgery. Patients are told to rest and are given dark eyeglasses to protect their eyes from bright lights and occasionally protective goggles to prevent rubbing of the eyes
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Morris Waxler, a former FDA official who was involved in the approval of LASIK, subsequently criticized its widespread use. In 2010, Waxler made media appearances and claimed that the procedure had a failure rate greater than 50%. The FDA responded that Waxler's information was "filled with false
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The procedure seems to be a declining option for many in the United States, dropping more than 50 percent, from about 1.5 million surgeries in 2007 to 604,000 in 2015, according to the eye-care data source Market Scope. A study determined the frequency with which LASIK was searched on Google from
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The pathway to "super vision" thus may require a more customized approach to corneal astigmatism than is usually attempted, and any remaining astigmatism ought to be regular (as opposed to irregular), which are both fundamental principles of vector planning overlooked by a purely wavefront-guided
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laboratory, discovered that an ultraviolet excimer laser could etch living tissue, with precision and with no thermal damage to the surrounding area. The phenomenon was termed "ablative photo-decomposition" (APD). Five years later, in 1985, Steven Trokel at the Edward S. Harkness Eye
Institute,
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recommends people wait until age 21 because vision needs to stabilize. More importantly the patient's eye prescription should be stable for at least one year prior to surgery. The patient may be examined with pupillary dilation and education given prior to the procedure. Before the surgery, the
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published a patient satisfaction meta-analysis of over 3,000 peer-reviewed articles from international clinical journals. Data from a systematic literature review conducted from 1988 to 2008, consisting of 309 peer-reviewed articles about "properly conducted, well-designed, randomized clinical
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sensor. The goal is to achieve a more optically perfect eye, though the result still depends on the physician's success at predicting changes that occur during healing and other factors that may have to do with the regularity/irregularity of the cornea and the axis of any residual astigmatism.
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and other irregularities in the shape of the cornea. Using this information, the surgeon calculates the amount and the location of corneal tissue to be removed. The patient is prescribed and self-administers an antibiotic beforehand to minimize the risk of infection after the procedure and is
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LASIK with the IntraLase femtosecond laser: early trials comparing to the LASIK with microkeratomes for the correction of myopia suggest no significant differences in safety or efficacy. However, the femtosecond laser has a potential advantage in predictability, although this finding was not
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techniques which were introduced by the
University of Michigan's Center for Ultrafast Optical Science. The goal of replacing standard LASIK in refractive surgery is to avoid permanently weakening the cornea with incisions and to deliver less energy to the surrounding tissues. More recently,
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The patents related to so-called broad-beam LASIK and PRK technologies were granted to US companies including Visx and Summit during 1990–1995 based on the fundamental US patent issued to IBM (1988) which claimed the use of UV laser for the ablation of organic tissues.
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sometimes offered a short acting oral sedative medication as a pre-medication. Prior to the procedure, anaesthetic eye drops are instilled. Factors that may rule out LASIK for some patients include large pupils, thin corneas and extremely dry eyes.
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because of vision problems or pain associated with the surgery. A small percentage of patients may need further surgery because their condition is over- or under-corrected. Some patients need to wear contact lenses or glasses even after treatment.
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572:(FDA) commenced a trial of the excimer laser in 1989. The first enterprise to receive FDA approval to use an excimer laser for photo-refractive keratectomy was Summit Technology. In 1992, under the direction of the FDA, Greek ophthalmologist
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A 2017 study claims that overall, preoperative symptoms decreased significantly, and visual acuity excelled. A meta-analysis discovered that 97% of patients achieved uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/40, while 62% achieved 20/20.
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A 2017 systematic review found uncertainty in visual acuity, but found that in one study, those receiving PRK were less likely to achieve a refractive error, and were less likely to have an over-correction than compared to LASIK.
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Levinson BA, Rapuano CJ, Cohen EJ, Hammersmith KM, Ayres BD, Laibson PR (January 2008). "Referrals to the Wills Eye
Institute Cornea Service after laser in situ keratomileusis: reasons for patient dissatisfaction".
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There was evidence that LASIK gives a faster visual recovery than PRK and is a less painful technique. Results at one year after surgery were comparable: most analyses favoured LASIK but they were not statistically
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Alpins N, Stamatelatos G (April 2007). "Customized photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy using combined topographic and refractive data for myopia and astigmatism in eyes with forme fruste and mild keratoconus".
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Wavefront-guided LASIK is a variation of LASIK surgery in which, rather than applying a simple correction of only long/short-sightedness and astigmatism (only lower order aberrations as in traditional LASIK), an
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Less than 1 percent of study participants experienced "a lot of" difficulty with or inability to do usual activities without corrective lenses because of their visual symptoms (halos, glare, et al.) after LASIK
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As of 2018, roughly 9.5 million
Americans have had LASIK and, globally, between 1991 and 2016, more than 40 million procedures were performed. However, the procedure seemed to be a declining option as of 2015.
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Late postoperative complications – A large body of evidence on the chances of long-term complications is not yet established and may be changing due to advances in operator experience, instruments and
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Carrillo C, Chayet AS, Dougherty PJ, Montes M, Magallanes R, Najman J, et al. (2005). "Incidence of complications during flap creation in LASIK using the NIDEK MK-2000 microkeratome in 26,600 cases".
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Flap interface particles – are a finding whose clinical significance is undetermined. Particles of various sizes and reflectivity are clinically visible in about 38.7% of eyes examined via
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is left unaffected. In dim lighting, a patient's pupils dilate and may be predisposed to optic aberrations due to refractive asynchrony of the two regions with regards to the incoming light.
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Participants who developed new visual symptoms after surgery, most often developed halos. Up to 40 percent of participants with no halos before LASIK had halos three months following surgery.
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Still, surgeons claim patients are generally more satisfied with this technique than with previous methods, particularly regarding lowered incidence of "halos," the visual artifact caused by
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Topography-assisted LASIK is intended to be an advancement in precision and reduce night-vision side effects. The first topography-assisted device received FDA approval 13 September 2013.
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Jabbur NS, Sakatani K, O'Brien TP (September 2004). "Survey of complications and recommendations for management in dissatisfied patients seeking a consultation after refractive surgery".
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Participants who were not satisfied with the LASIK surgery reported all types of visual symptoms the questionnaire measured (double vision/ghosting, starbursts, glare, and halos).
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Solomon KD, Fernández de Castro LE, Sandoval HP, Biber JM, Groat B, Neff KD, et al. (April 2009). "LASIK world literature review: quality of life and patient satisfaction".
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Alpins N, Stamatelatos G (August 2008). "Clinical outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis using combined topography and refractive wavefront treatments for myopic astigmatism".
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A systematic review that compared PRK and LASIK concluded that LASIK has shorter recovery time and less pain. The two techniques after a period of one year have similar results.
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Complications due to LASIK have been classified as those that occur due to preoperative, intraoperative, early postoperative, or late postoperative sources: According to the UK
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Fares U, Suleman H, Al-Aqaba MA, Otri AM, Said DG, Dua HS (August 2011). "Efficacy, predictability, and safety of wavefront-guided refractive laser treatment: metaanalysis".
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suggested a flap of cornea could be raised by microkeratome prior to the performing of PRK with the excimer laser. The addition of a flap to PRK became known as LASIK.
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1062:"Lasik's Risks Are Coming Into Sharper Focus – Some patients who undergo the eye surgery report a variety of side effects. They may persist for years, studies show"
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When treating a patient with preexisting astigmatism, most wavefront-guided LASIK lasers are designed to treat regular astigmatism as determined externally by
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treatment plan. This was confirmed by the 2008 study mentioned above, which found a greater reduction in corneal astigmatism and better visual outcomes under
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Bailey MD, Mitchell GL, Dhaliwal DK, Boxer
Wachler BS, Zadnik K (July 2003). "Patient satisfaction and visual symptoms after laser in situ keratomileusis".
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716:, which normally drains fluid from the eye. Some patients complain of ongoing dry-eye symptoms despite such treatments and the symptoms may be permanent.
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767: – a condition where the cornea starts to bulge forwards at a variable time after LASIK, causing irregular astigmatism. the condition is similar to
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using wavefront technology combined with vector analysis than using wavefront technology alone, and also found equivalent higher-order aberrations (see
365:, the middle section of the cornea. Pulses from a computer-controlled laser (excimer laser) vaporize a portion of the stroma and the flap is replaced.
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The procedure involves creating a thin flap on the eye, folding it to enable remodeling of the tissue beneath with a laser and repositioning the flap.
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A number of patents have been issued for several techniques related to LASIK. Rangaswamy
Srinivasan and James Wynne filed a patent application on the
2416:, Sachdev N, Weed KH, Brown AD (April 2000). "Functional, psychological, and satisfaction outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia".
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Shortt AJ, Allan BD, Evans JR (January 2013). "Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia".
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Shortt AJ, Allan BD, Evans JR (January 2013). "Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia".
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Sanders DR, Vukich JA (May 2003). "Comparison of implantable contact lens and laser assisted in situ keratomileusis for moderate to high myopia".
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Up to 46 percent of participants, who had no visual symptoms before surgery, reported at least one visual symptom at three months after surgery.
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and Terry
Clapham, Trokel founded VISX USA inc. Marguerite B. MacDonald MD performed the first human VISX refractive laser eye surgery in 1989.
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2036:"VISX - World Leader in Laser Vision Correction Technology used for Conventional LASIK, Wavefront Guided LASIK, PRK, LASEK, and PTK Procedures"
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to alter its shape. Barraquer also investigated how much of the cornea had to be left unaltered in order to provide stable long-term results.
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Alpins NA (2002). "Wavefront technology: a new advance that fails to answer old questions on corneal vs. refractive astigmatism correction".
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Performing the laser ablation in the deeper corneal stroma provides for more rapid visual recovery and less pain than the earlier technique,
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Sun L, Liu G, Ren Y, Li J, Hao J, Liu X, et al. (2005). "Efficacy and safety of LASIK in 10,052 eyes of 5081 myopic
Chinese patients".
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Up to 28 percent of participants with no symptoms of dry eyes before LASIK, reported dry eye symptoms at three months after their surgery.
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2104:, Samuel E. Blum, Rangaswamy Srinivasan, James J. Wynne, "Far ultraviolet surgical and dental procedures", issued 1988-11-15
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to determine their thickness, and with a topographer, or corneal topography machine, to measure their surface contour. Using low-power
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McDonald MB, Kaufman HE, Frantz JM, Shofner S, Salmeron B, Klyce SD (May 1989). "Excimer laser ablation in a human eye. Case report".
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Walsh MJ. Is the future of refractive surgery based on corneal topography or wavefront? "Ocular Surgery News". 1 August 2000, page 26.
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Since 1991, there have been further developments such as faster lasers; larger spot areas; bladeless flap incisions; intraoperative
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Rodemich K (2010). "Former FDA official warns of LASIK risks: the man who OK'd LASIK now warns of an "epidemic" of eye problems".
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should be treated before consideration for LASIK. Women who are pregnant or nursing are generally not eligible to undergo LASIK.
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Traumatic flap dislocations – Cases of late traumatic flap dislocations have been reported up to thirteen years after LASIK.
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loss of visual acuity. The incidence of these microkeratome-related complications decreases with increased physician experience.
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1707:"Refractive Laser Surgery: An In-Depth Look at LASIK and Brief Overview of PRK, Epi-LASIK, and LASEK: A Science Writer's Guide"
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Technolas FEMTEC laser: for incisionless IntraCOR ablation for presbyopia, with trials ongoing for myopia and other conditions.
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95% of patients report dry-eye symptoms after LASIK. Although it is usually temporary, it can develop into chronic and severe
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3901:"Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) versus laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for correcting myopia"
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Alió JL, Montés-Mico R (February 2006). "Wavefront-guided versus standard LASIK enhancement for residual refractive errors".
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Sugar A, Hood CT, Mian SI (January 2017). "Patient-Reported Outcomes Following LASIK: Quality of Life in the PROWL Studies".
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Suarez E, Torres F, Vieira JC, Ramirez E, Arevalo JF (October 2002). "Anterior uveitis after laser in situ keratomileusis".
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Boes DA, Omura AK, Hennessy MJ (December 2001). "Effect of high-altitude exposure on myopic laser in situ keratomileusis".
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361:) is used to cut a flap in the cornea. A hinge is left at one end of this flap. The flap is folded back revealing the
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3806:"IntraLase femtosecond laser vs mechanical microkeratomes in LASIK for myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Caster AI, Hoff JL, Ruiz R (2005). "Conventional vs wavefront-guided LASIK using the LADARVision4000 excimer laser".
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with putative advantages; however, it is clear that not all LASIK procedures are performed with wavefront guidance.
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a list of factors and conditions individuals should consider when choosing a doctor for their refractive surgery.
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3703:"CRSTodayEurope.com > May 2010 > Industry interview: Aiming to change the face of refractive surgery—again"
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applies a spatially varying correction, guiding the computer-controlled excimer laser with measurements from a
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or thin corneas may disqualify patients from LASIK, though other procedures may be viable options. Those with
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Corneal scarring – or permanent problems with cornea's shape making it impossible to wear contact lenses.
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604:, the economic recession in 2008, and unfavorable media coverage from the FDA's 2008 press release on LASIK.
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EW Dialogue: the future of wavefront refraction as a diagnostic tool. "EyeWorld". May 2000, pages 64 and 65.
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Ruiz-Moreno JM, Alió JL (2003). "Incidence of retinal disease following refractive surgery in 9,239 eyes".
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for refractive correction. and is in European clinical trials for the correction of myopia and keratoconus.
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Surveys of LASIK surgery find rates of patient satisfaction between 92 and 98 percent. In March 2008, the
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LASIK permanently changes the shape of the cornea, the clear covering of the front of the eye, using an
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2830:"Laser in situ keratomileusis in patients with collagen vascular disease: a review of the literature"
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Pallikaris IG, Panagopoulou SI (July 2015). "PresbyLASIK approach for the correction of presbyopia".
2328:"[Lasik, PRK and quality of vision: a study of prognostic factors and a satisfaction survey]"
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Cotliar AM, Schubert HD, Mandel ER, Trokel SL (February 1985). "Excimer laser radial keratotomy".
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Dimmig JW, Tabin G (2003). "The ascent of Mount Everest following laser in situ keratomileusis".
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Infection – the incidence of infection responsive to treatment has been estimated at 0.04%.
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Tham VM, Maloney RK (May 2000). "Microkeratome complications of laser in situ keratomileusis".
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Corcoran KJ (July 2015). "Macroeconomic landscape of refractive surgery in the United States".
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Potential best vision loss may occur a year after the surgery regardless of the use of eyewear.
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The LASIK technique was implemented in the US after its successful application elsewhere. The
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of the cornea. The procedure is contraindicated if the topographer finds difficulties such as
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3472:"Families deal with repercussions after rare but severe complications from laser eye surgery"
2250:"Gauging interest of the general public in laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis eye surgery"
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Some people with poor outcomes from LASIK surgical procedures report a significantly reduced
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in New York City, published his work using the excimer laser in radial keratotomy. He wrote,
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or incipient cataract) may play a role that outweighs any benefit from wavefront correction.
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have been developed that avoid touching the epithelial basement membrane or Bowman's layer.
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2123:, Gholam A. Peyman, "Method for modifying corneal curvature", issued 1988-06-20
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1941:"Prize for the Industrial Application of Physics Winner – American Institute of Physics"
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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was granted a US patent for using an excimer laser to modify corneal curvature. It was,
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analysis actually conflicts with corneal surgical experience developed over many years.
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4027:
3006:
Vesaluoma M, Pérez-Santonja J, Petroll WM, Linna T, Alió J, Tervo T (February 2000).
1216:
674:
544:
468:
354:
241:
237:
229:
221:
86:
69:
3356:
3278:
3235:
2748:
2686:
2643:
2445:
1798:
1692:
1648:
1367:
1232:
4311:
4111:
4088:
3916:
3877:
1494:
1282:
1137:"Medical Mystery: Preparation for surgery revealed cause of deteriorating eyesight"
512:
3418:
3305:
3184:
3069:
2916:
1978:
1594:
1421:
129:
3824:
3383:
3117:
Galvis V, Tello A, Ortiz AI, Quintero MP, Parra MM, Blanco NA (April–June 2019).
2938:
2732:
2472:
2265:
1351:
1168:
Lovisolo CF, Reinstein DZ (November–December 2005). "Phakic intraocular lenses".
724:
Some post-LASIK patients see halos and starbursts around bright lights at night.
115:
4665:
4625:
4256:
4022:
3135:
3007:
898:
882:
768:
541:
431:
337:
123:
3961:
3667:"Avedro Receives the European Union's CE Mark for its Vedera Ophthalmic Device"
2670:
2627:
1782:
1676:
1632:
846:
The results of the LASIK Quality of Life Study were published in October 2014.
653:
The most common reason for dissatisfaction in LASIK patients is chronic severe
4650:
4645:
4487:
4482:
4457:
1011:
933:
670:
584:
The excimer laser that was used for the first LASIK surgeries by I. Pallikaris
487:. In his clinic, he would cut thin (one hundredth of a mm thick) flaps in the
400:
3091:
1451:
633:
trials" found a 95.4 percent patient satisfaction rate among LASIK patients.
4435:
4169:
2507:
980:
745:
713:
395:
213:
90:
3934:
3885:
3832:
3426:
3391:
3348:
3313:
3270:
3227:
3192:
3154:
3077:
3023:
2989:
2924:
2865:
2740:
2678:
2635:
2599:
2515:
2480:
2437:
2398:
2351:
2283:
1790:
1684:
1640:
1602:
1502:
1359:
1224:
1189:
918:
476:
3340:
2082:
2021:
4462:
2298:"Photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors"
1926:
1875:"Topography-guided LASIK: A paradigm shift in refractive laser treatment"
1553:
Walsh MJ. Wavefront is showing signs of success, but can it do it alone?
673:. Results are, however, more variable and some people have a decrease in
404:
2846:
2828:
Simpson RG, Moshirfar M, Edmonds JN, Christiansen SM, Behunin N (2012).
2799:"LASIK – What are the risks and how can I find the right doctor for me?"
1948:
4291:
802:
661:
statements, incorrect citations" and "mischaracterization of results".
315:(FDA) has approved LASIK for people 18 years of age and older, but the
288:
190:
2581:
580:
139:
4053:
488:
321:
268:
264:
209:
809:
as extremely dangerous to the eyes of LASIK patients. However, some
357:. A mechanical microkeratome (a blade device) or a laser keratome (
2039:
1004:
976:
774:
Subconjunctival hemorrhage – A report shows the incidence of
705:
579:
480:
329:
295:, an approach based on the Alpins method of astigmatism analysis.
186:
31:
3606:"LASIK for Myopia and Astigmatism: Safety and Efficacy – EyeWiki"
291:
reshaping techniques such as LASIK have been standardized by the
3804:
Chen S, Feng Y, Stojanovic A, Jankov MR, Wang Q (January 2012).
694:. Quality of life can be severely affected by dry-eye syndrome.
247:
LASIK is very similar to another surgical corrective procedure,
3974:
3327:
Hammer T, Heynemann M, Naumann I, Duncker GI (March 2006). "".
3119:"Traumatic corneal flap avulsion and loss 13 years after LASIK"
4006:
1010:
Keraflex: a thermobiochemical solution which has received the
912:
712:
is accomplished by placing a collagen or silicone plug in the
430:). Vector planning also proved advantageous in patients with
2140:"FDA-Approved Lasers for PRK and Other Refractive Surgeries"
1740:"Cost of LASIK eye surgery and other corrective procedures"
1452:"Am I a Candidate For LASIK Surgery? TLC Laser Eye Centers"
168:
1901:"Refractive keratoplasty: keratophakia and keratomileusis"
174:
1250:. Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today. Archived from
669:
A type of LASIK, known as presbyLasik, may be used in
4727:
1905:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
813:
have experienced a myopic shift at extreme altitudes.
618:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
177:
171:
3570:
LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project (LQOLCP)
2883:
Focal Points: Clinical Modules for Ophthalmologists.
165:
4704:
4684:
4609:
4537:
4500:
4408:
4370:
4330:
4302:
4240:
4133:
4124:
4097:
4052:
4043:
2885:American Academy of Ophthalmology. September 2004.
2248:Stein JD, Childers DM, Nan B, Mian SI (July 2013).
1844:"Nidek EC-5000 Excimer Laser System – P970053/S011"
630:
American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
162:
122:
108:
96:
80:
56:
2212:"Lasik surgery falling out of favor with patients"
889:, corneal epithelial basement membrane dystrophy,
881:Not everyone is eligible to receive LASIK. Severe
240:to reshape the corneal stroma in order to improve
3008:"Corneal stromal changes induced by myopic LASIK"
1576:
1574:
1572:
999:: using all-femtosecond correction, for example,
731:, complications occur in fewer than 5% of cases.
3012:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
997:Femtosecond laser intrastromal vision correction
848:
271:which cannot be treated with LASIK or PRK, the
3899:Kuryan J, Cheema A, Chuck RS (February 2017).
3676:(Press release). 20 April 2010. Archived from
3166:
3164:
2326:Saragoussi D, Saragoussi JJ (September 2004).
2171:
2169:
1524:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier.
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
850:Based on our initial analyses of our studies:
784:Epithelial ingrowth – estimated at 0.01%.
748:biomicroscopy and in 100% of eyes examined by
3986:
3505:"LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project"
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
1614:
1612:
708:, prescription tears, and punctal occlusion.
427:
8:
3001:
2999:
959:"wavefront-optimized" and "wavefront-guided"
263:of vision. For people with moderate to high
3905:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3866:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3859:
3857:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
1814:"Air Force aims for 'weapons-grade' vision"
1483:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1091:
1089:
701:are considered contraindications to Lasik.
697:Underlying conditions with dry eye such as
4393:Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty
4130:
4049:
3993:
3979:
3971:
3966:United States National Library of Medicine
3329:Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde
3251:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
3208:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
2659:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
2616:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
2418:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
1771:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
1665:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
1621:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
1306:"A Look at LASIK Past, Present and Future"
62:
3924:
3144:
3134:
2855:
2845:
2589:
2273:
1916:
1248:"Nd:YAG Treatment of Epithelial Ingrowth"
1026:Comparison to photorefractive keratectomy
74:US National Naval Medical Center Bethesda
4599:Optical coherence tomography angiography
1381:
1379:
1377:
30:For the drug used for hypertension, see
4734:
4398:Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty
3562:
3560:
3499:
3497:
2527:
2525:
2303:. National Health Service. March 2006.
2177:"List of FDA-Approved Lasers for LASIK"
2096:
2094:
2092:
1043:
307:Pre-operative examination and education
232:to create a corneal flap to expose the
4282:Manual small incision cataract surgery
3616:from the original on 14 September 2024
3482:from the original on 14 September 2024
3470:St Philip E, Favaro A (7 April 2019).
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
2949:from the original on 28 September 2011
2772:from the original on 14 September 2024
2760:
2758:
2545:from the original on 14 September 2024
2191:from the original on 14 September 2024
2154:from the original on 14 September 2024
1850:(FDA). 13 October 2013. Archived from
1462:from the original on 15 September 2024
1401:from the original on 19 September 2019
1130:
1128:
1126:
53:
4529:Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
4522:Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
3515:from the original on 16 November 2019
3094:. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
3030:from the original on 5 September 2010
2809:from the original on 7 September 2019
2307:from the original on 22 November 2014
1712:. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
340:The preparatory process also detects
293:American National Standards Institute
7:
4217:Phakic intraocular lens implantation
3647:from the original on 18 October 2021
2766:"Laser eye surgery and lens surgery"
2075:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010659013
1432:from the original on 18 January 2024
1333:
1331:
887:Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy
835:In October 2009, the US FDA, the US
547:, in 1986, issued in 1988. In 1989,
34:. For the Slovakian footballer, see
4352:Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
3713:from the original on 18 August 2011
3637:"Time to Revisit Surface Ablation?"
3098:from the original on 4 October 2022
2358:from the original on 17 August 2011
564:Implementation in the United States
220:. LASIK surgery is performed by an
135:
27:Corrective ophthalmological surgery
25:
4175:Intrastromal corneal ring segment
2222:from the original on 15 June 2018
1824:from the original on 28 July 2012
1750:from the original on 19 June 2012
1719:from the original on 16 June 2012
1426:American Academy of Ophthalmology
1316:from the original on 31 July 2013
1182:10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.08.011
1149:from the original on 15 June 2018
317:American Academy of Ophthalmology
4737:
3545:from the original on 1 July 2024
2721:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
2332:Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie
1340:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
1217:10.1097/00003226-200305000-00009
1111:from the original on 20 May 2024
1074:from the original on 26 May 2023
1001:Femtosecond Lenticule EXtraction
917:
158:
4150:Automated lamellar keratoplasty
2939:"Eye Surgery Education Council"
1899:Troutman RC, Swinger C (1978).
1812:Campbell S (12 November 2004).
4631:Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
4426:Corneal collagen cross-linking
3917:10.1002/14651858.CD011080.pub2
3878:10.1002/14651858.CD005135.pub3
3123:Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology
2570:Expert Review of Ophthalmology
1495:10.1002/14651858.CD005135.pub3
704:Treatments include artificial
577:and other companies followed.
528:Together with his colleagues,
255:. All represent advances over
1:
4589:Indocyanine green angiography
4584:Heidelberg Retinal Tomography
4416:Anterior chamber paracentesis
3813:Journal of Refractive Surgery
3641:www.reviewofophthalmology.com
3419:10.3928/1081-597X-20051101-28
3407:Journal of Refractive Surgery
3306:10.3928/1081-597X-20030101-10
3294:Journal of Refractive Surgery
3263:10.1016/S0886-3350(01)01074-4
3220:10.1016/S0886-3350(02)01364-0
3185:10.3928/1081-597X-20030901-08
3173:Journal of Refractive Surgery
3070:10.3928/1081-597X-20050902-15
3058:Journal of Refractive Surgery
2982:10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00004-X
2917:10.3928/1081-597X-20050902-20
2905:Journal of Refractive Surgery
2768:. NHS Choices. 5 March 2012.
2430:10.1016/S0886-3350(00)00312-6
2391:10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00455-X
2344:10.1016/S0181-5512(04)96210-9
2014:10.1016/s0161-6420(85)34052-6
1595:10.3928/1081-597X-20021101-12
1583:Journal of Refractive Surgery
311:In the United States, the US
287:The planning and analysis of
259:in the surgical treatment of
18:Keratomileusis, laser in situ
4594:Optical coherence tomography
4473:Phototherapeutic keratectomy
4347:Excimer laser trabeculostomy
3956:Food and Drug Administration
3825:10.3928/1081597x-20111228-02
3578:Food and Drug Administration
3539:Food and Drug Administration
3509:Food and Drug Administration
3384:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.10.004
2803:Food and Drug Administration
2733:10.1097/icu.0000000000000162
2473:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.037
2266:10.1097/ICO.0b013e318283c85a
2210:Schoenberg N (23 May 2016).
2183:Food and Drug Administration
2146:Food and Drug Administration
1873:Stulting D (28 April 2014).
1848:Food and Drug Administration
1557:. 1 September 2000, page 41.
1393:Food and Drug Administration
1352:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000159
1103:Food and Drug Administration
805:: estimated at 0.18 percent.
799:: estimated at 0.33 percent.
797:Choroidal neovascularization
793:: estimated at 0.36 percent.
778:has been estimated at 10.5%.
570:Food and Drug Administration
475:technique were developed in
403:from microscopic particles (
313:Food and Drug Administration
196:"), commonly referred to as
4222:Photorefractive keratectomy
3136:10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.08.001
1520:Azar DT, Gatinel D (2007).
1422:"LASIK — Laser Eye Surgery"
1387:"When is LASIK not for me?"
1135:Finn P (20 December 2012).
602:refractive cataract surgery
446:"superior vision results".
370:photorefractive keratectomy
249:photorefractive keratectomy
4781:
4641:Dilated fundus examination
4621:A-scan ultrasound biometry
4195:Laser thermal keratoplasty
4018:Anesthesia for eye surgery
2671:10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.01.020
2628:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.08.028
2564:Shtein RM (October 2011).
1783:10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.02.029
1677:10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.12.014
1633:10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.03.028
1273:Stodola E (1 April 2016).
776:subconjunctival hemorrhage
765:Post-LASIK corneal ectasia
756:Diffuse lamellar keratitis
462:
332:, a topographer creates a
40:
29:
4378:Whole eye transplantation
4277:Intraocular lens scaffold
4212:Limbal relaxing incisions
4067:East Asian blepharoplasty
4013:
3733:"IntraCOR for presbyopia"
3535:"The FDA's LASIK Program"
3441:"LASIK laser eye surgery"
2063:Archives of Ophthalmology
1060:Rabin RC (11 June 2018).
826:(corneal neuralgia); rare
136:
61:
1420:Boyd K (9 August 2024).
830:
495:Laser refractive surgery
41:Not to be confused with
4574:Fluorescein angiography
4421:Boston keratoprosthesis
4383:Corneal transplantation
4155:Conductive keratoplasty
2508:10.1001/jama.2016.19323
1818:United States Air Force
1170:Survey of Ophthalmology
970:Experimental techniques
893:, autoimmune diseases,
824:Ocular neuropathic pain
729:National Health Service
614:National Health Service
302:Preoperative procedures
273:phakic intraocular lens
202:laser vision correction
68:LASIK surgery using an
4453:Intravitreal injection
4317:Laser photocoagulation
4262:Glued intraocular lens
3541:(FDA). 26 April 2019.
2880:"LASIK Complications."
2834:Clinical Ophthalmology
2805:(FDA). 8 August 2018.
1246:Lindfield D, Poole T.
964:Epi-Bowman Keratectomy
928:is missing information
870:
837:National Eye Institute
585:
463:Barraquer's early work
208:for the correction of
4671:Slit-lamp examination
4636:Color perception test
4559:Electronystagmography
4107:Dacryocystorhinostomy
3769:"IntraCOR for myopia"
3580:(FDA), archived from
3341:10.1055/s-2005-858864
3092:"Ectasia After LASIK"
2889:11 March 2006 at the
1880:. EyeWorld Daily News
986:Wavefront-guided PRK,
841:Department of Defense
612:In 2006, the British
583:
501:Rangaswamy Srinivasan
4512:Harada–Ito procedure
4185:Laser blended vision
2566:"Post-LASIK dry eye"
1951:on 28 September 2011
443:spherical aberration
324:are examined with a
4696:Plaque radiotherapy
4569:Electroretinography
4287:Phacoemulsification
3785:on 2 September 2011
3749:on 2 September 2011
3064:(5 Suppl): S633-5.
2911:(5 Suppl): S655-7.
2847:10.2147/OPTH.S36690
2702:Review of Optometry
2533:"LASIK Eye Surgery"
1555:Ocular Surgery News
1397:. 7 November 2018.
1142:The Washington Post
750:confocal microscopy
735:Other complications
518:Columbia University
479:, Colombia, by the
450:Topography-assisted
349:Operative procedure
275:is an alternative.
4760:1989 introductions
4579:Fundus photography
4564:Electrooculography
4549:Corneal topography
4517:Strabismus surgery
3683:on 4 November 2013
3587:on 24 October 2016
2943:Lasikinstitute.org
2538:The New York Times
2042:on 19 October 2015
1981:on 5 February 2023
1744:Allaboutvision.com
1522:Refractive surgery
1254:on 5 November 2013
1067:The New York Times
991:intraocular lenses
955:corneal pachymetry
930:about PresbyLASIK.
897:, and significant
839:(NEI), and the US
791:Retinal detachment
699:Sjögren's syndrome
586:
574:Ioannis Pallikaris
467:In the 1950s, the
424:mesopic conditions
412:corneal topography
376:Postoperative care
206:refractive surgery
4725:
4724:
4676:Visual field test
4496:
4495:
4227:Radial keratotomy
4190:Laser eye surgery
4120:
4119:
3962:Laser Eye Surgery
3842:on 7 January 2022
3709:. 16 April 2010.
2582:10.1586/eop.11.56
1531:978-0-323-03599-6
1275:"LASIK worldwide"
951:
950:
877:Contraindications
811:mountain climbers
710:Punctal occlusion
530:Charles Munnerlyn
359:femtosecond laser
261:refractive errors
257:radial keratotomy
226:femtosecond laser
198:laser eye surgery
147:
146:
16:(Redirected from
4772:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4656:Ocular tonometry
4554:Electrodiagnosis
4342:Cyclodestruction
4267:Hydrodelineation
4131:
4084:Hughes procedure
4050:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3972:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3841:
3835:. Archived from
3810:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3778:. Archived from
3773:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3742:. Archived from
3737:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3575:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3447:. Archived from
3437:
3431:
3430:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3168:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2899:
2893:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2245:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2038:. Archived from
2032:
2026:
2025:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1977:. Archived from
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1947:. Archived from
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1578:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1383:
1372:
1371:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:. Archived from
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1107:. 13 June 2023.
1093:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1057:
962:techniques like
946:
943:
937:
921:
913:
909:Further research
692:dry eye syndrome
549:Gholam A. Peyman
483:ophthalmologist
385:Wavefront-guided
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
140:edit on Wikidata
132:
118:
66:
54:
21:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4700:
4687:
4680:
4612:
4605:
4540:
4533:
4503:
4492:
4468:Photodisruption
4404:
4371:Transplantation
4366:
4362:Trabeculoplasty
4333:
4326:
4304:
4298:
4272:Hydrodissection
4243:
4236:
4205:Contoura Vision
4165:Epikeratophakia
4136:
4116:
4099:Lacrimal system
4093:
4079:Eyelid revision
4074:Epicanthoplasty
4039:
4035:Eye examination
4009:
3999:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3911:(2): CD011080.
3898:
3897:
3893:
3872:(1): CD005135.
3863:
3862:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3610:eyewiki.aao.org
3604:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3445:Webmd.boots.com
3439:
3438:
3434:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3257:(12): 1937–41.
3248:
3247:
3243:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2891:Wayback Machine
2877:
2873:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2216:Chicago Tribune
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1489:(1): CD005135.
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1385:
1384:
1375:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1310:EyeNet Magazine
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1285:on 12 June 2018
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1059:
1058:
1045:
1040:
1028:
1007:, or IntraCOR),
975:"plain" LASIK:
972:
947:
941:
938:
931:
922:
911:
895:severe dry eyes
879:
869:
833:
737:
722:
688:
683:
667:
647:quality of life
643:
641:Dissatisfaction
626:
610:
597:
566:
538:
497:
465:
460:
452:
392:ophthalmologist
387:
378:
351:
334:topographic map
309:
304:
285:
222:ophthalmologist
204:, is a type of
161:
157:
143:
128:
114:
76:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4778:
4776:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4717:Cryoextraction
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4661:Ophthalmoscopy
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4448:Gundersen flap
4445:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4388:Corneal button
4380:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4357:Trabeculectomy
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4322:Scleral buckle
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4180:Keratomileusis
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4062:Blepharoplasty
4058:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4005:involving the
4000:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3959:
3952:What is LASIK?
3947:
3946:External links
3944:
3941:
3940:
3891:
3853:
3796:
3760:
3724:
3694:
3658:
3627:
3597:
3556:
3526:
3493:
3462:
3451:on 15 May 2016
3432:
3413:(6): S786-91.
3397:
3362:
3319:
3284:
3241:
3214:(10): 1793–8.
3198:
3160:
3129:(2): 172–176.
3109:
3083:
3041:
2995:
2960:
2930:
2894:
2878:Majmudar, PA.
2871:
2820:
2783:
2754:
2711:
2692:
2665:(9): 1867–74.
2649:
2605:
2576:(5): 575–582.
2556:
2521:
2502:(2): 204–205.
2486:
2467:(4): 691–701.
2451:
2424:(4): 497–509.
2404:
2369:
2318:
2289:
2233:
2202:
2165:
2131:
2112:
2088:
2053:
2027:
1992:
1962:
1932:
1891:
1865:
1854:on 3 June 2016
1835:
1804:
1777:(8): 1465–75.
1761:
1730:
1698:
1671:(4): 591–602.
1654:
1608:
1568:
1559:
1546:
1537:
1530:
1512:
1473:
1443:
1412:
1373:
1327:
1296:
1265:
1238:
1195:
1160:
1122:
1085:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1008:
994:
987:
984:
971:
968:
949:
948:
925:
923:
916:
910:
907:
878:
875:
868:
867:
864:
860:
857:
854:
849:
832:
831:FDA's position
829:
828:
827:
821:
818:
814:
806:
800:
794:
788:
785:
782:
779:
772:
762:
759:
753:
742:
736:
733:
721:
718:
687:
684:
682:
679:
666:
663:
642:
639:
625:
622:
609:
606:
596:
593:
565:
562:
557:
556:
537:
534:
526:
525:
509:James J. Wynne
505:Samuel E. Blum
496:
493:
485:José Barraquer
473:keratomileusis
464:
461:
459:
456:
451:
448:
386:
383:
377:
374:
363:corneal stroma
350:
347:
308:
305:
303:
300:
284:
281:
234:corneal stroma
194:keratomileusis
145:
144:
137:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
112:
106:
105:
100:
94:
93:
84:
78:
77:
67:
59:
58:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4777:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4745:
4735:
4731:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4608:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:Capsulorhexis
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Corneal inlay
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Alpins method
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4028:Oculoplastics
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3797:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3571:
3567:Eydelman MB,
3563:
3561:
3557:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3463:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:Ophthalmology
3366:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3335:(3): 217–24.
3334:
3331:(in German).
3330:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3179:(5): 534–47.
3178:
3174:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:(2): 369–76.
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:Ophthalmology
2964:
2961:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:(4): 265–72.
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:Ophthalmology
2455:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:(7): 1371–8.
2384:
2380:
2379:Ophthalmology
2373:
2370:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:(7): 755–64.
2337:
2334:(in French).
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2306:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:(7): 1015–8.
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:Ophthalmology
1996:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1975:laserfest.org
1972:
1971:"James Wynne"
1966:
1963:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
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1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:(8): 1250–9.
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
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1477:
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1461:
1457:
1456:Tlcvision.com
1453:
1447:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:(4): 249–54.
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:(4): 324–31.
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:(6): 549–87.
1175:
1171:
1164:
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1143:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1110:
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1073:
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1025:
1019:
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1013:
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982:
978:
974:
973:
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967:
965:
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956:
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935:
929:
926:This section
924:
920:
915:
914:
908:
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:retinal tears
888:
884:
876:
874:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
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730:
725:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
685:
680:
678:
676:
675:visual acuity
672:
664:
662:
658:
656:
651:
648:
640:
638:
634:
631:
623:
621:
619:
615:
608:Effectiveness
607:
605:
603:
594:
592:
590:
582:
578:
575:
571:
563:
561:
554:
553:
552:
550:
546:
545:excimer laser
543:
535:
533:
531:
523:
522:
521:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:microkeratome
457:
455:
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447:
444:
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425:
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413:
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406:
402:
397:
393:
384:
382:
375:
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371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
355:excimer laser
348:
346:
343:
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335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
314:
306:
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296:
294:
290:
282:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
242:visual acuity
239:
238:excimer laser
235:
231:
230:microkeratome
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
182:
155:
151:
141:
131:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
88:
87:Ophthalmology
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
70:excimer laser
65:
60:
55:
52:
48:
44:
37:
36:Richard Lásik
33:
19:
4443:Evisceration
4312:Ignipuncture
4199:
4112:Punctoplasty
4089:Tarsorrhaphy
3908:
3904:
3894:
3869:
3865:
3844:. Retrieved
3837:the original
3819:(1): 15–24.
3816:
3812:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3780:the original
3775:
3763:
3751:. Retrieved
3744:the original
3739:
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3707:Bmctoday.net
3706:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3678:the original
3673:
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3640:
3635:McKinney S.
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3609:
3600:
3589:, retrieved
3582:the original
3569:
3549:14 September
3547:. Retrieved
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3484:. Retrieved
3475:
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3449:the original
3444:
3435:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3378:(2): 191–7.
3375:
3371:
3365:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3300:(1): 48–51.
3297:
3293:
3287:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3176:
3172:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3100:. Retrieved
3086:
3061:
3057:
3032:. Retrieved
3015:
3011:
2976:(5): 920–4.
2973:
2969:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2942:
2933:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2882:
2874:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2813:14 September
2811:. Retrieved
2774:. Retrieved
2724:
2720:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2549:10 September
2547:. Retrieved
2536:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2335:
2331:
2321:
2311:21 September
2309:. Retrieved
2292:
2257:
2253:
2224:. Retrieved
2215:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2180:
2156:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2115:
2069:(5): 641–2.
2066:
2062:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2030:
2008:(2): 206–8.
2005:
2001:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:the original
1974:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:the original
1944:
1935:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1817:
1807:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1743:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1701:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1624:
1620:
1589:(6): 737–9.
1586:
1582:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1540:
1521:
1515:
1508:significant.
1506:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1455:
1446:
1436:14 September
1434:. Retrieved
1425:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1390:
1343:
1339:
1320:12 September
1318:. Retrieved
1309:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1279:EyeWorld.org
1278:
1268:
1258:12 September
1256:. Retrieved
1252:the original
1241:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1151:. Retrieved
1140:
1113:. Retrieved
1100:
1076:. Retrieved
1065:
1032:
1029:
1021:significant.
952:
942:October 2021
939:
927:
903:
880:
871:
845:
834:
726:
723:
703:
696:
689:
668:
659:
652:
644:
635:
627:
624:Satisfaction
611:
598:
595:Recent years
587:
567:
558:
539:
527:
513:IBM Research
498:
466:
453:
440:
436:
420:
416:
409:
388:
379:
367:
352:
310:
297:
286:
277:
246:
236:and then an
201:
197:
153:
149:
148:
51:
4666:Retinoscopy
4626:Amsler grid
4613:examination
4502:Extraocular
4431:Enucleation
4257:Capsulotomy
4023:Eye surgery
3789:20 December
3753:20 December
3717:10 December
3687:20 December
3591:16 December
3519:28 November
3486:26 November
2953:10 December
2840:: 1827–37.
2622:(1): 32–9.
2412:McGhee CN,
2195:10 December
2158:10 December
1985:30 December
1955:10 December
1828:10 December
1466:20 December
1405:16 December
1153:2 September
899:blepharitis
883:keratoconus
817:techniques.
769:keratoconus
542:ultraviolet
432:keratoconus
342:astigmatism
338:keratoconus
251:(PRK), and
224:who uses a
218:astigmatism
124:MedlinePlus
4754:Categories
4651:Gonioscopy
4646:Funduscopy
4488:Vitrectomy
4483:Sclerotomy
4458:Iridectomy
4135:Refractive
4003:procedures
4001:Tests and
3846:1 November
3776:2010pv.com
3740:2010pv.com
3674:Avedro.com
2776:26 October
2046:25 January
1911:: 329–39.
1723:29 January
1304:Stuart A.
1038:References
671:presbyopia
665:Presbyopia
589:Pallikaris
401:scattering
326:pachymeter
320:patient's
189:-assisted
4686:Radiation
4478:Pterygium
4436:Conformer
4170:Epi-LASIK
3651:14 August
2121:US4840175
2102:US4784135
1754:15 August
1738:Segre L.
1115:15 August
989:advanced
981:Epi-LASIK
934:talk page
746:slit lamp
714:tear duct
499:In 1980,
396:wavefront
214:hyperopia
91:optometry
82:Specialty
4744:Medicine
4712:Couching
4463:Peritomy
4332:Glaucoma
4242:Cataract
3935:28197998
3886:23440799
3833:22233436
3711:Archived
3645:Archived
3620:6 August
3614:Archived
3543:Archived
3513:Archived
3480:Archived
3427:16329381
3392:16378639
3357:71611964
3349:16552654
3314:12553606
3279:45468164
3271:11738908
3236:11880947
3228:12388030
3193:14518742
3155:31384163
3096:Archived
3078:16212294
3034:25 March
3028:Archived
3024:10670464
2990:10811084
2947:Archived
2925:16212299
2887:Archived
2866:23152662
2807:Archived
2770:Archived
2749:35434343
2741:26058023
2708:(10): 4.
2687:25054973
2679:15342048
2644:11133295
2636:18165078
2600:22174730
2543:Archived
2516:28097345
2481:19344821
2446:13304987
2438:10771222
2414:Craig JP
2399:12867394
2356:Archived
2352:15499272
2305:Archived
2284:23538615
2220:Archived
2189:Archived
2152:Archived
1822:Archived
1799:26968756
1791:21782089
1748:Archived
1714:Archived
1693:14881153
1685:17397730
1649:29819060
1641:18655973
1603:12458868
1503:23440799
1460:Archived
1430:Archived
1399:Archived
1368:11842503
1360:26058020
1314:Archived
1233:21142105
1225:12792475
1190:16263370
1147:Archived
1109:Archived
1072:Archived
863:surgery.
686:Dry eyes
405:cataract
267:or thin
98:ICD-9-CM
4705:History
4688:therapy
4541:imaging
4539:Medical
4504:muscles
4334:surgery
4305:surgery
4303:Retinal
4292:Prechop
4244:surgery
4137:surgery
4054:Eyelids
3926:5408355
3576:, U.S.
3537:. U.S.
3511:(FDA).
3507:. U.S.
3146:6664271
3102:12 June
2857:3497460
2801:. U.S.
2591:3235707
2362:10 July
2275:3679260
2226:15 June
2083:2719572
2022:3982798
1945:Aip.org
1918:1311630
1846:. U.S.
1289:12 June
1097:"LASIK"
1078:11 June
1012:CE Mark
803:Uveitis
655:dry eye
511:at the
481:Spanish
458:History
372:(PRK).
322:corneas
289:corneal
283:Process
269:corneas
191:in situ
116:D020731
4730:Portal
4045:Adnexa
3933:
3923:
3884:
3831:
3425:
3390:
3355:
3347:
3312:
3277:
3269:
3234:
3226:
3191:
3153:
3143:
3076:
3022:
2988:
2923:
2864:
2854:
2747:
2739:
2685:
2677:
2642:
2634:
2598:
2588:
2514:
2479:
2444:
2436:
2397:
2350:
2282:
2272:
2254:Cornea
2127:
2108:
2081:
2020:
1927:382579
1925:
1915:
1797:
1789:
1691:
1683:
1647:
1639:
1601:
1528:
1501:
1366:
1358:
1231:
1223:
1205:Cornea
1188:
957:; and
536:Patent
489:cornea
477:Bogotá
330:lasers
265:myopia
216:, and
210:myopia
130:007018
47:Lassik
4765:LASIK
4409:Other
4232:SMILE
4200:LASIK
4126:Globe
3958:(FDA)
3954:– US
3840:(PDF)
3809:(PDF)
3783:(PDF)
3772:(PDF)
3747:(PDF)
3736:(PDF)
3681:(PDF)
3670:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3574:(PDF)
3455:6 May
3353:S2CID
3275:S2CID
3232:S2CID
2745:S2CID
2683:S2CID
2640:S2CID
2442:S2CID
2301:(pdf)
2185:(FDA)
2181:U.S.
2148:(FDA)
2144:U.S.
1884:1 May
1878:(PDF)
1858:1 May
1795:S2CID
1717:(PDF)
1710:(PDF)
1689:S2CID
1645:S2CID
1395:(FDA)
1391:U.S.
1364:S2CID
1229:S2CID
1105:(FDA)
1101:U.S.
1005:FLIVC
977:LASEK
720:Halos
706:tears
681:Risks
428:below
253:LASEK
228:or a
187:laser
154:Lasik
150:LASIK
138:[
103:11.71
57:LASIK
43:Lasic
32:Lasix
4007:eyes
3931:PMID
3909:2017
3882:PMID
3848:2015
3829:PMID
3791:2018
3755:2018
3719:2011
3689:2018
3653:2020
3622:2019
3593:2019
3551:2024
3521:2014
3488:2019
3457:2016
3423:PMID
3388:PMID
3345:PMID
3310:PMID
3267:PMID
3224:PMID
3189:PMID
3151:PMID
3104:2013
3074:PMID
3036:2006
3020:PMID
2986:PMID
2955:2011
2921:PMID
2862:PMID
2815:2024
2778:2013
2737:PMID
2675:PMID
2632:PMID
2596:PMID
2551:2013
2512:PMID
2496:JAMA
2477:PMID
2434:PMID
2395:PMID
2364:2009
2348:PMID
2313:2014
2280:PMID
2228:2018
2197:2011
2160:2011
2079:PMID
2048:2019
2018:PMID
1987:2021
1957:2011
1923:PMID
1886:2016
1860:2016
1830:2011
1787:PMID
1756:2012
1725:2012
1681:PMID
1637:PMID
1599:PMID
1526:ISBN
1499:PMID
1468:2018
1438:2024
1407:2019
1356:PMID
1322:2013
1291:2018
1260:2013
1221:PMID
1186:PMID
1155:2017
1117:2024
1080:2018
507:and
471:and
110:MeSH
4611:Eye
3921:PMC
3913:doi
3874:doi
3821:doi
3476:CTV
3415:doi
3380:doi
3376:113
3337:doi
3333:223
3302:doi
3259:doi
3216:doi
3181:doi
3141:PMC
3131:doi
3066:doi
2978:doi
2974:107
2913:doi
2852:PMC
2842:doi
2729:doi
2706:147
2667:doi
2624:doi
2586:PMC
2578:doi
2504:doi
2500:317
2469:doi
2465:116
2426:doi
2387:doi
2383:110
2340:doi
2270:PMC
2262:doi
2071:doi
2067:107
2010:doi
1913:PMC
1779:doi
1673:doi
1629:doi
1591:doi
1491:doi
1348:doi
1213:doi
1178:doi
616:'s
200:or
185:; "
152:or
72:at
45:or
4756::
3964:–
3929:.
3919:.
3907:.
3903:.
3880:.
3868:.
3856:^
3827:.
3817:28
3815:.
3811:.
3774:.
3738:.
3705:.
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3643:.
3639:.
3612:.
3608:.
3559:^
3496:^
3478:.
3474:.
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3421:.
3411:21
3409:.
3386:.
3374:.
3351:.
3343:.
3308:.
3298:19
3296:.
3273:.
3265:.
3255:27
3253:.
3230:.
3222:.
3212:28
3210:.
3187:.
3177:19
3175:.
3163:^
3149:.
3139:.
3127:33
3125:.
3121:.
3072:.
3062:21
3060:.
3044:^
3026:.
3016:41
3014:.
3010:.
2998:^
2984:.
2972:.
2945:.
2941:.
2919:.
2909:21
2907:.
2860:.
2850:.
2836:.
2832:.
2786:^
2757:^
2743:.
2735:.
2725:26
2723:.
2704:.
2681:.
2673:.
2663:30
2661:.
2638:.
2630:.
2620:34
2618:.
2594:.
2584:.
2572:.
2568:.
2541:.
2535:.
2524:^
2510:.
2498:.
2475:.
2463:.
2440:.
2432:.
2422:26
2420:.
2393:.
2381:.
2354:.
2346:.
2336:27
2330:.
2278:.
2268:.
2258:32
2256:.
2252:.
2236:^
2218:.
2214:.
2187:.
2179:.
2168:^
2150:.
2142:.
2091:^
2077:.
2065:.
2016:.
2006:92
2004:.
1973:.
1943:.
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