338:
characters electrically. As each key stroke was detected by the machine, a feed-back circuit energized a pair of magnets with a bail which restored the keystem mechanically, reset the bails performing the electrical encoding, and gave the "feel" and sound to the operator of a completed action. Each machine had a tendency to develop a "feel" of its own based on several variables such as the amount of wear, dirt, and clearance of the bail contacts within the keyboard, as well as factors in the base machine. The keyboards, however, had no provision for adjusting the "feel" other than the correct adjustment of the contacts on the restore bail contacts and the encoding bail contacts. Special function keys such as shift, release, duplication and others, had only electrical contacts under their stems, with no mechanical linkage to the bail assembly for encoding.
402:
301:"Alphabetical duplicating keypunches recorded alphabetic information in tabulating cards so that complete words and names, together with numerical data, could be later printed by an alphabetical accounting machine. The Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch was introduced by IBM in 1933, and it automatically ejected one card and fed another in 0.65 second. These machines were equipped with separate alphabetical and numerical keyboards. The alphabetical keyboard was similar to a conventional manual typewriter except that the shift, tab, backspace and character keys were eliminated, and a skip, release, stacker and '1' key were provided." – IBM Archives
510:
437:
of 35 wires was very tedious). The printing mechanism was prone to be damaged if a user attempted to duplicate "binary" cards with non-standard punch patterns. These could cause the code-plate positioning mechanism to try to shift the plate beyond its intended range of motion, sometimes causing damage. Turning off printing did not actually prevent the damage, as many people assumed, because the code-plate mechanism remained engaged with the punch unit and shifted the code plate. Turning off printing only suppressed pressing the printing pins into the ribbon and card.
480:
the end of the card was not enabled. The data on the card could actually be correct, since the verifier operator was just as likely to make an error as the keypunch operator. However, with three tries, the operator was less likely to repeatedly make the same error. Some verifier operators were able to guess the error on the card created by the previous keypunch operator, defeating the purpose of the verify procedure, and thus some machines were altered to allow only one entry and error notched on the second try.
46:
2926:
542:
made available (at additional cost) was the leading zeros feature (termed "Left-Zero"). This was delivered by an additional set of four SMS cards. The field was programmed for leading zeros using the program card. If it was (say) a six digit field, the operator only had to key in the actual value (for example 73). The feature would then fill the field by punching the leading four zeros, followed by the 73, in effect right justifying the field, thus: 000073.
877:
655:
394:
311:
263:
456:
592:
319:
616:
error corrected by pressing the
Duplicate key until the error column was reached, typing the correct data for the rest of that card, then pressing the Release key and manually removing the bad card from the output card stacker before it was placed in the deck (this required some practice, but quickly became an automatic action that you no longer had to think about). With the 129, a keystroke error could be erased by pressing the
386:
38:
2906:
624:
502:
251:
58:
362:
476:
other than that entered by the verifier operator. This stopped the forward motion of the card, and presented a red error light on the machine cover. The notching mechanism was located in the area occupied by the print mechanism on a 026 printing keypunch. It had a solenoid which drove the notching mechanism, and another that selected the top notch punch or end of card punch.
378:
600:
2916:
854:
example above, columns 72-80 are defined in the program as a
Numeric Shift field. In practice, this definition would likely be used for punching a special symbol as a "continuation character" in column 72, and then columns 73-80 could either be punched with a card sequence number or the card could be released at that point, if no further typing was required.
354:
1007:
Punched cards were still commonly used for data entry and programming until the mid-1980s. However, eliminating the step of transferring punched cards to tape or disk (with the added benefit of saving the cost of the cards themselves) allowed for improved checking and correction during the data entry
674:
The program was encoded on a punched card and could be prepared on any keypunch (a keypunch would operate even if no program card was in place). The program card was wrapped around the program drum, and clamped in place. The drum rotated as the card being punched moved through the punching mechanism.
479:
When an operator keying data to be verified encountered an error, the operator was given a second and third try to re-enter the data that was supposed to be in the field. If the third try was incorrect an error notch was put on the top of the card over the column with the error and the "OK" punch at
467:
The IBM 056 was the verifier companion to the 024 Card Punch and 026 Printing Card Punch. The verifier was similar to the 026 keypunch except for a red error lens in the machine cover lower center. The verifier operator entered exactly the same data as the keypunch operator and the verifier machine
436:
and then the punched card. (This printer mechanism was generally considered by IBM Customer
Engineers to be difficult to repair. One of the most common problems was wires breaking in the tightly curved narrow tube between the code plate and the ribbon—extracting the fragments and replacing the bundle
431:
array of wires; the device from which it derived the shape of the character was a metal plate, called the "code plate," with space for 1960 pins (35 pins times 56 printable characters). If the dot was not to be printed in a given character, the pin was machined off. By correctly positioning the plate
369:
The IBM 024 Card Punch and IBM 026 Printing Card Punch were announced in 1949. They were almost identical, with the exception of the printing mechanism. The heart of the 024 and 026 keypunches was a set of twelve precision punches, one per card row, each with an actuator of relatively high power.
475:
The IBM 056 verifier used most of the same mechanical and electrical components as the 024/026 keypunches with the exception of the punch unit and print head. The punch unit had sensing pins in place of the punches. The holes sensed or not sensed would trip a contact bail when the configuration was
241:
cards were said to be stamped or cut, rather than punched. The first
Jacquard cards were stamped by hand, sometimes using a guide plate. An improvement involved placing the card between two perforated metal plates, hinged together, inserting punches according to the desired pattern, and then passing
73:
is a device for precisely punching holes into stiff paper cards at specific locations as determined by keys struck by a human operator. Other devices included here for that same function include the gang punch, the pantograph punch, and the stamp. The term was also used for similar machines used by
995:
subsequently produced an improved magnetic tape encoder in 1965, which was somewhat successfully marketed as a keypunch replacement. In the mid-1970s, the rise of microprocessors and inexpensive computer terminals led to the development of additional key-to-tape and key-to-disk systems from smaller
615:
The transistorized IBM 129 Card Data
Recorder's primary advantage over other IBM keypunches was that it featured an electronic 80-column buffer to hold the card image. When using earlier IBM keypunches, a keystroke error required the card to be ejected by pressing the Release and Register keys, the
582:
Ironically, not all verifier operators appreciated the noise reduction. When used in a room also containing 029 keypunch machines, the verifier operators sometimes missed the auditory feedback provided by the loud "thunk" noise emitted by the older 056. Some were known to compensate by hitting the
492:
The first combination of card punch and typewriter, permitting selected text to be typed and punched, was developed by the Powers company in 1925. The IBM 824 Typewriter Card Punch was an IBM 024 where the 024 keyboard was replaced by an IBM electric typewriter. Similarly, the IBM 826 used an IBM
344:
keypunches such as the 024, 026, and 029 provided for the mounting of a program card that controlled various functions, such as tabbing and automatic duplication of fields from the previous card. The later 129 used electronic circuit cards to store simple programs written by the keypunch operator.
658:
Program card for an IBM 026 at the
Computer History Museum. The lever at the top opened the metal clamp holding the card in place. The column-80 edge of the card was inserted under the clamp first. Small fingers on the right side of the clamp helped guide the column-1 edge into position. The lever
483:
Cards with error notches were re-punched (using an 024 or 026) usually by "duplicating" up to the column in error, then entering the correct data. The duplicating function was accomplished by feeding the card through the punch station without punching it. At the next station sensing pins read the
337:
keypunch and verifiers used a common electrical/mechanical design in their keyboards to encode the mechanical keystrokes. As a key was depressed, a link on the keystem tripped a corresponding set of bails at the top of the keyboard assembly. The bails in turn made (closed) contacts to encode the
645:
Thanks to its use of electronic memory, the 129 did not have a separate "read station" with a pin-sense unit to enable duplication of data from one card to the next. Instead, duplication was based on the stored image of the previous card. Cards could also be "read-in" through an optical read unit
541:
for early ones. The more "advanced" reed relays used at first proved to be less reliable than expected, causing IBM to revert to the older-style wire-contact relay-based design. All ran on 48 volts DC, and did not require the vacuum tubes that were used in the 024/026. A common additional feature
853:
In this example, if the keypunch operator typed a few characters at the beginning of the card and then pressed the skip key, the keypunch would tab to column 10. When a program code of blank is followed by "Field
Definition" (12) (or (4) for program 2), it defines a "Numeric Shift" field. In the
679:
feature was installed, another program could be encoded in the bottom six rows . A switch let the operator select which program to use. The central cover on the keypunch could be tilted open toward the operator and a locking lever released, allowing the program drum to be removed and replaced.
578:
The IBM 059 was the
Verifier companion to the IBM 029 Card Punch. In design, it differed radically from the earlier 056 verifier, in that it used optical sensing of card holes instead of mechanical sensing pins. This made the 059 much quieter than the 056 (which was often louder than the 024
867:
Program cards could automate certain tasks, such as "gang punching", the insertion of a constant field into each card of a deck of cards. For amusement, program cards could even be set up to play music by gang-punching "noisy" characters (characters represented by many holes, usually special
119:
similar to those on typewriters and were equipped with hoppers for blank cards and stackers for punched cards. Some keypunch models could print, at the top of a column, the character represented by the hole(s) punched in that column. The small pieces punched out by a keypunch fell into a
373:
The 026 could print the punched character above each column. By 1964 there were ten versions with slightly different character sets. The scientific versions printed parentheses, equal sign and plus sign in place of four less frequently used characters in the commercial character sets.
667:, also known as a drum card. The keypunch or verifier could be programmed to automatically advance to the beginning of each field, default to certain character types within the field, duplicate a field from the previous card, and so on. Program cards were an improvement over the
934:
The verify-punching of the same cards in the same sequence ... results in the elongation of perforations for correct information. Round perforations indicate incorrect information. Complete and rapid detection of errors is performed mechanically by the
Automatic Verifying
258:) Punch. This photo is staged; the keyboard layout is for the Farm card (leftmost column is labeled "Kind of Farm") of an Agricultural Census while the paper under the punch shows the layout of the 1890 Population Census card (the actual 1890 census cards had no printing).
529:
code. The IBM 029 was mechanically similar to the IBM 026 and printed the punched character on the top of the card using the same kind of mechanism as the 026, although it used a larger code plate with 2240 printing-pin sites due to the larger set of characters in EBCDIC.
675:
The holes in the program card were sensed by an array of starwheels that would cause levers to rise and fall as the holes in the program card passed beneath the starwheels, activating electrical contacts. The program was encoded in the top six rows . If the optional
370:
Punch cards were stepped across the punch one column at a time, and the appropriate punches were activated to create the holes, resulting in a distinctive "chunk, chunk" sound as columns were punched. Both machines could process 51-, 60-, 66-, and 80-column cards.
443:, industrial designer of "streamlined" motifs who also designed railway passenger cars of the 1930s and 1940s, did the award-winning external design of the 026/024 Card Punches for IBM. Their heavy steel construction and rounded corners indeed echo the industrial
928:
Remington Rand keypunches included: UNIVAC Card Code Punch Type 306-5, 90 Column
Alphabetical (Types 306-2, 306-3), 90 Column Numerical (Types 204-2, 204-3), Portable Electric Punch Type 202, Spot Punch Type 301, and the Automatic Verifying Machine Type 313.
242:
the assembly through a press to cut the card. These essentially manual processes were later replaced by machines. 'Piano machines,' so named for their keys, operated by keyboards and comparable in function to unit record keypunches, became the most common.
484:
holes present in the original card and transferred the data to the punching station and onto a blank card. Columns with errors were corrected instead of being duplicated. The corrected card was then verified to check the data again and be "OK notched".
579:
keypunch). The optical sensors used a single light source, which was distributed to various sites within the machine via fiber-optic lightpipes. Despite the technology, the basic mode of operation remained essentially the same as with the 056.
920:
division made keypunches for their 90-column cards and similar machines for the IBM 80-column card. Their 90-column keypunches used a mechanical system developed by Remington Rand to avoid IBM patent issues (long before the acquisition of
611:
in 1971, the IBM 129 was capable of punching, verifying, and use as an auxiliary, on line, 80 column card reader/punch for some computers. A switch on the keyboard console provided the ability to toggle between the punch and verify modes.
193:
subsequently produced an improved magnetic tape encoder in 1965, which was somewhat successfully marketed as a keypunch replacement. The rise of microprocessors and inexpensive computer terminals led to the development of additional
641:
The 129 could store six programs in its memory, selectable by a rotary switch. Unlike earlier keypunch machines, the program cards were read into memory via the regular card-feed path, and were not wrapped around a "program drum".
296:
was introduced in 1928. Later Hollerith keypunches included the Type 016 Motor-Driven Electric Duplicating Keypunch (1929), the Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch (1933), and the Type 32 Alphabetical Printing Punch (1933).
218:. Eliminating the step of transferring punched cards to tape or disk (with the added benefit of saving the cost of the cards themselves) allowed for improved checking and correction during the entry process. The development of
962:
This use of the verb has replaced the former process, described as "When a key is struck on a keypunch, it prints the character on the top of the card but also punches a series of holes that the computer" can interpret."
1192:
This first Hollerith pantograph punch was built for the 1890 census card with 12 rows and 24 columns. Four columns were punched using a gangpunch and the pantograph punch was built for the remaining 20 columns.
213:
Keypunches and punched cards were still commonly used for both data and program entry through the 1970s but were rapidly made obsolete by changes in the entry paradigm and by the availability of inexpensive CRT
284:
In 1901 Hollerith patented a mechanism where an operator pressed one of 12 keys to punch a hole, with the card automatically advancing to the next column. This first-generation Type 001 keypunch used
288:. In 1923 The Tabulating Machine Company introduced the first electric keypunch, the Type 011 Electric Keypunch, a similar looking device where each key closed an electrical contact that activated a
925:). UNIVAC keypunches stored the sequence of characters for an entire card, then punched all its holes in a single pass, which allowed for corrections instead of wasting a card in case of error.
850:
1.......10........20........30........40........50........60........70........80 1AAAAAAAA1AAAAA1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA &&&&&&&&
463:
keypunch machine. The woman at left is at an IBM 056 Card Verifier. Her job would be to re-enter the data and the verifier machine would check that it matched the data punched onto the cards.
281:
to link a punch mechanism to a guide pointer that an operator would place over the appropriate mark in a 12 by 20 matrix to line up a manual punch over the correct hole in one of 20 columns.
277:. Use of such a punch was facilitated by placing the holes to be used near the edges of the card. Hollerith soon developed a more accurate and simpler to use Keyboard Punch, using a
115:
Early Hollerith keypunches were manual devices. Later keypunches were electromechanical devices which combined several functions in one unit. These often resembled small desks with
554:, the keypunch operator's left hand selecting one of 15 shift keys and the right hand selecting one of 240 Kanji characters for that shift. It introduced the computer processing of
150:
applications, the punched cards were verified by keying exactly the same data a second time, checking to see if the second keying and the punched data were the same (known as
2091:
401:
2870:
864:
If program 2 codes were punched, invalid characters could be generated that the printer did not know how to print, some of which could even damage the printer.
1895:
1053:
2116:
1828:
2248:
2226:
1120:
922:
1890:
1823:
638:
A secondary advantage of the 129 was that the speed of the keying operation was not limited by punching each column at the time of the keystroke.
1314:
1328:
325:
3007:
2362:
1771:
1339:
459:
Two women discussing their work while entering data onto punched cards at Texas A&M in the 1950s. The woman at the right is seated at an
620:
key and re-keyed. The entire 80-column card was punched automatically, as fast as the mechanism could go, when the Release key was pressed.
230:
allowed those who originated the data or program to enter it directly instead of writing it on forms to be entered by keypunch operators.
1350:
892:. The IBM 5496 Data Recorder, a keypunch with print and verify functions, and IBM 5486 Card Sorter were made for these 96-column cards.
2106:
2969:
2859:
1693:
1591:
1247:
2593:
2168:
1276:
1230:
1141:
909:
424:. The tube circuits used 150VDC, but this voltage was only used to operate the punch-clutch magnet. Most other circuits used 48VDC.
2507:
509:
847:, coded operations in specific card columns, such as 1, 10, 16, 36, and 72. The program card for such a setup might be coded as:
61:
Operators compiling hydrographic data for navigation charts on punch cards using the IBM Type 016 Electric Duplicating Key Punch,
2439:
663:
IBM 024, 026, and 029 keypunches and their companion verifiers, the 056 and 059, could be programmed to a limited extent using a
2949:
2939:
2929:
2466:
3012:
2944:
2639:
2629:
2527:
1654:
1624:
50:
1237:
An accessible book of recollections (sometimes with errors), with photographs and descriptions of many unit record machines
2832:
2598:
1860:
2992:
2959:
2954:
2563:
1757:
1364:
2456:
2348:
1246:
IBM writes history as if everything had always been IBM. That is not correct, see CTR for correct corporate details.
901:
538:
932:
The Type 306-2 provided for verification; the cards were passed through the keypunch a second time and keyed again.
525:
in 1964, the 029 had new character codes for parentheses, equal and plus as well as other new symbols used in the
2827:
2811:
2353:
2308:
2236:
1799:
472:
to see if the punched data matched. Successfully verified cards had a small notch punched on the right hand edge.
1941:
1038:
109:
550:
The IBM 5924 Key Punch was the 029 model T01 attached with a special keyboard in IBM's 1971 announcement of the
432:
and pressing it against one end of the array of printing wires, only the correct wires were pressed against the
2964:
2745:
2553:
2408:
840:
2386:
1743:
1020:
allowed workers who originated the data to enter it directly instead of writing it on forms to be entered by
3002:
2806:
2512:
2837:
2608:
2424:
2126:
1009:
632:
603:
IBM 129 Combination Keyboard. Card is punched with the letters of the alphabet and the digits 1 through 0.
219:
2997:
2853:
2818:
2444:
2403:
2034:
1048:
469:
151:
116:
97:
93:
85:, the resulting punched cards were joined together to form a paper tape, called a "chain", containing a
1602:
This essentially mechanical means of communication remained the primary means of interfacing humans ...
1217:
1785:
2673:
2583:
2537:
2532:
2338:
2136:
2081:
2064:
1907:
1058:
997:
992:
203:
190:
1712:
112:
device the resulting punched cards were either data or programs directing the computer's operation.
2847:
2709:
2644:
2449:
2392:
2358:
45:
2822:
2797:
2697:
2679:
2343:
1109:
1098:
654:
393:
310:
262:
2934:
2881:
2775:
2770:
2634:
2558:
2153:
2121:
2029:
1961:
1946:
1853:
1689:
1650:
1620:
1587:
1272:
1226:
1157:
1137:
1017:
844:
559:
455:
227:
215:
86:
1268:
1261:
357:
IBM 026 Printing Card Punch. Note pink program card mounted on the program drum (top center).
2864:
2667:
2659:
2588:
2490:
2418:
2019:
1976:
1971:
1818:
1745:
IBM Accounting Machines, Electric Punch Type 011, Customer Engineering Manual of Instruction
1736:
1021:
980:
591:
555:
551:
318:
270:
238:
178:
163:
105:
2842:
2755:
2578:
2517:
2163:
2086:
1956:
1001:
876:
563:
207:
147:
31:
908:, which was specific to the census application and had 240 keys. In 1911, Powers formed
385:
158:, usually women, who worked full-time on keypunch and verifier machines, often in large
2891:
2765:
2760:
2721:
2649:
2603:
2522:
2231:
2111:
1885:
1877:
1486:
1395:
1291:
1043:
972:
913:
567:
170:
683:
The program card was punched with characters that controlled its function as follows:
37:
2986:
2740:
2715:
2685:
2471:
2192:
2131:
2039:
2014:
1929:
1833:
984:
533:
The 029's logic consisted of wire contact relays on later models and reed relays and
440:
182:
82:
1721:
UNITYPER was an input device for the UNIVAC computer... Remington Rand in the 1950s.
2909:
2703:
2691:
2296:
2291:
2270:
1846:
1063:
1033:
1013:
889:
623:
293:
285:
223:
121:
101:
75:
1631:
keypunch it and it would go directly to the computer. It would eliminate the cards
1566:
1553:
501:
250:
57:
1683:
1644:
1615:
1581:
950:
389:
IBM 026 character generator code plate detail showing dot matrix printing pattern
2780:
2750:
2573:
2461:
2185:
2180:
1951:
1670:
417:
377:
361:
62:
1162:
The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census: 1890-1940
2502:
2495:
2429:
2175:
1996:
1986:
1259:
Bashe, Charles J.; Johnson, Lyle R; Palmer, John H.; Pugh, Emerson W. (1986).
956:
955:, now that the actual device called a keypunch has become obsolete, refers to
608:
522:
428:
278:
275:...any ordinary ticket punch, cutting a round hole 3/16 of an inch in diameter
255:
139:
1203:
1110:
Electronic Design, Volume 22, Issues 19-22, Hayden Pub. Co., 1974, pp.79, 195
2260:
2253:
2069:
1991:
1981:
617:
397:
Back of IBM 026 keypunch showing vacuum tubes and other internal components
17:
888:
family of low-end business computers which featured a new, smaller-sized,
2919:
2876:
2624:
2333:
2318:
2301:
2146:
2074:
2044:
1564:"to transfer onto punched cards, paper tape, etc, by using a key punch."
976:
885:
444:
289:
174:
2886:
2328:
2323:
2265:
2096:
2024:
1444:
836:
517:
character set. Contrast at top enhanced to show the printed characters.
460:
1617:
From Tank Town to High Tech: The Clash of Community and Industrial ...
1532:
Data Processing Equipment Encyclopedia Vol.1 Electromechanical Devices
857:
Note: "Field Definition" (12) and "Alphabetic Shift" (1) prints as an
599:
2313:
2286:
2243:
2221:
2141:
988:
939:
The UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch was introduced in 1969.
917:
526:
514:
433:
186:
1219:
Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate: The 'Hole' Story of Punched Cards
1934:
875:
868:
characters) and "quiet" numbers and letters in rhythmic patterns.
653:
622:
598:
590:
534:
508:
500:
454:
421:
410:
400:
392:
384:
376:
360:
352:
317:
309:
261:
249:
56:
44:
36:
108:
to be processed by those machines. For computers equipped with a
2158:
2101:
414:
353:
1842:
1759:
Reference Manual: IBM 24 Card Punch, IBM 26 Printing Card Punch
809:
Punch in a column to force printing of leading zeros and signs
1869:
341:
334:
130:
1099:
Business automation, Volume 19, Hitchcock Pub. Co., 1972 p.38
583:
keys harder, sometimes actually wearing out keyboard parts.
381:
Metal "code plate" character generator from IBM 026 keypunch
306:
Post-WW II IBM keypunches and verifiers for 80-column cards
162:
with dozens or hundreds of other operators, all performing
729:
Punch in every column of a field, except the first (left)
789:
Punch in a column to shift keyboard to Alphabetic mode
685:
1838:
1787:
IBM Field Engineering Maintenance Manual—29 Card Punch
1737:
Columbia University Computing History: IBM Key Punches
769:
Punch in first (left) column of field(s) to duplicate
273:'s first device for punching cards from the 1890s was
1829:
IBM Archives: Working for the railroad (001 keypunch)
1819:
Columbia University Computing History: IBM Keypunches
1685:
Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age
2789:
2731:
2658:
2617:
2546:
2480:
2376:
2279:
2214:
2205:
2057:
2007:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1876:
1292:
Type 016 Motor-Driven Electric Duplicating Keypunch
89:that, when read by a loom, directed its operation.
1700:... 1950, Remington Rand was ... UNITYPER, the ...
1260:
749:Punch in first (left) column of field(s) to skip
2092:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
1643:Walter A. Sedelow; Sally Yeates Sedelow (1983).
1487:IBM Field Engineering Announcement: IBM System/3
1121:IBM Archive: Keypunch operators, 1934, Stockholm
635:modules on a swing out, wire-wrapped backplane.
427:Characters were printed using a 5 Ă— 7
246:Hollerith and IBM keypunches, 1890 through 1930s
30:For the device used to cut door keys, etc., see
1854:
266:Census worker with Hollerith pantograph punch
8:
1445:"IBM 824-826 Typewriter Card Punch Brochure"
1136:. Iowa State University Press. p. 151.
1054:Computer programming in the punched card era
1834:IBM Punched Card Accounting Machines (1955)
1598:... thus resulting in the now extinct term
2211:
1919:
1912:
1861:
1847:
1839:
900:Beginning around 1906, an employee of the
896:Powers, Remington Rand (UNIVAC) keypunches
872:IBM 5496 Data Recorder for 96 column cards
234:Stamping Jacquard cards, 1801 through 1890
27:Device for punching holes into paper cards
1324:
1322:
1310:
1308:
659:was then rotated back to secure the card.
1075:
829:Punch in a column to suppress printing
202:systems from smaller companies such as
49:Keypunch operators at work at the U.S.
1801:Reference Manual: IBM 056 Card Verifer
1382:Reference Manual—IBM 24, 26 Card Punch
1366:Reference Manual—IBM 24, 26 Card Punch
1315:Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch
1081:
1079:
2227:Center for The Business of Government
1583:How Mechanics Shaped the Modern World
7:
2915:
1517:A History of Sperry Rand Corporation
835:Many programming languages, such as
1329:Type 32 Alphabetical Printing Punch
923:Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation
646:integrated into the punch station.
1824:IBM Archives: IBM 029 — Card Punch
1773:Reference Manual—IBM 29 Card Punch
1717:IThistory.org (IT History Society)
1519:. 4th printing. Sperry Rand. 1967.
1225:. Stewart Publishing. p. 25.
25:
1896:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
912:. That company was taken over by
910:Powers Accounting Machine Company
671:used in some earlier keypunches.
154:). There was a great demand for
2925:
2924:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2594:Sabre airline reservation system
2440:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
2107:Information Management Software
1544:Mecham (ed.) (1961) pp.197, 357
967:Transition to direct data entry
947:Saying that something would be
365:An IBM 026 commercial card code
74:humans to transcribe data onto
2860:International chess tournament
2640:Globally integrated enterprise
2630:Commercial Processing Workload
1646:Computers in Language Research
1506:Aspray (ed.) (1990) pp.124–125
1216:Fierheller, George A. (2006).
1087:Jacquard Weaving and Designing
904:, James Powers, developed the
51:Social Security Administration
1:
2599:Scanning tunneling microscope
1530:Mecham, Alan D., ed. (1961).
880:System/3 with keypunch, right
595:An IBM 129 Card Data Recorder
314:A key punch room in the 1960s
294:80 column punched card format
3008:UNIVAC unit record equipment
1008:process. The development of
884:In 1969, IBM introduced the
754:Start Automatic Duplication
292:which punched the hole. The
2467:Canada Head Office Building
2457:Cambridge Scientific Center
2349:Science Research Associates
2117:Mainframe operating systems
1497:Truesdell (1965) pp.119–126
1340:IBM Archives: Type 031, 032
916:in 1927. Remington Rand's
902:United States Census Bureau
3029:
2528:Virtual Universe Community
2249:International subsidiaries
2169:Service Automation Manager
1449:Classic Computer Brochures
1134:Computing before Computers
627:SLT modules in the IBM 129
587:IBM 129 Card Data Recorder
566:that typically used large
405:A group of IBM 026s in use
286:45 columns and round holes
29:
2900:
1421:Know-How Makes Them Great
1384:. p. 27. A24-0520-2.
1369:. p. 26. A24-0520-2.
1089:, Longmans, Green And Co.
1039:Punched card input/output
694:
691:
688:
349:IBM 024, 026 Card Punches
324:(manufactured by British
110:punched card input/output
2554:Automated teller machine
2508:The Great Mind Challenge
1891:Mergers and acquisitions
1174:(Truesdell, 1965, p.144)
1132:Aspray, W., ed. (1990).
570:over 10,000 characters.
2513:Linux Technology Center
1423:. Remington Rand. 1941.
1396:"The IBM 026 Key Punch"
1010:video display terminals
488:Typewriter Card Punches
220:video display terminals
2838:Dynamic infrastructure
2803:Big Blue sports teams
2609:Universal Product Code
1682:Kurt W. Beyer (2015).
1477:Fierheller (2006) p.26
1468:Fierheller (2006) p.27
1443:Stefan (8 June 2014).
1433:Fierheller (2006) p.55
1351:IBM 026 Keypunch photo
1302:Fierheller (2006) p.25
890:96 column punched card
881:
660:
628:
604:
596:
518:
506:
464:
406:
398:
390:
382:
366:
358:
330:
322:Hand-operated keypunch
315:
303:
267:
259:
254:Hollerith's Keyboard (
66:
54:
42:
3013:Unit record equipment
2970:Vacuum tube computers
2854:IBM and the Holocaust
2819:Common Public License
2704:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
2487:Academy of Technology
1942:Power microprocessors
1798:IBM (December 1962).
1756:IBM (December 1964).
1614:June C. Nash (1989).
1263:IBM's Early Computers
1183:Truesdell (1965) p.44
1049:Unit record equipment
879:
734:Start Automatic Skip
657:
626:
602:
594:
574:IBM 059 Card Verifier
512:
504:
458:
451:IBM 056 Card Verifier
404:
396:
388:
380:
364:
356:
321:
313:
299:
265:
253:
152:two pass verification
60:
48:
40:
2584:Magnetic stripe card
2533:World Community Grid
2409:Toronto Software Lab
2065:Carbon Design System
2020:Cell microprocessors
1719:. 15 December 2015.
1580:David Allen (2013).
1554:UNIVAC 1710 keypunch
1534:. Gillie Associates.
1193:Truesdell(1965)p.44.
1059:List of IBM products
993:Mohawk Data Sciences
607:Introduced with the
191:Mohawk Data Sciences
160:keypunch departments
98:unit record machines
2993:American inventions
2848:GUIDE International
2710:Samuel J. Palmisano
2569:Electronic keypunch
2393:One Atlantic Center
2363:Weather Underground
2359:The Weather Company
1204:U.S. patent 682,197
409:Logic consisted of
2950:Personal computers
2940:Midrange computers
2930:Navigational boxes
2823:IBM Public License
2798:A Boy and His Atom
2756:Michelle J. Howard
2698:John Fellows Akers
2680:T. Vincent Learson
2387:1250 René-Lévesque
2127:Planning Analytics
1158:Truesdell, Leon E.
1085:Bell, T.F. (1895)
1018:personal computers
1014:timeshared systems
996:companies such as
943:Keypunch as a verb
882:
814:Print Suppression
661:
629:
605:
597:
546:IBM 5924 Key Punch
519:
513:Punched card with
507:
505:IBM 029 Card Punch
497:IBM 029 Card Punch
465:
407:
399:
391:
383:
367:
359:
331:
316:
268:
260:
228:personal computers
224:timeshared systems
216:computer terminals
156:keypunch operators
94:Hollerith machines
67:
55:
43:
2980:
2979:
2945:Operating systems
2807:American football
2776:Joseph R. Swedish
2771:Martha E. Pollack
2674:Thomas Watson Jr.
2635:Customer engineer
2559:Cynefin framework
2445:Hakozaki Facility
2404:Rome Software Lab
2372:
2371:
2201:
2200:
2154:Rational Software
2053:
2052:
2035:Personal Computer
2030:Midrange computer
1770:IBM (June 1970).
1713:"Univac UNITYPER"
1567:"Keypunch (verb)"
1248:IBM Archive: 1923
1022:data entry clerks
833:
832:
774:Alphabetic Shift
714:Field Definition
16:(Redirected from
3020:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2668:Thomas J. Watson
2589:Relational model
2538:Think conference
2419:330 North Wabash
2339:Microelectronics
2212:
2137:Quantum Platform
2082:Cognos Analytics
1920:
1913:
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1400:www.columbia.edu
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1267:. MIT. pp.
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1101:
1096:
1090:
1083:
979:, which enabled
794:Left Zero Print
686:
564:Korean languages
552:IBM Kanji System
521:Introduced with
271:Herman Hollerith
177:, which enabled
41:IBM 026 Keypunch
21:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3017:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2896:
2882:SHARE computing
2843:GlobalFoundries
2785:
2733:
2727:
2654:
2613:
2604:Financial swaps
2579:Hard disk drive
2542:
2476:
2450:Yamato Facility
2368:
2275:
2207:
2197:
2164:Tivoli Software
2049:
2003:
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1804:
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1733:
1731:Further reading
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1097:
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1084:
1077:
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1030:
975:introduced the
969:
949:keypunched (to
945:
906:Powers Keypunch
898:
874:
851:
652:
589:
576:
548:
499:
490:
453:
351:
308:
248:
236:
173:introduced the
148:data processing
35:
32:Key duplication
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3026:
3024:
3016:
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3005:
3003:IBM keypunches
3000:
2995:
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2912:
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2879:
2874:
2867:
2865:Lucifer cipher
2862:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
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2825:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2801:
2793:
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2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2781:Peter R. Voser
2778:
2773:
2768:
2766:Andrew Liveris
2763:
2761:Arvind Krishna
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
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2722:Arvind Krishna
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2523:Smarter Planet
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2422:
2415:IBM Buildings
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2400:Software Labs
2398:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:, Montreal, QC
2380:
2378:
2374:
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2370:
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2354:Service Bureau
2351:
2346:
2344:Product Center
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2316:
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2309:Ambra Computer
2306:
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2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Lotus Software
2109:
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2011:
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2005:
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1989:
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1826:
1821:
1814:
1813:External links
1811:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1793:. S225-3357-3.
1781:
1779:. GA24-3332-6.
1767:
1753:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1704:
1695:978-1483550497
1694:
1674:
1662:
1655:
1649:. p. 29.
1635:
1625:
1606:
1593:978-3319017013
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1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1044:Hollerith code
1041:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1012:, interactive
973:Remington Rand
971:In the 1950s,
968:
965:
944:
941:
914:Remington Rand
897:
894:
873:
870:
849:
843:, and the IBM
831:
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693:
690:
677:Second Program
651:
648:
588:
585:
575:
572:
568:character sets
547:
544:
498:
495:
493:026 Keypunch.
489:
486:
452:
449:
350:
347:
307:
304:
247:
244:
235:
232:
222:, interactive
171:Remington Rand
169:In the 1950s,
100:the resulting
83:Jacquard looms
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3025:
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2744:
2742:
2741:Thomas Buberl
2739:
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2723:
2720:
2717:
2716:Ginni Rometty
2714:
2711:
2708:
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2686:Frank T. Cary
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2472:IBM Rochester
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2421:, Chicago, IL
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2395:, Atlanta, GA
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2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
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2217:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
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2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
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2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Mashup Center
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
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2071:
2068:
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2062:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Power Systems
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1897:
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1889:
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1881:
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1864:
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1835:
1832:
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1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1807:. A24-1018-1.
1803:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1765:. A24-0520-2.
1761:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
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1697:
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1607:
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1595:
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1538:
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1523:
1518:
1512:
1509:
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1500:
1494:
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1488:
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1474:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1439:
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1430:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1278:0-262-02225-7
1274:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1232:1-894183-86-X
1228:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1143:0-8138-0047-1
1139:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
986:
985:magnetic tape
982:
978:
974:
966:
964:
960:
958:
954:
952:
942:
940:
937:
936:
930:
926:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
895:
893:
891:
887:
878:
871:
869:
865:
862:
860:
855:
848:
846:
842:
838:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
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748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
702:
699:
698:
687:
684:
681:
678:
672:
670:
666:
656:
649:
647:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:Logic was in
625:
621:
619:
613:
610:
601:
593:
586:
584:
580:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
516:
511:
503:
496:
494:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
462:
457:
450:
448:
446:
442:
441:Raymond Loewy
438:
435:
430:
425:
423:
419:
416:
412:
403:
395:
387:
379:
375:
371:
363:
355:
348:
346:
343:
339:
336:
329:
327:
320:
312:
305:
302:
298:
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291:
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264:
257:
252:
245:
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240:
233:
231:
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221:
217:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
183:magnetic tape
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
141:
136:
132:
128:
125:
124:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
102:punched cards
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
79:
77:
72:
64:
59:
52:
47:
39:
33:
19:
2998:Punched card
2869:
2852:
2833:Deep Thought
2796:
2724:(since 2020)
2692:John R. Opel
2650:Think slogan
2568:
2491:Deep Thunder
2297:Kaleida Labs
2292:AIM alliance
1977:Q System Two
1972:Q System One
1800:
1786:
1784:IBM (1969).
1772:
1758:
1744:
1742:IBM (n.d.).
1720:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1684:
1677:
1665:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1616:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1575:
1560:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1381:
1380:IBM (1964).
1375:
1365:
1363:IBM (1964).
1358:
1346:
1335:
1298:
1287:
1262:
1254:
1242:
1218:
1211:
1198:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1133:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1094:
1086:
1064:Chad (paper)
1034:Punched card
1016:and, later,
1006:
983:directly to
970:
961:
948:
946:
938:
933:
931:
927:
905:
899:
883:
866:
863:
858:
856:
852:
834:
682:
676:
673:
668:
665:Program Card
664:
662:
650:Program card
644:
640:
637:
630:
614:
606:
581:
577:
549:
532:
520:
491:
482:
478:
474:
466:
439:
426:
418:vacuum tubes
408:
372:
368:
340:
332:
323:
300:
283:
274:
269:
237:
226:and, later,
212:
199:
195:
181:directly to
168:
159:
155:
145:
138:
134:
126:
122:
114:
91:
80:
76:punched tape
70:
68:
53:in the 1940s
2965:Typewriters
2871:Mathematica
2812:Rugby union
2751:Alex Gorsky
2718:(2012–2020)
2712:(2002–2011)
2706:(1993–2002)
2700:(1985–1993)
2694:(1981–1985)
2688:(1973–1981)
2682:(1971–1973)
2676:(1956–1971)
2670:(1914–1956)
2618:Terminology
2574:Floppy disk
2518:SkillsBuild
2481:Initiatives
2462:IBM Hursley
2436:Facilities
2087:Connections
1957:FlashSystem
1671:Card reader
1669:actually a
200:key-to-disk
196:key-to-tape
63:New Orleans
18:Key-to-disk
2987:Categories
2960:System/370
2955:System/360
2746:David Farr
2645:e-business
2547:Inventions
2496:Develothon
2377:Facilities
2237:Promontory
2232:Consulting
1656:9027930090
1626:088706938X
1454:10 January
1353:(archived)
1070:References
981:data entry
957:data entry
953:as a verb)
609:System/370
523:System/360
429:dot matrix
279:pantograph
256:pantograph
179:data entry
164:data input
140:bit bucket
104:contained
96:and other
2828:Deep Blue
2734:directors
2193:WebSphere
2132:PureQuery
2040:Selectric
2015:Blue Gene
1930:Mainframe
1600:keypunch.
1164:. US GPO.
991:systems.
845:Assembler
689:Function
618:Backspace
539:SMS cards
328:) (1960s)
189:systems.
129:, or (at
117:keyboards
2910:Category
2877:IBM Plex
2732:Board of
2625:Big Blue
2425:Honolulu
2334:Merative
2319:EduQuest
2302:Taligent
2271:Research
2208:entities
2206:Business
2147:OpenQASM
2075:Cloudant
2045:ThinkPad
1968:Quantum
1916:Hardware
1908:Products
1405:12 April
1160:(1965).
1028:See also
977:UNITYPER
951:keypunch
886:System/3
692:Program
669:Skip Bar
560:Japanese
445:Art Deco
290:solenoid
239:Jacquard
175:UNITYPER
146:In many
135:chip box
71:keypunch
2920:Commons
2887:ScicomP
2430:Seattle
2383:Towers
2329:Lexmark
2324:Kyndryl
2266:Red Hat
2215:Current
2186:Granite
2181:Watsonx
2097:Fortran
2025:PowerPC
1952:Storage
1923:Current
1886:History
1878:History
998:Inforex
935:Machine
837:FORTRAN
556:Chinese
470:checked
461:IBM 026
447:style.
204:Inforex
87:program
78:media.
2892:Unions
2503:Fellow
2314:Cognos
2287:AdStar
2280:Former
2244:Kenexa
2222:Apptio
2176:Watson
2142:Qiskit
2008:Former
1997:Condor
1987:Osprey
1962:DS8000
1692:
1653:
1623:
1590:
1275:
1229:
1140:
1002:Pertec
989:UNIVAC
918:UNIVAC
720:&
709:Char.
703:Char.
695:Usage
535:diodes
527:EBCDIC
515:EBCDIC
434:ribbon
422:relays
411:diodes
208:Pertec
187:UNIVAC
65:, 1938
2790:Other
2261:Press
2254:India
2070:Cloud
2058:Other
1992:Heron
1982:Eagle
1935:IBM Z
1805:(PDF)
1791:(PDF)
1777:(PDF)
1763:(PDF)
1749:(PDF)
1269:11–12
1223:(PDF)
468:then
333:Most
137:, or
2935:FOSS
2660:CEOs
2564:DRAM
2159:SPSS
2102:ILOG
1690:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1456:2015
1407:2024
1273:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1000:and
987:for
562:and
420:and
415:25L6
206:and
198:and
185:for
123:chad
106:data
92:For
81:For
1870:IBM
841:RPG
737:11
717:12
706:#2
700:#1
633:SLT
537:on
342:IBM
335:IBM
326:ICT
131:IBM
127:box
2989::
1715:.
1698:.
1688:.
1629:.
1596:.
1586:.
1447:.
1398:.
1321:^
1307:^
1271:.
1078:^
1024:.
1004:.
959:.
861:.
839:,
826:9
823:9
820:3
817:3
806:8
803:8
800:2
797:2
786:7
783:7
780:1
777:1
766:6
763:6
760:0
757:0
746:5
743:5
740:-
726:4
723:4
558:,
413:,
210:.
166:.
143:.
133:)
69:A
2821:/
2365:)
2361:(
1862:e
1855:t
1848:v
1751:.
1659:.
1569:.
1458:.
1409:.
1281:.
1235:.
1146:.
859:A
34:.
20:)
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