40:
508:, the sultan's vizier, sought out the victorious Mongol leader. Since the sultan had fled, the embassy seems to have been the vizier's own initiative. The vizier succeeded in forestalling further Mongol devastation in Anatolia and saved Kaykhusraw's throne. Under conditions of vassalage and a substantial annual tribute, Kaykhusraw, his power much diminished, returned to Konya.
360:
known as babas or dedes, played a large part in the conversion of formerly
Christian Anatolia. The Persianized Seljuq military class expended considerable effort keeping these nomads from invading areas inhabited by farmers and from harassing neighboring Christian states. The Turkmen were pushed into
566:
Although weakened, Seljuq power remained largely intact at the time of
Kaykhusraw's death in 1246. The Mongols failed to capture either the sultan's treasury or his capital when they had the chance, and his Anatolian lands escaped the worst of the invaders’ depredations. The real blow to the dynasty
364:
Baba Ishak was one such religious leader. Unlike his predecessors, whose influence was limited to smaller tribal groups, Baba Ishak's authority extended over a vast population of
Anatolian Turkmen. It is not known what he preached, but his appropriation of the title
567:
was
Kaykhusrev's inability to name a competent successor. With the choice of the three young brothers, Seljuq power in Anatolia no longer lay with Seljuq princes but instead devolved into the hands of Seljuq court administrators.
400:, were under the control of Baba Ishak's supporters. Baba Ishak himself was killed, but the Turkmen continued their rebellion against the central Seljuq authority. The rebels were finally cornered and defeated near
321:, master of the hunt and minister of works under Kayqubad. Köpek excelled at political murder and sought to protect his newfound influence at the court with a series of executions. He captured
520:, it is likely that Kaykhusraw II, who was born from a Greek mother, and was yet another Seljuk Sultan with a great interest in Greek women, "bore a dual confessional and ethnic identity".
1274:
466:
supplied 1000 horsemen. In addition to these, Kaykhusraw commanded the Seljuq army and irregular
Turkmen cavalry, though both had been weakened by the Baba Ishak rebellion.
446:
on his way to the Great Khan, offers an account of the sultan's preparations. He reports that the king of
Armenia was required to produce 1400 lances and the Greek
356:. After 1071, Turkic migration into the region went largely unchecked. Both their number and the persuasive power of their religious leaders, nominally Islamized
317:
Upon the death of
Kayqubad in 1237, Kaykhusraw seized the throne with the support of the great emirs of Anatolia. The architect of his early reign was a certain
1159:
489:. A feigned retreat by the Mongol horsemen disorganized the Seljuqs, and Kaykhusraw's army was routed. The sultan collected his treasury and harem at
1127:
940:
916:
1264:
1022:
1046:
923:
Following
Mahperi, Kayqubad's second marriage was to an Ayyubid princess, the daughter of al Adil I, sultan of Cairo and the Jazira
563:
on the throne as well, as co-rulers. This was an attempt to maintain Seljuq control of
Anatolia in the face of the Mongol threat.
251:
by origin. Although 'Kaykhusraw was the eldest, the sultan had chosen as heir the younger ‘Izz al-Din, one of his two sons by the
1136:
57:
1034:
The
Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century
469:
The army, except for the Armenians who were then considering an alliance with (or submission to) the Mongols, assembled at
930:
1120:
307:
906:
598:
Several explanations of the lion and sun have been offered. One suggests that the images represent the constellation
551:
Kaykhusraw had named his youngest child Kayqubad as his successor, but because he was a weakly child, the new vizier
478:
1042:
235:
in 1243. He was the last of the Seljuq sultans to wield any significant power and died as a vassal of the Mongols.
216:
875:
417:
232:
1113:
624:
318:
1153:
341:
threatened the Seljuq state from the outside, a new danger appeared from within: a charismatic preacher,
591:. While coins with images are not unknown in Islamic lands, particularly in the centuries following the
552:
455:
1193:
1269:
517:
1173:
958:
Pre-Ottoman Turkey: a general survey of the material and spiritual culture and history c. 1071-1330
599:
439:
405:
353:
51:, AH 638/AD 1240-1. The sun is thought to represent his wife Gurju Khatun and the lion the sultan.
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in the spring. To meet the threat, Kaykhusraw assembled soldiers from his allies and vassals.
311:
116:
973:
Crane, H. (1993). "Notes on Saldjūq Architectural Patronage in Thirteenth Century Anatolia".
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208:
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to Kaykhusraw. With the general Kamyar, the young prince participated in the conquest of
1054:
1233:
1168:
648:"He married the daughter of the king of Georgia and was passionately in love with her."
401:
161:
932:
The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth Century
408:
credits the victory to a large number of Frankish mercenaries employed by the sultan.
388:
and Amasya were destroyed. Soon the very heart of Seljuq Anatolia, the regions around
302:. In response, Kayqubad moved to punish the Georgians. As the Seljuq army approached,
1258:
423:
338:
322:
283:
224:
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39:
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994:
Hillenbrand, Carole (2007). "Sa'd al-Dīn Köpek b. Muhammad". In Bearman, P. (ed.).
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220:
107:
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Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A.C.S., eds. (2016).
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The revolt began ca. 1240 in the remote borderland of Kafarsud in the eastern
342:
259:, sultan of Cairo and the Jazira In 1226, Kayqubad assigned the newly annexed
244:
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75:
473:. Kaykhusraw and his allies set out to the east along the trunk road towards
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1148:
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357:
256:
17:
876:"Diriliş: Ertuğrul (2014-2019), Burak Dakak: Sehzade Giyaseddin Keyhüsrev"
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Nomadic Turkmen had begun moving into Anatolia a few years prior to the
271:. Kaykhusraw himself married Ghazia Khatun, the daughter of the emir of
1178:
960:, trans. J. Jones-Williams (New York: Taplinger, 1968), 127–38, 269–71.
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Between 1240 and 1243 (638 and 641 A.H.) a series of remarkable silver
505:
474:
451:
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385:
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264:
156:
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The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
614:. Another says that the lion represents Kaykhusraw and the sun Tamar.
1047:"Intermarriage and its impact on art in Anatolia in the 13th century"
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44:
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595:, some Islamic traditions forbid representations of living things.
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497:. The Mongols seized Sivas, sacked Kayseri, but failed to move on
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397:
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434:; the city fell without a siege. The Mongols prepared to invade
1109:
1005:
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260
219:
from 1237 until his death in 1246. He ruled at the time of the
532:, aged 11, son of the daughter of a Greek priest; 9-year-old
314:
in marriage to Kaykhusraw. This marriage took place in 1240.
802:, vol. 1, (Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1985) 172, 353.
361:
marginal lands, mostly mountainous and frontier districts.
908:
Architecture and Landscape in Medieval Anatolia, 1100-1500
862:
736:
231:. He led the Seljuq army with its Christian allies at the
1049:. International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium,
975:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
477:. On 26 June 1243, they met the Mongols at the pass at
800:
The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos
185:
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103:
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91:
81:
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32:
700:
1013:Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur, eds. (2013).
847:A Checklist of Islamic Coins, 2nd Edition, p. 62
905:Blessing, Patricia; Goshgarian, Rachel (2017).
345:, was fomenting rebellion among the Turkmen of
1275:People from the Seljuk Empire of Greek descent
966:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs
628:, Kaykhusraw II is portrayed by Turkish actor
373:, suggests something beyond mainstream Islam.
1121:
823:
688:
8:
911:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 233.
748:
1128:
1114:
1106:
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450:400 lances. Both rulers met the sultan in
380:and quickly spread north to the region of
38:
29:
953:, ed. by P. Bearman, et al. (Brill 2007).
712:
548:and at age 7 youngest of the three boys.
555:placed Kayqubad's two underage brothers
760:
660:
641:
935:. Translated by Holt, P.M. Routledge.
310:sued for peace, offering her daughter
146:Ghīyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw bin Kayqubād
136:
724:
667:
247:and his wife Mahpari Khatun, who was
7:
579:were struck in Kaykhusraw's name at
528:Kaykhusraw died leaving three sons:
504:In the months following the battle,
814:(Istanbul: Mapmedya, 2006), map 61.
294:countryside as far as the walls of
255:princess Adila Khatun, daughter of
212:
798:Anthony Bryer and David Winfield,
404:, probably in 1242 or early 1243.
25:
1036:. University of California Press.
968:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
622:In the Turkish television series
458:contributed 200, while the young
501:, the capital of the sultanate.
544:, son of the Georgian princess
701:Blessing & Goshgarian 2017
422:In the winter of 1242–43, the
1:
949:Claude Cahen, “Keyhusrev II"
536:, son of a Turkish woman of
1265:13th-century sultans of Rum
456:Grand Komnenos of Trebizond
213:غياث الدين كيخسرو بن كيقباد
126:Rukn al-Din Kiliç Arslan IV
1291:
1043:Courtauld Institute of Art
812:Köy Köy Türkiye Yol Atlası
454:to negotiate details. The
415:
243:Kaykhusraw was the son of
1144:
1094:
1085:
1077:
1003:Humphreys, R. S. (1977).
824:Peacock & Yildiz 2013
689:Peacock & Yildiz 2013
198:Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw
144:
135:
37:
1032:Vryonis, Speros (1971).
785:Simon de Saint-Quentin,
772:Simon de Saint-Quentin,
606:of Kaykhusraw's beloved
534:Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan
333:The Baba Ishak Rebellion
215:) was the sultan of the
987:10.1163/156852093X00010
47:coin of Kaykhusraw II,
996:Encyclopaedia of Islam
951:Encyclopaedia of Islam
929:Cahen, Claude (2001).
845:Stephen Album (1998).
440:Simon of Saint-Quentin
406:Simon of Saint-Quentin
369:, normally applied to
1137:Seljuk sultans of Rum
1041:Dr. Antony Eastmond,
787:Histoire des Tartares
774:Histoire des Tartares
553:Shams al-Din Isfahani
122:Izz al-Din Kaykaus II
542:'Ala al-Din Kayqubad
282:In 1236–37, raiding
130:Alauddin Kayqubad II
1045:(25–28 June 2007).
530:'Izz al-Din Kaykaus
384:. Seljuq armies at
354:Battle of Manzikert
172:Alâeddin Kayqubad I
618:In popular culture
418:Battle of Köse Dağ
412:Battle of Köse Dağ
233:Battle of Köse Dağ
1252:
1251:
1164:
1104:
1103:
1095:Succeeded by
942:978-1-317-87626-7
918:978-1-4744-1130-1
863:Canby et al. 2016
737:Canby et al. 2016
625:Diriliş: Ertuğrul
604:astrological sign
506:Muhadhdhab al-Din
448:Emperor of Nicaea
319:Sa'd al-Din Köpek
223:uprising and the
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16:(Redirected from
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1199:Kilij Arslan III
1184:Kilij Arslan II
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1078:Preceded by
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1053:. Archived from
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1057:on 31 July 2009
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1024:978-0857733467
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1017:. I.B.Tauris.
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763:, p. 272.
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713:Humphreys 1977
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27:Sultan of Rum
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1239:Kayqubad III
1229:Kayqubad II
1213:
1189:Kaykhusraw I
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1086:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
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885:. Retrieved
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761:Vryonis 1971
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751:, p. ?.
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589:lion and sun
587:depicting a
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493:and fled to
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227:invasion of
204:
201:ibn Kayqubād
200:
197:
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145:
108:Gurju Khatun
18:Keyhusrev II
1270:1246 deaths
1219:Kaykaus II
1194:Suleiman II
1160:Abu'l-Qasim
1139:(1077–1307)
1009:p. 389
981:(1): 1–57.
776:, xxxi.140.
630:Burak Dakak
190:Sunni Islam
72:Predecessor
1259:Categories
1209:Kayqubad I
1174:Malik Shah
1154:Suleiman I
1098:Kaykaus II
1092:1237–1246
1081:Kayqubad I
725:Cahen 2001
668:Crane 1993
656:References
557:Kaykaus II
481:, between
462:prince of
343:Baba Ishak
337:While the
323:Diyarbekir
267:and later
245:Kayqubad I
239:Succession
86:Kaykaus II
76:Kayqubad I
1204:Kaykaus I
1149:Qutalmish
887:31 August
487:Gümüşhane
430:attacked
329:in 1241.
292:Anatolian
288:Georgians
257:al Adil I
82:Successor
67:1237–1246
1244:Mesud II
1051:Istanbul
998:. Brill.
608:Georgian
593:Crusades
512:Identity
483:Erzincan
479:Köse Dağ
402:Kırşehir
371:Muhammad
347:Anatolia
327:Ayyubids
261:Erzincan
229:Anatolia
186:Religion
1179:Mesud I
1061:22 July
899:Sources
577:dirhams
571:Coinage
475:Erzurum
460:Ayyubid
452:Kayseri
432:Erzurum
424:Mongols
390:Kayseri
386:Malatya
358:shamans
339:Mongols
308:Georgia
300:Malatya
284:Mongols
265:Erzurum
253:Ayyubid
209:Persian
104:Consort
1021:
939:
915:
602:, the
540:; and
524:Legacy
495:Ankara
464:Aleppo
426:under
396:, and
382:Amasya
273:Aleppo
225:Mongol
178:Mother
168:Father
45:Dirham
636:Notes
612:Tamar
610:wife
585:Konya
581:Sivas
546:Tamar
538:Konya
499:Konya
491:Tokat
471:Sivas
428:Bayju
398:Tokat
394:Sivas
367:rasul
325:from
312:Tamar
296:Sivas
269:Ahlat
249:Greek
221:Babai
157:House
140:Names
117:Issue
64:Reign
49:Sivas
1063:2020
1019:ISBN
937:ISBN
913:ISBN
889:2020
881:IMDb
583:and
559:and
485:and
298:and
99:1246
96:Died
983:doi
600:Leo
436:Rum
306:of
203:or
1261::
979:36
977:.
921:.
878:.
855:^
632:.
392:,
349:.
279:.
275:,
211::
1129:e
1122:t
1115:v
1065:.
1027:.
989:.
985::
945:.
891:.
849:.
207:(
20:)
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