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Rehabilitation science Isra
University campus Islamabad (PIRS), College of Ophthalmology & Allied Vision Sciences (COAVS) Lahore and Al-Shifa Institute of Ophthalmology Islamabad. After graduation, the optometrists can join a four-tiered service delivery level (Centre of Excellence, Tertiary/Teaching, District headquarter and sub-district /Tehsil headquarters). M.Phil. in Optometry is also available at select institutions such as King Edward Medical University, Lahore Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore started bridging programmes for Bachelors/ Bachelors with Honors to become Doctor of Optometry OD, Post Professional Doctor of Optometry(PP-OD), Transitional Doctor of Optometry(t-OD). Optometry is not yet a regulated field in Pakistan as there is no professional licensing board or authority responsible for issuing practise licenses to qualified optometrists. This creates difficulty for Pakistani optometrists who wish to register abroad. The University of Lahore has recently launched Doctor of optometry (OD). Imam Hussain Medical University also has launched Doctor of Optometry Program. Chairman Imam Hussain Medical University Sabir Hussain Babachan has vowed to regulate OD curriculum according to international standard.
1536:
and during internships. Training may take place in colleges of
Optometry, hospitals, clinics and private practices. In many instances Optometry students and Ophthalmology residents will co-manage medical cases. Instructors may be Optometrists, professors or physicians. The program includes extensive classroom and clinical training in geometric, physical, physiological and ophthalmic optics, specialty contact lens evaluation, general anatomy, ocular anatomy, ocular disease, pharmacology, ocular pharmacology, neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the visual system, pediatric visual development, gerontology, binocular vision, color vision, form, space, movement and vision perception, systemic disease, histology, microbiology, sensory and perceptual psychology, biochemistry, statistics and epidemiology.
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trained to diagnose and manage any eye disease and their associations with systemic health. Optometrists are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye-related conditions (including bacterial/viral infections, inflammation, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy). They can prescribe all topical medications (eye drops) and most oral medications (taken by mouth), including scheduled controlled substances. They may also remove ocular foreign bodies and order blood panels or imaging studies such as CT or MRI. Optometrists do not perform invasive surgery, however In
Oklahoma and Louisiana, Optometrists may perform superficial surgeries within the anterior segment of the eye. Legislation permits Optometrists in Oklahoma and Kentucky to perform certain laser procedures.
1280:, optometrists have to complete a 4 year undergraduate honours degree followed by a minimum of a one-year "pre-registration period", (internship), where they complete clinical practice under the supervision of a qualified and experienced practitioner. During this year the pre-registration candidate is given a number of quarterly assessments, often including temporary posting at a hospital, and on successfully passing all of these assessments, a final one-day set of examinations (details correct for candidates from 2006 onwards). Following successful completion of these assessments and having completed one year's supervised practice, the candidate is eligible to register as an optometrist with the
314:
1423:
1227:, optometry education has been accredited by the Federal Agency of Health and Social Development. There are only two educational institutions that teach optometry in Russia: Saint Petersburg Medical Technical College, formerly known as St. Petersburg College of Medical Electronics and Optics, and The Helmholtz Research Institute for Eye Diseases. They both belong and are regulated by the Ministry of Health. The optometry program is a four-year program. It includes one to two science foundation years, one yer focused on clinical and proficiency skills, and one year of clinical rotations in hospitals. Graduates take college/state
1202:, Florence, Naples and Rome, as three years course (like a BSc) of "Scienze e tecnologie fisiche" as a sector of the Physics Department. Additionally, courses are available at some private institutions (as at Vinci Institute near Firenze) that offer advanced professional education for already qualified opticians (most of the Italian optometrists are also qualified opticians, i.e. "ottico abilitato"). In the last thirty years several verdicts from High Court (Cassazione) proof that optometry is a free practice and has truly education path.
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the 2nd 5-year plan the government offered diplomas in optometry courses of two years duration conferred by State
Medical Faculties which is empowered under the INDIAN MEDICAL DEGREE ACT,1916 (as per Government of India Notification Department of Education, Health and Lands No,1964 dated 16 December 1926 with effect from 15th November 1929) and first two schools of optometry were established, one at Gandhi Eye Hospital (The first Schcool of Optometry Started By Prof.(Dr) Mohan Lal), Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh, and another one at
790:, contact lenses, ocular photography or ocular neurology; 2) BCs in ophthalmic technology, requiring 4 years of training; and BCs in the optical dispensary, achieved in 4 years. The FOVS also offers MSc and PhD degrees in optometry. The FOVS is the only institute of its kind in Sudan and was the first institution of higher education in Optometry in the Middle East and Africa. In 2010, Alneelain University Eye Hospital was established as part of the FOVS to expand training capacity and to serve broader Sudanese community.
1009:. Other public universities that provide this course are University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), and International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). There is also a private university that provides this course such as Management and Science University (MSU) and SeGi University. After completing the study in Degree in Optometry, the optometrist who practices in Malaysia must register under the Malaysian Optical Council (MOC) which is the organization under the Ministry of Health.
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is awarded after a six-year training at one of the accredited universities in Edo, Imo, Edo, Kano, Kwara and Abia states. Optometry in
Nigeria started with the Prestigious University of Benin offering th course initially as a 4-year Bachelor degree in 1970 and counts as the first Optometry school in West Africa. Later Current Abia State University started the Programme but as a 6-year course some years later. University of Benin later upgraded to a Doctor of Optometry degree starting from 1990.
1097:, "there exists a strong movement, headed by the Association of European Schools and Colleges of Optometry (AESCO), to unify the profession by creating a European-wide examination for optometry" and presumably also standardized practice and education guidelines within EU countries. The first examinations of the new European Diploma in Optometry were held in 1998 and this was a landmark event for optometry in continental Europe.
1660:), represents Brazilian optometrists. In conjunction with organizations representative weight of Brazilian companies, including the National Commerce Confederation for goods, services and tourism (CNC), through the CBÓptica/CNC, its defence arm of the optometric and optical industry, are defending the right of free and independent practice of optometrists, even if it is against the interests of ophthalmologists.
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University of
Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Dayeh University, and Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology; where as associate degrees in Optometry can be obtained from Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, and Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management.
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year in high school (following US education model). These programs offer "Doctor of
Optometry" degree to graduates from the program that will take six years to complete the courses. Practising optometrists will also be required to pass licensing examination (three parts examinations) that is administrated through a committee under the Ministry of Public Health.
29:
973:) established in 1998 was the first to offer a degree four-year course and conferring Bachelor of Clinical Optometry and University offered a pathroot for diploma holders to upgrade their Diploma education to Degree of Optometry through a lateral entry program. Also, the first 2 years of the Masters of Optometry course were started here in the year 2003.
868:. This institute offers a four years Bachelor of Science in optometry (B.Optom) course. Currently, there are 200 Graduated Optometrists in Bangladesh. The association which controls the quality of Optometry practice all over the country is named as 'Optometrists Association of Bangladesh' which is also a country member of World Council of Optometry(WCO).
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hamlet given to the exponents of the craft by royal decree. But the date of King
Bhuvanekabahu is decades after the mention of spectacles in the Venetian guild regulations and after the 1306 sermon by Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa, where da Pisa said the invention of spectacles was both recent and that he had personally met the inventor
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Netraliya (Elite of school of
Optometry and first Principal was Dr. E. Vaithilingam) instead of any University or state Government Authority etc after that B.S. in Optometry (under off- cumpus mode) was affiliated with Bitis Pilani University -Rajasthan and now the same course re-affiliate with new University of State of Tamilnadu-India.
280:
900:. Those who have a Higher Certificate in Optometry or have passed the Board's optometry examination may be registered to Part II, thereby restricted in their use of diagnostic agents, but may otherwise practice freely. Part I optometrists may practice without restrictions and generally hold a bachelor's degree or a Professional Diploma.
676:(OCT) is a medical technological platform used to assess ocular structures. The information is then used by eye doctors to assess staging of pathological processes and confirm clinical diagnoses. Subsequent OCT scans are used to assess the efficacy of managing diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma
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Optometrists typically complete four years of undergraduate studies followed by four years of
Optometry school. Some complete a 5th year of training. Their program is highly specific to the eyes and related structures. Optometrists receive their medical eye training while enrolled in Optometry school
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more well-trained optometrists are required in India. The definition of optometry differs considerably in different countries. India needs more optometry schools offering four-year degree courses with a syllabus similar to that in force in those countries where to practice of optometry is statutorily
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In Sri Lanka, it is well-documented that during the reign of King Bhuvanekabahu the IV (AD 1346 – 1353) of the Gampola period the ancient tradition of optical lens making with a natural stone called Diyatarippu was given royal patronage. A few of the craftsmen still live and practice in the original
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The A.O.I. runs a comprehensive continuing education and professional development program on behalf of Irish optometrists. The legislation governing optometry was drafted in 1956. Some feel that the legislation restricts optometrists from using their full range of skills, training and equipment for
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Nowadays, the number of practising optometrists in Thailand is still less than one hundred (2015). However, it has projected that the number of practising optometrists in Thailand will greatly increase within the next ten years. In the theoretical scenario, the number of optometrists should be able
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The education of Optometry in Taiwan commenced in 1982 at Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management. Currently, Bcahelor degrees in Optometry can be obtained from seven universities (North to South): University of Kang Ning, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Asia University, Central Taiwan
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Optometry is regulated by the Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippines. To be eligible for licensing, each candidate must have satisfactorily completed a doctor of optometry course at an accredited institution and demonstrate good moral character with no previous record of professional
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After the independence of India then ,The Directorate General Of Health Services (DGHS) Govt of India in 1958, Introduced the first (by the Central Govt of india) Optometry education in the form of a Diploma in Optometry with the collaboration of UP State Medical Faculty Govt Of Utter Pradesh under
886:
In China, optometric education only began in 1988 at the Wenzhou Medical University. Since that time, the discipline and the profession have emerged as a five-year, medically based program within the medical education system of China. Students in the program receive the highest level of training in
850:
established under the Optometrists and Dispensing Opticians (Registration etc.) Act of 1989 (Cap O9 Laws of Federation of Nigeria 2004). The Board publishes from time to time lists of approved qualifications and training institutions in the federal government gazette. The Doctor of Optometry degree
303:
Optometry is a healthcare profession that is autonomous, educated, and regulated (licensed/registered), and optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis
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degree. They are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye related conditions, in addition to providing refractive (optical) eye care. Within their scope of practice, optometrists are considered physicians and bill medical insurance(s) (example: Medicare) accordingly. In the United Kingdom,
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In Brazilian law, however, there is an explicit recommendation that the one prescribing corrective lenses are prohibited to sell them. This restricting rule to the ophthalmologists has to keep the optic shops away from Hospitals and Eye Care Clinics since 1930, and it has to be reviewed before any
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Optometrists in Canada are trained and licensed to be primary eye care providers. They provide optical and medical eye care. They are able to diagnose and treat most eye diseases and can prescribe both topical and oral medications. They can also undertake further qualifications in order to perform
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provides free sight tests and spectacle vouchers for children and those on very low incomes. The elderly and those with some chronic conditions like diabetes get free periodic tests. Treatment for eye conditions such as glaucoma and cataracts is free and checked for during normal eye examinations.
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changed the names of the departments to "Optics and Optometry" and included lessons in both optics and optometry. Optometrists-Opticians have to complete a 4-year undergraduate honours degree. Then the graduates can be admitted to postgraduate courses in Optometry at universities around the world.
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The Law of Optometrists was established in Taiwan in 2015, since then, Optometry students after obtaining Optometry degrees need to pass the National Optometry Examination of Taiwan to be registered as Optometrists. Currently, there are approximately 4,000 Optometrists in Taiwan (2020), and around
988:
Optometrists across India are encouraged to register their names in the NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR ALLIED AND HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONS ACT, 2021 which has been enforced by the Parliament of India in the year 2021 and DOA (Delhi Optometrists Association) endorsed all updates about optometry education in
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In 2010, it was estimated that India needed 115,000 optometrists. In contrast, India has approximately 15,000 optometrists Bachelor of Optometry (4-year trained as per University Grant Commission Notification 5 July 2014 ) and 50,000 Diploma in Optometry (2-year trained diploma conferred By State
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In 1907, Laufer stated in his history of spectacles 'the opinion that spectacles originated in India is of the greatest probability and that spectacles must have been known in India earlier than in Europe'. However, as already mentioned, Joseph Needham showed that the references Laufer cited were
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Since late 1990, Thailand has set a goal to provide more than 600 optometrists to meet the minimal public demands and international standards in vision care. There are more than three university degree programs in Thailand. Each program accepts students that have completed grade 12th or the third
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5. AIIMS -Delhi introduced a two-year Diploma in Clinical Technology -Optometry (D.C.T in Optometry) in the year 1973 and then upgraded the Diploma course to a 3year B.sc (H) in Ophthalmic Technique) in 1975 after that now the Nomenclature to Degree and course of duration changed from B, Sc(H) to
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The Optometrists Board of the Supplementary Medical Professions Council regulates the profession in Hong Kong. Optometrists are listed in separate parts of the register based on their training and ability. Registrants are subject to restrictions depending on the part they are listed in. Those who
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meaning, "eye." Like most healthcare professions, the education and certification of optometrists are regulated in most countries. Optometric professionals and optometry-related organizations interact with governmental agencies, other healthcare professionals, and the community to deliver eye and
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Optometrists provide optical and medical eye care. They prescribe corrective lenses to aid refractive errors (e.g. myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism, double vision). They manage vision development in children including amblyopia diagnosis/treatment. Some perform vision therapy. They are
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In 1990, a survey of the opinions of British medical practitioners regarding the services provided by British optometrists was carried out by Agarwal at City, University of London. A majority of respondents were in favour of optometrists extending their professional role by treating external eye
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3. The Elite School of Optometry (ESO) was established in 1985 in Chennai (The first Schcool of Optometry/college Started By Prof.(Dr) S. Badrinath ) and was the first to offer a four-year degree course Baccularrte of Science in Optometry B.S. Optometry degree was conferred only by the Shanker
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In July 2014, the Medicines Amendment Act 2013 and Misuse of Drugs Amendment Regulations 2014 came into effect. Among other things, the changes to the Act name optometrists as authorised prescribers. This change enables optometrists with a therapeutic pharmaceutical agent (TPA) endorsement to
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Optometrists or Optometry Doctors usually function as primary eye care providers - they have a degree in eye care. They provide comprehensive optical and medical eye care, but usually not surgery. They are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye related conditions - prescribe topical
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Sudan's major institution for the training of optometrists is the Faculty of Optometry and Visual Sciences (FOVS), originally established in 1954 as the Institute of Optometry in Khartoum; the Institute joined with the Ministry of Higher Education in 1986 as the High Institute of Optometry, and
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Hellenic Ministry of Education founded the first department of Optometry at Technological Educational Institute of Patras in 2007. After protests from the department of Optics at Technological Educational Institute of Athens (the only department of Optics in Greece, until 2006), the Government
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6. Now at present, there are more than fifty schools of optometry and colleges existing in India and more than 100 Universities conferring Bachelor Of Optometry (B.Optom) and Master of Optometry (M.Optom) professional degrees and Doctor of Philosophy in Optometry are awarded in India by the
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Optometry is taught as a five/four-year Doctor/ Bachelors/ Bachelors with Honors course at many institutions notable among which are Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore, Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology (PICO) Peshawar, Pakistan institute of
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The scope of practice for optometrists in Russia includes refraction, contact lens fitting, spectacles construction and lens fitting (dispensing), low vision aids, foreign body removal, referrals to other specialists after clinical condition diagnoses (management of diseases in the eye).
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Optometry is officially recognized in many jurisdictions. Most have regulations concerning education and practice. Optometrists, like many other healthcare professionals, are required to participate in ongoing continuing education courses to stay current on the latest standards of care.
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from 1305 where a monk from Pisa named Rivalto stated "It is not yet 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses". Spectacles were manufactured in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands by 1300. Needham stated spectacles were first made shortly after 1286.
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In Bangladesh, Optometrists perform primary eye care like Diagnosis and primary management of some ocular diseases, Prescribe Eye Glasses, Low vision rehabilitation, provide vision therapy, contact lens practice and all type of Orthoptic evaluations and vision therapies.
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In Canada, Doctors of Optometry typically complete four years of undergraduate studies followed by four to five years of optometry studies, accredited by the Accreditation Council on Optometric Education. There are two such schools of optometry located in Canada — the
504:
by Scottish physician William Porterfield, it was not until the early twentieth century in the United States and Australia that "optometry" began to be used to describe the profession. By the early twenty-first century, however, marking the distinction with dispensing
806:. After the six-year training at any of the two universities offering the course, the O.D degree is awarded. The new optometrist must write a qualifying exam, after which the optometrist is admitted as a member of the GOA, leading to the award of the title MGOA.
1680:, optometry education has been accredited by the Ministry of Health. The last official revision to the laws regarding healthcare standards in the country was issued in 1992 through the Law 30. Currently there are eight official universities that are entitled by
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optometrists may also provide some medical care (e.g. prescribe some medications) for eye related conditions in addition to providing refractive care. The Doctor of Optometry title can also be used in the UK for those that hold the postgraduate O.D. degree.
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opened its first Faculty of Optometry after a recommendation from a group of professionals. At present optometrists are encouraged to keep up with new technologies through congresses and scholarships granted by the government or the private sector (such as
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The history of optometry can be traced back to the early studies on optics and image formation by the eye. The origins of optical science (optics, as taught in a basic physics class) date back a few thousand years as evidence of the existence of lenses for
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Many optometrists participate in academic research for eye-related conditions and diseases. Optometrists receive training in refraction and monitoring of common uncomplicated eye conditions. They are not trained in any forms of surgery or laser procedures.
1182:. Following successful completion of the degree, an optometrist must then complete professional qualifying examinations to enter the register of the Opticians Board . Optometrists must be registered with the Board to practice in the Republic of Ireland.
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prescribe all medicines appropriate to their scope of practice, rather than limiting them to a list of medicines specified in the regulation; this recognises the safe and appropriate prescribing practice of optometrists over the previous nine years.
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Since 2009, optometrists in the UK have been able to undertake additional postgraduate training and qualifications that allow them to prescribe medications to treat and manage eye conditions. There are currently three registerable specialities:
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Supplementary prescribing speciality - to manage a patient's clinical condition and prescribe medicines according to a clinical management plan set up in conjunction with an independent prescriber, such as a GP or ophthalmologist or qualified
381:. Per Needham, the paper by Laufer had many inconsistencies, and that the references in the document used by Laufer were not in the original copies but added during the Ming dynasty. Early Chinese sources mention the eyeglasses were imported.
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In Norway, the optometric profession has been regulated as a healthcare profession since 1988. After a three-year bachelor program, one can practice basic optometry. At least one year in clinical practice qualify for a post-degree half-year
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Optometrist education takes 4 years in the medical universities in Hungary, and they will get a Bachelor of Science degree. They work in networks and retail stores and private optics, very few are located in the Health Care care system as
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Optometry and are provided with the credentials needed to assume positions of leadership in China's medical education and health care systems. In 2000, the Ministry of Health formally accepted Optometry as a subspecialty of medicine.
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Optometrists must complete all course work and graduate from an accredited College of Optometry. This includes passage of all parts of the national board examinations as well as local jurisprudence examinations, which vary by state.
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In Canada, Doctors of Optometry must write national written and practical board exams. Additionally, optometrists are required to become licensed in the province in which they wish to practice. Regulation of professions is within
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1. In the beginning optometry education started in India during British rule in 1927, the first college was established in West Bengal with the name The Indian College of Optics and the certification was diploma in optometry.
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The Institute of Vision and Optics (IVO) of the University of Crete focuses on the sciences of vision and is active in the fields of research, training, technology development and provision of medical services. Professor
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The Federal Supreme Court (STF), the Brazilian Court of Justice and the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), another important National Court, ruled several processes granting inquestionable victories to ophthalmologists.
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2. Subsequently, four more schools were opened across India situated at Sitapur Eye Hospital, Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh, Chennai (formerly Madras) in Tamil Nadu, Bengalooru (formerly Bangalore) in Karnataka and
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Independent prescribing specialty - to take responsibility for the clinical assessment of a patient, establish a diagnosis and determine the clinical management required, including prescribing where necessary.
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The Association of Malaysian Optometrist (AMO) is the only body that represents the Malaysian optometrist profession. All of the members are either local or overseas graduates in the field of Optometry.
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It takes four years to complete a degree in optometry. Today, optometry courses are well received by citizens. More universities and higher education studies are about to implement the courses, e.g.,
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ultimately was annexed into Alneelain University in 1997 when it was renamed to the FOVS. Currently, the FOVS has the following programs: 1) BSc optometry in 5 years with sub-specialization in either
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misconduct. Professional organizations of optometry in the Philippines include Optometric Association of the Philippines and Integrated Philippine Association of Optometrists, Inc. (IPAO).
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Page 423 from "A treatise on the eye, the manner and phaenomena of vision" by William Porterfield, Published 1759 in Edinburgh. In this book the word "optometer" appears for the first time.
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1619:. Of these, approximately 2300 were registered with the scheduled medicines endorsement, which enables them to prescribe some medicines for the treatment of conditions of the eye. The
777:. Ethiopia started in 2002 at UoG. There are currently two universities (MMUST & Kaimosi Friends University) offering Bachelor of Science in Optometry and Vision Sciences in Kenya.
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Benito Daza de Valdes published the first full book on opticians in 1623, where he mentioned the use and fitting of eyeglasses. In 1692, William Molyneux wrote a book on optics and
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In Saudi Arabia, optometrists must complete a five-year doctor of optometry degree from Qassim University and King Saud University also they must complete a one-year residency.
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are medical doctors and surgeons who typically hold a four-year college degree, a four-year medical degree, and at least four years of residency training after medical school.
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medications (prescription eye drops), oral medications as well as administer diagnostic agents. In some states, optometrists may also be licensed to perform certain types of
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in contact lens fitting, which is regulated as a healthcare speciality. A separate regulation for the use of diagnostic drugs in optometric practice was introduced in 2004.
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Agarwal, R. K. (1985), Optometry in the Indian sub-continent, Optometry Today, Volume 25, No. 14, page 475 (published by the Association of Optometrists, London, England)
1466:. Therefore, regulation of optometry is unique to individual provinces and territories. In Ontario, optometrists are licensed by the College of Optometrists of Ontario.
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Optometrists in the United Kingdom are able to diagnose and manage most ocular diseases, and may also undertake further training to perform certain surgical procedures.
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Laufer, Berthold (1907), Geschichte der Brille, Mitteilungen Zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, no. 23, vi Bd., no.4, Leipzig,1907, pages 379-385
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and problems related to close-up vision. The scientists Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler also contributed to the creation of optometry. Kepler discovered how the
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Australia currently has six recognized courses in optometry, and one course seeking to obtain accreditation with the Optometry council of Australia and New Zealand:
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Additional supply speciality - to write orders for, and supply in an emergency, a range of drugs in addition to those ordered or supplied by a normal optometrist.
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As of July 2003, there was no regulatory framework and optometrists were sometimes trained by completing an apprenticeship at an ophthalmologists' private office.
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under the Opticians Act 1989 and distinguished from medical practitioners. Registration with the GOC is mandatory to practice optometry in the UK. Members of the
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There are around 2000 optometrists registered in Hong Kong, 1000 of which are Part I. There is one Part I optometrist to about 8000 members of the public. The
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1478:. In the province of Ontario, the Ontario Association of Optometrists is the designated representative of optometrists to the provincial government.
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and about 75 optometry organizations from over 40 countries have adopted the following definition, to be used to describe optometry and optometrist.
1235:. This diploma is valid for only five years and must be renewed every five years after receiving additional training at state-accredited programs.
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From 2010 Optometry was first introduced in Bangladesh in Institute of Community Ophthalmology Under Medicine Faculty of University of Chittagong
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The Association of Regulatory Boards of Optometry (ARBO) assists these state board licensing agencies in regulating the practice of optometry.
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In 2015, it was reported that optometrists need to be more involved in providing core optometry services like binocular vision and low vision.
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pass the examination on refraction conducted by the Board may be registered to Part III, thereby restricted to practice only work related to
377:. He suggested that the occasional claim that spectacles were invented in China may have come from a paper by German-American anthropologist
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Bachelor of Optometry four year duration as per UGC Notification 2014 in the year new first batch of student passed out in the year 2019
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are supporting partners. As of 2019, 61 Mozambican students had graduated with optometry degrees from UniLúrio (34 male and 27 female).
254:; "something used to measure", "measure", "rule"). The word entered the language when the instrument for measuring vision was called an
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Agarwal, R. (1996), British optometry: medical practitioner's opinion survey, British Journal of Optometry and Dispensing, 4(2), 50-52.
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449 and 1291, the Colombian Government officially set the rules for the formation of professionals in the field of optometry. In 1966
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Anon (2011), Eyecare for 11 million vision impaired children in India, Optometry and Vision Science, Volume 88, Number 12, page 1532.
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Thite N, Jaggernath J, Chinanayi F, Bharadwaj S, Kunjeer G (2015). "Pattern of optometry practice and range of services in India".
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the benefit of the Irish public. The amendment to the Act in 2003 addressed one of the most significant restrictions: the use of
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Optometrists are required to obtain continuing education credit hours to maintain licensure - number of hours varies by state.
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Research by David A. Goss in the United States shows they may have originated in the late 13th century in Italy as stated in a
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is a specialized health care profession that involves examining the eyes and related structures for defects or abnormalities.
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Hamakiotes DS, Thal LS (December 1991). "The unification of European optometry: how the profession will change after 1992".
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Thompson et al. 2019. Addressing avoidable vision impairment in Mozambique and the Africa region. Development in Practice.
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Since 2015, a Master of Science (MSc) course in Optometry is offered by the Technological Educational Institute of Athens.
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refractive error, ocular disease, medical therapeutics, binocular vision, sports vision, vision therapy, contact lenses
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Agarwal, R. (2000), Optometry as an international profession, British Journal of Optometry and Dispensing, 8(4), 120.
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Olivelle, Patrick (2006), Between the Empires, Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE, page 463, Oxford University Press.
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The profession of Optometry has been represented for over a century by the Association of Optometrists, Ireland . In
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to grant the optometrist certification. The first optometrists arrived in the country from North America and Europe
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Within their scope of practice optometrists are considered physicians and bill medical insurance plans accordingly.
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In the year 2018, Chittagong Medical University formed and the Bsc. in Optometry course shifted to this university.
246:
3288:
1722:
1657:
1636:
1305:
951:
713:
497:
and it was George Biddell Airy who designed glasses to correct that problem that included sphero-cylindrical lens.
292:
706:
3237:
2862:
2590:
2322:
1542:
Optometrists prescribing schedule controlled substances are required to renew their DEA license every few years.
1450:
1375:
In 2008 the UK moved forward to offer the Doctor of Optometry postgraduate program. This became available at the
685:
296:
207:
2995:
2120:
1329:
1317:
1289:
546:
2474:
Agarwal, R. (1995), A Royal Charter for optometrists, British Journal of Optometry and Dispensing, 3 (3), 100
1395:
conditions and prescribing broad-spectrum topical antibiotics through additional training and certification.
2922:
1285:
1281:
1264:
1257:
1253:
2968:
1584:
1446:
1376:
1321:
1297:
1198:
In Italy Optometry is an unregulated profession. It is taught at seven universities: Padua, Turin, Milan,
2462:
2389:
Agarwal, R. (1998), European Diploma in Optometry, British Journal of Optometry and Dispensing, 6(3), 84.
236:
3323:
3248:
3029:
2817:
2252:
Agarwal, R. K. (1970), Optometry in India, The Optician, 3 July, page 18 (published in London, England).
1737:
1717:
1430:
Optometry Clinic measures the intraocular pressure of a patient with a handheld tonometer, July 7, 2015.
1260:(incorporated by a Royal Charter granted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II) may use the suffix MCOptom.
1199:
1051:
344:
2432:"Facolta di Scienze MM.FF.NN. :: Corso di Laurea in Ottica ed Optometria - Università del Salento"
2828:
http://www.ijo.in/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=2012;volume=60;issue=5;spage=401;epage=405;aulast=De
3338:
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2049:
1732:
1590:
1057:
827:
620:
551:
541:
87:
71:
1848:
1615:
in 2016, almost 5000 optometrists in general practice were licensed with their regulatory body, the
3388:
3353:
3273:
3157:
3134:
3119:
2803:
2418:"A látszerész- és az optometrista-képzés aktuális helyzete Magyarországon - Optikai Magazin Online"
2403:
1752:
1566:
819:
2094:
1352:
Parts of this article (those related to list of universities appears very inaccurate) need to be
3419:
3061:
2497:
Agarwal, R. (2008), Integrating theory with practice, Optician, Volume 236, number 6167, page 12.
2235:
1776:
1515:
Optometrists in the United States are regulated by state boards, which vary from state to state.
1301:
1138:
803:
662:
337:
2986:
1612:
provides clinical placements to undergraduate students from Australian Universities and abroad.
393:
not in the older and best versions of the document Laufer used, leaving his claims unsupported.
304:
and management of disease in the eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system.
2746:
2106:
1965:
3378:
3303:
3268:
3258:
3153:
2917:
2612:
2372:
2227:
2192:
2031:
1784:
1560:
985:, a statutory body responsible for the maintenance of standards of higher education in India.
917:
652:
647:
490:
332:
100:
2832:
1822:"Science and Civilization in China—Volume 4: Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1: Physics
3363:
3278:
3183:
3139:
3056:
2912:
2431:
2219:
2182:
2172:
1804:
1705:
1384:
1293:
616:
556:
526:
79:
2707:
2345:
2310:
1383:. The Doctor of Optometry postgraduate degree is also offered at one other UK institution.
3313:
3253:
3178:
3162:
3124:
3109:
3076:
2886:
2807:
2654:"Louisiana Governor Jindal Signs Law Permitting Optometrists to Perform Certain Surgeries"
2640:
1828:
1427:
1212:
1163:
1114:
897:
609:
561:
378:
352:
33:
2732:
2506:
Agarwal, R. (2014), Developing the doctorate, Optician, volume 247, number 6439, page 26.
2159:
Gogate P, Mukhopadhyaya D, Mahadik A, Naduvilath TJ, Sane S, Shinde A, Holden B (2013).
1358:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3148:
3104:
2954:
2187:
2160:
1817:
1277:
1094:
363:
325:
104:
63:
2849:
2161:"Spectacle compliance amongst rural secondary school children in Pune district, India"
1656:
The CBOO (Brazilian Council of Optics and Optometry), which is affiliated to the WCO (
3413:
3373:
3328:
3308:
2125:
1747:
1594:
1142:
1002:
642:
478:
223:
2239:
878:
Registration from Government’s health Ministry is still pending for Unknown reason.
595:
3383:
3358:
3333:
3293:
3066:
2130:"Hong Kong's eye doctors question the vision of training so few in the profession."
1228:
770:
657:
531:
2633:
1141:
has received numerous awards and recognitions for the institute's contribution to
907:
runs the only optometry school. It produces around 35 Part I optometrists a year.
328:(related areas of medicine, microbiology, neurology, physiology, psychology, etc.)
2822:
2223:
1990:
1571:
Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Clinical Optometry (BVisSc MClinOptom),
1047:
Tertiary education for optometrists takes 3 years at the following institutions.
757:
In 1993 there were five countries in Africa with optometric teaching institutes:
3393:
3129:
2704:
2082:
1497:
1187:
695:
494:
370:, reported the earliest mention of spectacles was in Venetian guild regulations
2070:
3368:
2083:
section 29: Optometrists (Registration and Disciplinary Procedure) Regulation.
1692:
815:
787:
625:
566:
385:
359:
191:
146:
2445:
2020:
Penisten, DK (October 1993). "Optometric education and optometry in Africa".
3348:
3283:
3263:
3206:
3024:
2854:
2177:
2105:
Supplementary Medical Professions Council of Hong Kong, Optometrists Board,
2093:
Supplementary Medical Professions Council of Hong Kong, Optometrists Board,
1150:
921:
regulated and well established with an internationally accepted definition.
637:
587:
571:
521:
284:
259:
49:
37:
2231:
2196:
970:
279:
2376:
2035:
28:
1677:
1118:
774:
536:
506:
493:. From 1773 until around 1829, Thomas Young discovered the disability of
405:
183:
75:
67:
1947:
969:
4. The School of Optometry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune (
3298:
1232:
1175:
823:
766:
720: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
576:
428:
2594:
1565:
Bachelor of Medical Science (Vision Science) and Master of Optometry,
1178:
an optometrist must first complete a four-year degree in optometry at
3114:
3081:
3071:
3000:
2818:
https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065719/http://washington.aoa.org/
2311:"Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management"
1696:
1559:
Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry (BVisSci MOptom),
1224:
631:
486:
482:
187:
83:
2564:. Canadian Association of Optometrists. January 2016. Archived from
1616:
517:
A partial list of the common diseases optometrists diagnose/manage:
213:
In the United States and Canada, optometrists are those that hold a
1948:"beryl | Etymology, origin and meaning of beryl by etymonline"
848:
Optometrists and Dispensing Opticians Registration Board of Nigeria
2837:
2297:
2050:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09614524.2018.1521786
1681:
1421:
1284:(GOC) and, should they so wish, are entitled to membership of the
1146:
762:
758:
608:
Following are examples of examination methods performed during an
416:
312:
278:
2795:
171:
Doctor of Optometry / Master of Optometry / Bachelor of Optometry
2400:"ESCRS - European Society of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons"
931:
930:
that poor spectacle compliance amongst school children in rural
3210:
2858:
1631:
New Zealand currently has one recognised course in optometry:
1338:
689:
1623:
works to protect the interests of optometrists in Australia.
1453:. Canada also recognizes degrees from the twenty US schools.
2283:
2833:
https://www2.aston.ac.uk/study/courses/doctor-of-optometry
1805:"WCO's Concept of Optometry - World Council of Optometry"
680:
Training, licensing, representation and scope of practice
502:
A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena of Vision
1928:, Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 5
1915:, Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 9
1252:
Optometrists in the United Kingdom are regulated by the
826:. The course is part of the Mozambique Eyecare Project.
2812:
2800:
1085:
to meet minimal public demands around 2030 or earlier.
960:
Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram
2071:
cap. 359: Supplementary Medical Professions Ordinance.
1831:. Monoskop.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015. pages 118 - 120
599:
Fundoscopy by using 90 diopter lens with the slit lamp
500:
Although the term optometer appeared in the 1759 book
283:
An optometrist examining the eyes of a patient with a
1072:
400 new Optometrists register annunally (2018-2020).
1896:
Agarwal R.K. (1971), Origin of Spectacles in India,
1583:
Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry,
1577:
Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry,
865:
3171:
3090:
3049:
3042:
3014:
2976:
2967:
2939:
2902:
2893:
916:Medical Faculty). In order to prevent blindness or
509:, it had become the internationally accepted term.
175:
165:
157:
152:
140:
130:
122:
117:
93:
56:
44:
1288:. Twelve universities offer Optometry in the UK:
321:Optometric history is tied to the development of
1926:Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes
1913:Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes
1691:. These professionals specialized in optics and
1474:In Canada, the profession is represented by the
266:is a shortened form derived from the Greek word
234:The term "optometry" comes from the Greek words
2298:"Optometry Update - Optometry News And Updates"
362:were made. The British scientist and historian
301:
3192:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
2823:http://www.njsop.org/aws/NJSOP/pt/sp/home_page
2023:Journal of the American Optometric Association
355:has been found in Greece and the Netherlands.
210:who typically provide comprehensive eye care.
3222:
2870:
1050:Singapore Polytechnic - Diploma in Optometry
454:was also applied to eyeglasses, hence German
8:
1056:Ngee Ann Polytechnic - Diploma in Optometry
112:
21:
2733:"Optometry Board of Australia - Statistics"
2559:"Optometic scope of practice across Canada"
1789:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3229:
3215:
3207:
3046:
2973:
2899:
2877:
2863:
2855:
846:In Nigeria, optometry is regulated by the
2485:"Free NHS eye tests and optical vouchers"
2186:
2176:
2060:cap O9 Laws of Federation of Nigeria 2004
1668:further regulation for the optometrists.
1117:and professionally trained and certified
1007:The Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital
999:National Institute of Ophthalmic Sciences
736:Learn how and when to remove this message
971:https://optometry.bharatividyapeeth.edu/
594:
586:
16:Field of medicine treating eye disorders
1763:
941:History of Optometry Education in India
442:, of Dravidian origin from the city of
275:Definition of optometry and optometrist
262:or refractor were used). The root word
2284:"Association of Malaysian Optometrist"
1782:
111:
20:
2545:"Therapeutic Prescribing specialties"
1621:Optometrists Association of Australia
934:resulted in significant vision loss.
7:
2450:SOPTI - Società Optometrica Italiana
1476:Canadian Association of Optometrists
983:University Grants Commission (India)
718:adding citations to reliable sources
1579:Queensland University of Technology
2768:"Consejo Nacional de Acreditación"
1874:Science and Civilization in China:
1113:Optometric tasks are performed by
1005:whereby it is the academic arm of
14:
2680:"Course - University of Canberra"
1743:Least distance of distinct vision
1334:University of the West of England
1145:. In 1989 he performed the first
962:(formerly Trivandrum) in Kerala.
368:Science and Civilization in China
2095:Qualifications for Registration.
1899:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1635:Bachelor of Optometry (BOptom),
1343:
924:In 2013, it was reported in the
802:(GOA) regulates the practice of
694:
126:Doctor of Optometry, Optometrist
27:
2931:Certificate of Higher Education
2838:https://ispyjobs.com/optometry/
2109:, List of Registrants, Summary.
1610:Australian College of Optometry
1602:University of Western Australia
927:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
705:needs additional citations for
2796:http://www.oregonoptometry.org
1379:in London in partnership with
1326:Ulster University at Coleraine
1231:and then receive a specialist
1180:Dublin Institute of Technology
832:Dublin Institute of Technology
814:The first optometry course in
1:
2634:University of California 2004
2081:Law of Hong Kong, cap. 359F,
1728:American Academy of Optometry
1685:
1608:To support these courses the
1573:University of New South Wales
836:Brien Holden Vision Institute
481:where he stated his ideas on
404:(eyeglasses) is derived from
371:
358:It is unknown when the first
2609:"Oglethorpe University 2012"
2224:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000587
1617:Optometry Board of Australia
1381:London South Bank University
800:Ghana Optometric Association
674:Optical coherence tomography
2927:Diploma of Higher Education
2530:The College of Optometrists
2323:"List of Optometry Schools"
1190:drugs to examine children.
1093:Since the formation of the
981:universities recognized by
3443:
3289:Emergency medical services
2334:"專門職業及技術人員高等暨普通考試驗光人員考試規則"
1723:World Council of Optometry
1658:World Council of Optometry
1637:The University of Auckland
1487:some surgical procedures.
954:, Hyderabad in Telangana,
952:Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital
683:
470:, altered from old French
458:, from Middle High German
293:World Council of Optometry
3244:
3238:Allied health professions
2526:"Independent Prescribing"
686:List of optometry schools
297:World Health Organization
208:health care professionals
26:
3329:Music and arts therapist
2121:South China Morning Post
1924:Ilardi, Vincent (2007),
1911:Ilardi, Vincent (2007),
1330:University of Portsmouth
547:Hypertensive retinopathy
3294:Hemodialysis technician
2923:Higher National Diploma
2806:4 November 2013 at the
2446:"OPTOMETRIA IN SINTESI"
2178:10.4103/0301-4738.99996
1464:provincial jurisdiction
1286:College of Optometrists
1282:General Optical Council
1265:National Health Service
1258:College of Optometrists
1254:General Optical Council
818:was started in 2009 at
612:that enables diagnosis
3339:Occupational therapist
2487:. NHS. 14 August 2018.
2346:"驗光師及格率/驗光生及格率與及格人數統計"
1966:"History of Optometry"
1842:"History of Optometry"
1827:23 August 2016 at the
1585:University of Canberra
1531:Education and Training
1451:Université de Montreal
1447:University of Waterloo
1431:
1377:Institute of Optometry
1322:University of Plymouth
905:Polytechnic University
600:
592:
318:
306:
288:
3389:Respiratory therapist
3324:Medical transcription
3274:Clinical psychologist
3249:Anesthesia technician
3030:Candidate of Sciences
2708:"Doctor of Optometry"
1738:Eyeglass prescription
1718:Eye care professional
1600:Doctor of Optometry,
1589:Doctor of Optometry,
1425:
1052:Singapore Polytechnic
638:Slit lamp examination
598:
590:
316:
282:
3319:Medical technologist
3269:Cardiac physiologist
3100:Academic certificate
2992:Postgraduate diploma
2813:http://idaho.aoa.org
2801:http://oaop.org/oaop
2774:on 11 September 2004
1733:Behavioral optometry
1591:Melbourne University
1058:Ngee Ann Polytechnic
828:University of Ulster
714:improve this article
621:intraocular pressure
552:Macular degeneration
542:Diabetic retinopathy
345:eye care professions
340:, imaging techniques
258:, (before the terms
88:diabetic retinopathy
72:macular degeneration
3425:Rehabilitation team
3379:Radiation therapist
3354:Pharmacy technician
3135:Professional degree
2850:DMOZ optometry page
2684:www.canberra.edu.au
2639:13 May 2012 at the
2165:Indian J Ophthalmol
1854:on 14 February 2019
1779:on 2 February 2017.
1753:Visual neuroscience
1701:La Salle University
1567:Flinders University
489:in the eye creates
338:optical instruments
215:Doctor of Optometry
114:
23:
3062:Doctor of Sciences
2463:Opticians Act 1989
2128:: 3 October 2013.
2069:Law of Hong Kong,
1952:www.etymonline.com
1818:Sir Joseph Needham
1771:Developer, Pixl8.
1432:
1310:Glasgow Caledonian
1139:Ioannis Pallikaris
820:Universidade Lurio
804:Optometry in Ghana
663:Corneal Topography
601:
593:
450:). Medieval Latin
411:. Etymologically,
364:Sir Joseph Needham
319:
289:
167:Education required
36:with the aid of a
3407:
3406:
3314:Medical physicist
3304:Medical assistant
3299:Massage therapist
3254:Aquatic therapist
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3154:Specialist degree
3038:
3037:
3006:Engineer's degree
2963:
2962:
2950:Bachelor's degree
2918:Foundation degree
2420:. 1 October 2015.
2321:Knowledge (XXG),
1876:Volume 4, Part 1.
1706:Bausch & Lomb
1695:. In 1933, under
1561:Deakin University
1504:Scope of practice
1482:Scope of Practice
1390:Scope of Practice
1373:
1372:
1166:as an assistant.
918:visual impairment
866:http://icoedu.org
746:
745:
738:
669:Specialized tests
653:Visual field test
648:Color vision test
557:Refractive errors
197:
196:
136:Health Profession
110:
109:
101:Visual field test
84:retinal disorders
3432:
3399:Speech therapist
3279:Dental hygienist
3259:Athletic trainer
3231:
3224:
3217:
3208:
3140:Graduate diploma
3057:Higher doctorate
3047:
2974:
2913:Associate degree
2900:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2856:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2770:. Archived from
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2650:
2644:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2611:. Archived from
2605:
2599:
2598:
2593:. Archived from
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:on 10 April 2016
2570:
2563:
2555:
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2548:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2522:
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2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2406:on 7 April 2007.
2402:. Archived from
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2365:J Am Optom Assoc
2360:
2354:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2132:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1902:, 55(2), 128-29.
1894:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1847:. Archived from
1846:
1838:
1832:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1807:. 7 August 2020.
1801:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1775:. Archived from
1768:
1690:
1687:
1426:A technician at
1385:Aston University
1368:
1365:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1164:ophthalmologists
1115:ophthalmologists
741:
734:
730:
727:
721:
698:
690:
617:Ocular tonometry
527:Dry Eye Syndrome
438:, from Sanskrit
415:is derived from
400:The German word
376:
373:
224:Ophthalmologists
142:Activity sectors
115:
97:
80:refractive error
60:
31:
24:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3364:Physiotherapist
3240:
3235:
3205:
3196:
3179:Honorary degree
3167:
3163:Terminal degree
3125:Magister degree
3110:External degree
3092:
3086:
3034:
3010:
2987:Master's degree
2959:
2935:
2889:
2887:academic degree
2883:
2846:
2808:Wayback Machine
2792:
2787:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2641:Wayback Machine
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2597:on 14 May 2012.
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2415:
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2282:
2281:
2277:
2272:. October 2009.
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2158:
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2153:
2148:
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2117:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2030:(10): 726–729.
2019:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1923:
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1910:
1906:
1895:
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1871:
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1829:Wayback Machine
1816:
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1604:(post-graduate)
1553:
1548:
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1506:
1493:
1484:
1472:
1459:
1442:
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1428:Aviano Air Base
1420:
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1149:procedure on a
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722:
711:
699:
688:
682:
671:
610:eye examination
606:
604:Eye examination
585:
562:Corneal disease
515:
379:Berthold Laufer
374:
311:
277:
232:
180:
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168:
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133:
132:Occupation type
95:
58:
40:
34:Eye examination
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3151:
3149:Higher diploma
3146:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Artist diploma
3102:
3096:
3094:
3093:classification
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2989:
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2955:Honours degree
2952:
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2920:
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2844:External links
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2615:on 13 May 2012
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2371:(12): 904–13.
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1991:"Thomas Young"
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64:Blurred vision
61:
54:
53:
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32:
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10:
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2:
3438:
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3394:Social worker
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3374:Public health
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3309:Medical coder
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3041:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Diplom degree
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
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2979:
2975:
2972:
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2921:
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2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Undergraduate
2892:
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2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2660:. 4 June 2014
2659:
2658:Vision Monday
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2591:"We're sorry"
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2318:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2293:
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2279:
2276:
2271:
2270:www.ugc.ac.in
2264:
2258:
2255:
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2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2218:(5): 615–22.
2217:
2213:
2212:Optom Vis Sci
2206:
2203:
2198:
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2174:
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2123:
2122:
2118:Tam, Johnny.
2115:
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2051:
2045:
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2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1961:
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1953:
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1749:
1748:Ophthalmology
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1647:South America
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1491:United States
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1418:North America
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1314:Hertfordshire
1311:
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1290:Anglia Ruskin
1287:
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1234:
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1191:
1189:
1183:
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1177:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:ophthalmology
1140:
1134:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1108:
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1100:
1098:
1096:
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1034:
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1023:
1016:
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1008:
1004:
1003:Petaling Jaya
1000:
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990:
986:
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974:
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776:
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768:
764:
760:
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740:
737:
729:
719:
715:
709:
708:
703:This section
701:
697:
692:
691:
687:
679:
677:
675:
668:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
643:Visual acuity
641:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:to determine
618:
615:
614:
613:
611:
603:
597:
589:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
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563:
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512:
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498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
462:, and French
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457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
423:, from Greek
422:
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336:
334:
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327:
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323:
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315:
308:
305:
300:
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287:biomicroscope
286:
281:
274:
272:
271:vision care.
269:
265:
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81:
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73:
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62:
55:
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51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
3384:Radiographer
3359:Phlebotomist
3343:
3334:Nutritionist
3184:
3067:Habilitation
3050:Postdoctoral
2969:Postgraduate
2776:. Retrieved
2772:the original
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2741:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2711:
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2657:
2648:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2603:
2595:the original
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2566:the original
2553:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2479:
2470:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2426:
2412:
2404:the original
2394:
2385:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2349:
2340:
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2317:
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2269:
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2168:
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2154:
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2136:
2119:
2114:
2107:Registration
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2056:
2044:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1897:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1849:the original
1836:
1813:
1799:
1777:the original
1773:"Case study"
1766:
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1666:
1662:
1655:
1641:
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1473:
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1443:
1413:
1407:optometrist.
1397:
1393:
1374:
1361:
1353:
1275:
1262:
1251:
1237:
1229:examinations
1222:
1209:
1197:
1184:
1173:
1160:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1112:
1104:
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1046:
1038:
1035:Saudi Arabia
1029:
1020:
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979:
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863:
845:
813:
797:
784:
771:South Africa
756:
747:
732:
726:January 2017
723:
712:Please help
707:verification
704:
672:
658:Dry eye test
607:
516:
501:
499:
476:
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467:
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367:
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349:
333:optical aids
320:
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290:
267:
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233:
220:
214:
212:
204:Optometrists
203:
199:
198:
158:Competencies
94:Significant
57:Significant
48:
18:
3369:Prosthetist
3344:Optometrist
3264:Audiologist
3144:certificate
3130:Microdegree
3091:No dominant
2996:certificate
2543:Carr, Liz.
2171:(1): 8–12.
1689: 1914
1627:New Zealand
1498:eye surgery
1188:cycloplegic
1026:Philippines
634:examination
495:astigmatism
375: 1300
153:Description
3414:Categories
3120:Licentiate
2885:Levels of
2664:24 October
1970:fs.aoa.org
1759:References
1693:refraction
1364:April 2024
1318:Manchester
898:refraction
860:Bangladesh
816:Mozambique
810:Mozambique
788:orthoptics
684:See also:
628:assessment
626:Refraction
567:Strabismus
532:Eye tumors
468:spectacles
386:manuscript
360:spectacles
353:decoration
268:ophthalmos
192:Laboratory
179:employment
147:Healthcare
118:Occupation
3420:Optometry
3349:Orthotist
3284:Dietitian
3185:Ad eundem
3156:/
3142:/
3025:Doctorate
2994:/
2929:/
2925:/
2465:(cap. 44)
1551:Australia
1522:Licensing
1457:Licensing
1248:Licensing
1151:human eye
1119:opticians
1043:Singapore
891:Hong Kong
583:Diagnosis
572:Amblyopia
522:Cataracts
507:opticians
466:(plural)
366:, in his
285:slit lamp
260:phoropter
256:optometer
230:Etymology
200:Optometry
177:Fields of
113:Optometry
38:slit lamp
22:Optometry
3172:Unearned
2804:Archived
2778:28 April
2752:28 April
2689:11 March
2643:(page 3)
2637:Archived
2619:28 April
2575:17 March
2240:20038412
2232:25875681
2197:23275214
1975:3 August
1878:page 120
1825:Archived
1785:cite web
1712:See also
1678:Colombia
1672:Colombia
1449:and the
1440:Training
1298:Bradford
1272:Training
1076:Thailand
1017:Pakistan
993:Malaysia
775:Tanzania
537:Glaucoma
513:Diseases
464:besicles
452:berillus
446:(modern
440:vaidurya
436:veluriya
425:beryllos
421:beryllus
419:, Latin
409:vaidurya
406:Sanskrit
331:optics,
184:Hospital
76:glaucoma
68:cataract
59:diseases
3158:diploma
3018:level 8
2980:level 7
2943:level 6
2906:level 5
2790:Sources
2377:1814983
2263:"Specs"
2188:3555005
2126:Alibaba
2036:8245395
1996:8 March
1858:8 March
1697:Decrees
1546:Oceania
1354:updated
1302:Cardiff
1276:In the
1233:diploma
1200:Salento
1176:Ireland
1170:Ireland
1157:Hungary
1109:Germany
989:India.
842:Nigeria
824:Nampula
767:Nigeria
577:Uveitis
472:bericle
460:berille
432:verulia
429:Prakrit
427:, from
309:History
3187:degree
3115:Laurea
3082:Fellow
3077:Tenure
3072:Docent
2717:15 May
2375:
2238:
2230:
2195:
2185:
2034:
1652:Brazil
1435:Canada
1225:Russia
1219:Russia
1206:Norway
1125:Greece
1101:France
1089:Europe
1063:Taiwan
753:Africa
632:Retina
491:vision
487:retina
483:myopia
479:lenses
456:brille
413:brille
402:brille
343:other
252:metron
247:μέτρον
188:Clinic
45:System
3043:Other
3016:ISCED
2978:ISCED
2941:ISCED
2904:ISCED
2747:"GLA"
2569:(PDF)
2562:(PDF)
2266:(PDF)
2236:S2CID
1852:(PDF)
1845:(PDF)
1682:ICFES
1294:Aston
1194:Italy
1147:LASIK
911:India
882:China
794:Ghana
781:Sudan
763:Ghana
759:Sudan
448:Belur
444:Velur
417:beryl
242:opsis
123:Names
96:tests
2780:2017
2754:2017
2719:2023
2691:2018
2666:2018
2621:2017
2577:2016
2373:PMID
2228:PMID
2193:PMID
2032:PMID
1998:2010
1977:2018
1860:2010
1791:link
1332:and
1306:City
1263:The
932:Pune
855:Asia
834:and
798:The
773:and
291:The
264:opto
237:ὄψις
206:are
2712:UWA
2350:公職王
2220:doi
2183:PMC
2173:doi
1708:).
1676:In
1223:In
1001:in
716:by
295:,
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