327:
characters electrically. As each key stroke was detected by the machine, a feed-back circuit energized a pair of magnets with a bail which restored the keystem mechanically, reset the bails performing the electrical encoding, and gave the "feel" and sound to the operator of a completed action. Each machine had a tendency to develop a "feel" of its own based on several variables such as the amount of wear, dirt, and clearance of the bail contacts within the keyboard, as well as factors in the base machine. The keyboards, however, had no provision for adjusting the "feel" other than the correct adjustment of the contacts on the restore bail contacts and the encoding bail contacts. Special function keys such as shift, release, duplication and others, had only electrical contacts under their stems, with no mechanical linkage to the bail assembly for encoding.
391:
290:"Alphabetical duplicating keypunches recorded alphabetic information in tabulating cards so that complete words and names, together with numerical data, could be later printed by an alphabetical accounting machine. The Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch was introduced by IBM in 1933, and it automatically ejected one card and fed another in 0.65 second. These machines were equipped with separate alphabetical and numerical keyboards. The alphabetical keyboard was similar to a conventional manual typewriter except that the shift, tab, backspace and character keys were eliminated, and a skip, release, stacker and '1' key were provided." – IBM Archives
499:
426:
of 35 wires was very tedious). The printing mechanism was prone to be damaged if a user attempted to duplicate "binary" cards with non-standard punch patterns. These could cause the code-plate positioning mechanism to try to shift the plate beyond its intended range of motion, sometimes causing damage. Turning off printing did not actually prevent the damage, as many people assumed, because the code-plate mechanism remained engaged with the punch unit and shifted the code plate. Turning off printing only suppressed pressing the printing pins into the ribbon and card.
469:
the end of the card was not enabled. The data on the card could actually be correct, since the verifier operator was just as likely to make an error as the keypunch operator. However, with three tries, the operator was less likely to repeatedly make the same error. Some verifier operators were able to guess the error on the card created by the previous keypunch operator, defeating the purpose of the verify procedure, and thus some machines were altered to allow only one entry and error notched on the second try.
35:
2915:
531:
made available (at additional cost) was the leading zeros feature (termed "Left-Zero"). This was delivered by an additional set of four SMS cards. The field was programmed for leading zeros using the program card. If it was (say) a six digit field, the operator only had to key in the actual value (for example 73). The feature would then fill the field by punching the leading four zeros, followed by the 73, in effect right justifying the field, thus: 000073.
866:
644:
383:
300:
252:
445:
581:
308:
605:
error corrected by pressing the
Duplicate key until the error column was reached, typing the correct data for the rest of that card, then pressing the Release key and manually removing the bad card from the output card stacker before it was placed in the deck (this required some practice, but quickly became an automatic action that you no longer had to think about). With the 129, a keystroke error could be erased by pressing the
375:
27:
2895:
613:
491:
240:
47:
351:
465:
other than that entered by the verifier operator. This stopped the forward motion of the card, and presented a red error light on the machine cover. The notching mechanism was located in the area occupied by the print mechanism on a 026 printing keypunch. It had a solenoid which drove the notching mechanism, and another that selected the top notch punch or end of card punch.
367:
589:
2905:
843:
example above, columns 72-80 are defined in the program as a
Numeric Shift field. In practice, this definition would likely be used for punching a special symbol as a "continuation character" in column 72, and then columns 73-80 could either be punched with a card sequence number or the card could be released at that point, if no further typing was required.
343:
996:
Punched cards were still commonly used for data entry and programming until the mid-1980s. However, eliminating the step of transferring punched cards to tape or disk (with the added benefit of saving the cost of the cards themselves) allowed for improved checking and correction during the data entry
663:
The program was encoded on a punched card and could be prepared on any keypunch (a keypunch would operate even if no program card was in place). The program card was wrapped around the program drum, and clamped in place. The drum rotated as the card being punched moved through the punching mechanism.
468:
When an operator keying data to be verified encountered an error, the operator was given a second and third try to re-enter the data that was supposed to be in the field. If the third try was incorrect an error notch was put on the top of the card over the column with the error and the "OK" punch at
456:
The IBM 056 was the verifier companion to the 024 Card Punch and 026 Printing Card Punch. The verifier was similar to the 026 keypunch except for a red error lens in the machine cover lower center. The verifier operator entered exactly the same data as the keypunch operator and the verifier machine
425:
and then the punched card. (This printer mechanism was generally considered by IBM Customer
Engineers to be difficult to repair. One of the most common problems was wires breaking in the tightly curved narrow tube between the code plate and the ribbon—extracting the fragments and replacing the bundle
420:
array of wires; the device from which it derived the shape of the character was a metal plate, called the "code plate," with space for 1960 pins (35 pins times 56 printable characters). If the dot was not to be printed in a given character, the pin was machined off. By correctly positioning the plate
358:
The IBM 024 Card Punch and IBM 026 Printing Card Punch were announced in 1949. They were almost identical, with the exception of the printing mechanism. The heart of the 024 and 026 keypunches was a set of twelve precision punches, one per card row, each with an actuator of relatively high power.
464:
The IBM 056 verifier used most of the same mechanical and electrical components as the 024/026 keypunches with the exception of the punch unit and print head. The punch unit had sensing pins in place of the punches. The holes sensed or not sensed would trip a contact bail when the configuration was
230:
cards were said to be stamped or cut, rather than punched. The first
Jacquard cards were stamped by hand, sometimes using a guide plate. An improvement involved placing the card between two perforated metal plates, hinged together, inserting punches according to the desired pattern, and then passing
62:
is a device for precisely punching holes into stiff paper cards at specific locations as determined by keys struck by a human operator. Other devices included here for that same function include the gang punch, the pantograph punch, and the stamp. The term was also used for similar machines used by
984:
subsequently produced an improved magnetic tape encoder in 1965, which was somewhat successfully marketed as a keypunch replacement. In the mid-1970s, the rise of microprocessors and inexpensive computer terminals led to the development of additional key-to-tape and key-to-disk systems from smaller
604:
The transistorized IBM 129 Card Data
Recorder's primary advantage over other IBM keypunches was that it featured an electronic 80-column buffer to hold the card image. When using earlier IBM keypunches, a keystroke error required the card to be ejected by pressing the Release and Register keys, the
571:
Ironically, not all verifier operators appreciated the noise reduction. When used in a room also containing 029 keypunch machines, the verifier operators sometimes missed the auditory feedback provided by the loud "thunk" noise emitted by the older 056. Some were known to compensate by hitting the
481:
The first combination of card punch and typewriter, permitting selected text to be typed and punched, was developed by the Powers company in 1925. The IBM 824 Typewriter Card Punch was an IBM 024 where the 024 keyboard was replaced by an IBM electric typewriter. Similarly, the IBM 826 used an IBM
333:
keypunches such as the 024, 026, and 029 provided for the mounting of a program card that controlled various functions, such as tabbing and automatic duplication of fields from the previous card. The later 129 used electronic circuit cards to store simple programs written by the keypunch operator.
647:
Program card for an IBM 026 at the
Computer History Museum. The lever at the top opened the metal clamp holding the card in place. The column-80 edge of the card was inserted under the clamp first. Small fingers on the right side of the clamp helped guide the column-1 edge into position. The lever
472:
Cards with error notches were re-punched (using an 024 or 026) usually by "duplicating" up to the column in error, then entering the correct data. The duplicating function was accomplished by feeding the card through the punch station without punching it. At the next station sensing pins read the
326:
keypunch and verifiers used a common electrical/mechanical design in their keyboards to encode the mechanical keystrokes. As a key was depressed, a link on the keystem tripped a corresponding set of bails at the top of the keyboard assembly. The bails in turn made (closed) contacts to encode the
634:
Thanks to its use of electronic memory, the 129 did not have a separate "read station" with a pin-sense unit to enable duplication of data from one card to the next. Instead, duplication was based on the stored image of the previous card. Cards could also be "read-in" through an optical read unit
530:
for early ones. The more "advanced" reed relays used at first proved to be less reliable than expected, causing IBM to revert to the older-style wire-contact relay-based design. All ran on 48 volts DC, and did not require the vacuum tubes that were used in the 024/026. A common additional feature
842:
In this example, if the keypunch operator typed a few characters at the beginning of the card and then pressed the skip key, the keypunch would tab to column 10. When a program code of blank is followed by "Field
Definition" (12) (or (4) for program 2), it defines a "Numeric Shift" field. In the
668:
feature was installed, another program could be encoded in the bottom six rows . A switch let the operator select which program to use. The central cover on the keypunch could be tilted open toward the operator and a locking lever released, allowing the program drum to be removed and replaced.
567:
The IBM 059 was the
Verifier companion to the IBM 029 Card Punch. In design, it differed radically from the earlier 056 verifier, in that it used optical sensing of card holes instead of mechanical sensing pins. This made the 059 much quieter than the 056 (which was often louder than the 024
856:
Program cards could automate certain tasks, such as "gang punching", the insertion of a constant field into each card of a deck of cards. For amusement, program cards could even be set up to play music by gang-punching "noisy" characters (characters represented by many holes, usually special
108:
similar to those on typewriters and were equipped with hoppers for blank cards and stackers for punched cards. Some keypunch models could print, at the top of a column, the character represented by the hole(s) punched in that column. The small pieces punched out by a keypunch fell into a
362:
The 026 could print the punched character above each column. By 1964 there were ten versions with slightly different character sets. The scientific versions printed parentheses, equal sign and plus sign in place of four less frequently used characters in the commercial character sets.
656:, also known as a drum card. The keypunch or verifier could be programmed to automatically advance to the beginning of each field, default to certain character types within the field, duplicate a field from the previous card, and so on. Program cards were an improvement over the
923:
The verify-punching of the same cards in the same sequence ... results in the elongation of perforations for correct information. Round perforations indicate incorrect information. Complete and rapid detection of errors is performed mechanically by the
Automatic Verifying
247:) Punch. This photo is staged; the keyboard layout is for the Farm card (leftmost column is labeled "Kind of Farm") of an Agricultural Census while the paper under the punch shows the layout of the 1890 Population Census card (the actual 1890 census cards had no printing).
518:
code. The IBM 029 was mechanically similar to the IBM 026 and printed the punched character on the top of the card using the same kind of mechanism as the 026, although it used a larger code plate with 2240 printing-pin sites due to the larger set of characters in EBCDIC.
664:
The holes in the program card were sensed by an array of starwheels that would cause levers to rise and fall as the holes in the program card passed beneath the starwheels, activating electrical contacts. The program was encoded in the top six rows . If the optional
359:
Punch cards were stepped across the punch one column at a time, and the appropriate punches were activated to create the holes, resulting in a distinctive "chunk, chunk" sound as columns were punched. Both machines could process 51-, 60-, 66-, and 80-column cards.
432:, industrial designer of "streamlined" motifs who also designed railway passenger cars of the 1930s and 1940s, did the award-winning external design of the 026/024 Card Punches for IBM. Their heavy steel construction and rounded corners indeed echo the industrial
917:
Remington Rand keypunches included: UNIVAC Card Code Punch Type 306-5, 90 Column
Alphabetical (Types 306-2, 306-3), 90 Column Numerical (Types 204-2, 204-3), Portable Electric Punch Type 202, Spot Punch Type 301, and the Automatic Verifying Machine Type 313.
231:
the assembly through a press to cut the card. These essentially manual processes were later replaced by machines. 'Piano machines,' so named for their keys, operated by keyboards and comparable in function to unit record keypunches, became the most common.
473:
holes present in the original card and transferred the data to the punching station and onto a blank card. Columns with errors were corrected instead of being duplicated. The corrected card was then verified to check the data again and be "OK notched".
568:
keypunch). The optical sensors used a single light source, which was distributed to various sites within the machine via fiber-optic lightpipes. Despite the technology, the basic mode of operation remained essentially the same as with the 056.
909:
division made keypunches for their 90-column cards and similar machines for the IBM 80-column card. Their 90-column keypunches used a mechanical system developed by Remington Rand to avoid IBM patent issues (long before the acquisition of
600:
in 1971, the IBM 129 was capable of punching, verifying, and use as an auxiliary, on line, 80 column card reader/punch for some computers. A switch on the keyboard console provided the ability to toggle between the punch and verify modes.
182:
subsequently produced an improved magnetic tape encoder in 1965, which was somewhat successfully marketed as a keypunch replacement. The rise of microprocessors and inexpensive computer terminals led to the development of additional
630:
The 129 could store six programs in its memory, selectable by a rotary switch. Unlike earlier keypunch machines, the program cards were read into memory via the regular card-feed path, and were not wrapped around a "program drum".
285:
was introduced in 1928. Later Hollerith keypunches included the Type 016 Motor-Driven Electric Duplicating Keypunch (1929), the Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch (1933), and the Type 32 Alphabetical Printing Punch (1933).
207:. Eliminating the step of transferring punched cards to tape or disk (with the added benefit of saving the cost of the cards themselves) allowed for improved checking and correction during the entry process. The development of
951:
This use of the verb has replaced the former process, described as "When a key is struck on a keypunch, it prints the character on the top of the card but also punches a series of holes that the computer" can interpret."
1181:
This first Hollerith pantograph punch was built for the 1890 census card with 12 rows and 24 columns. Four columns were punched using a gangpunch and the pantograph punch was built for the remaining 20 columns.
202:
Keypunches and punched cards were still commonly used for both data and program entry through the 1970s but were rapidly made obsolete by changes in the entry paradigm and by the availability of inexpensive CRT
273:
In 1901 Hollerith patented a mechanism where an operator pressed one of 12 keys to punch a hole, with the card automatically advancing to the next column. This first-generation Type 001 keypunch used
277:. In 1923 The Tabulating Machine Company introduced the first electric keypunch, the Type 011 Electric Keypunch, a similar looking device where each key closed an electrical contact that activated a
914:). UNIVAC keypunches stored the sequence of characters for an entire card, then punched all its holes in a single pass, which allowed for corrections instead of wasting a card in case of error.
839:
1.......10........20........30........40........50........60........70........80 1AAAAAAAA1AAAAA1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA1AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA &&&&&&&&
452:
keypunch machine. The woman at left is at an IBM 056 Card Verifier. Her job would be to re-enter the data and the verifier machine would check that it matched the data punched onto the cards.
270:
to link a punch mechanism to a guide pointer that an operator would place over the appropriate mark in a 12 by 20 matrix to line up a manual punch over the correct hole in one of 20 columns.
266:. Use of such a punch was facilitated by placing the holes to be used near the edges of the card. Hollerith soon developed a more accurate and simpler to use Keyboard Punch, using a
104:
Early Hollerith keypunches were manual devices. Later keypunches were electromechanical devices which combined several functions in one unit. These often resembled small desks with
543:, the keypunch operator's left hand selecting one of 15 shift keys and the right hand selecting one of 240 Kanji characters for that shift. It introduced the computer processing of
139:
applications, the punched cards were verified by keying exactly the same data a second time, checking to see if the second keying and the punched data were the same (known as
2080:
390:
2859:
853:
If program 2 codes were punched, invalid characters could be generated that the printer did not know how to print, some of which could even damage the printer.
1884:
1042:
2105:
1817:
2237:
2215:
1109:
911:
1879:
1812:
627:
A secondary advantage of the 129 was that the speed of the keying operation was not limited by punching each column at the time of the keystroke.
1303:
1317:
314:
2996:
2351:
1760:
1328:
448:
Two women discussing their work while entering data onto punched cards at Texas A&M in the 1950s. The woman at the right is seated at an
609:
key and re-keyed. The entire 80-column card was punched automatically, as fast as the mechanism could go, when the Release key was pressed.
219:
allowed those who originated the data or program to enter it directly instead of writing it on forms to be entered by keypunch operators.
1339:
881:. The IBM 5496 Data Recorder, a keypunch with print and verify functions, and IBM 5486 Card Sorter were made for these 96-column cards.
2095:
2958:
2848:
1682:
1580:
1236:
2582:
2157:
1265:
1219:
1130:
898:
413:. The tube circuits used 150VDC, but this voltage was only used to operate the punch-clutch magnet. Most other circuits used 48VDC.
2496:
498:
836:, coded operations in specific card columns, such as 1, 10, 16, 36, and 72. The program card for such a setup might be coded as:
50:
Operators compiling hydrographic data for navigation charts on punch cards using the IBM Type 016 Electric Duplicating Key Punch,
2428:
652:
IBM 024, 026, and 029 keypunches and their companion verifiers, the 056 and 059, could be programmed to a limited extent using a
2938:
2928:
2918:
2455:
3001:
2933:
2628:
2618:
2516:
1643:
1613:
39:
1226:
An accessible book of recollections (sometimes with errors), with photographs and descriptions of many unit record machines
2821:
2587:
1849:
2981:
2948:
2943:
2552:
1746:
1353:
2445:
2337:
1235:
IBM writes history as if everything had always been IBM. That is not correct, see CTR for correct corporate details.
890:
527:
921:
The Type 306-2 provided for verification; the cards were passed through the keypunch a second time and keyed again.
514:
in 1964, the 029 had new character codes for parentheses, equal and plus as well as other new symbols used in the
2816:
2800:
2342:
2297:
2225:
1788:
461:
to see if the punched data matched. Successfully verified cards had a small notch punched on the right hand edge.
1930:
1027:
98:
539:
The IBM 5924 Key Punch was the 029 model T01 attached with a special keyboard in IBM's 1971 announcement of the
421:
and pressing it against one end of the array of printing wires, only the correct wires were pressed against the
2953:
2734:
2542:
2397:
829:
2375:
1732:
1009:
allowed workers who originated the data to enter it directly instead of writing it on forms to be entered by
2991:
2795:
2501:
2826:
2597:
2413:
2115:
998:
621:
592:
IBM 129 Combination Keyboard. Card is punched with the letters of the alphabet and the digits 1 through 0.
208:
2986:
2842:
2807:
2433:
2392:
2023:
1037:
458:
140:
105:
86:
82:
74:, the resulting punched cards were joined together to form a paper tape, called a "chain", containing a
1591:
This essentially mechanical means of communication remained the primary means of interfacing humans ...
1206:
1774:
2662:
2572:
2526:
2521:
2327:
2125:
2070:
2053:
1896:
1047:
986:
981:
192:
179:
1701:
101:
device the resulting punched cards were either data or programs directing the computer's operation.
2836:
2698:
2633:
2438:
2381:
2347:
34:
2811:
2786:
2686:
2668:
2332:
1098:
1087:
643:
382:
299:
251:
2923:
2870:
2764:
2759:
2623:
2547:
2142:
2110:
2018:
1950:
1935:
1842:
1678:
1639:
1609:
1576:
1261:
1215:
1146:
1126:
1006:
833:
548:
444:
216:
204:
75:
1257:
1250:
346:
IBM 026 Printing Card Punch. Note pink program card mounted on the program drum (top center).
2853:
2656:
2648:
2577:
2479:
2407:
2008:
1965:
1960:
1807:
1734:
IBM Accounting Machines, Electric Punch Type 011, Customer Engineering Manual of Instruction
1725:
1010:
969:
580:
544:
540:
307:
259:
227:
167:
152:
94:
2831:
2744:
2567:
2506:
2152:
2075:
1945:
990:
865:
552:
196:
136:
20:
897:, which was specific to the census application and had 240 keys. In 1911, Powers formed
374:
147:, usually women, who worked full-time on keypunch and verifier machines, often in large
2880:
2754:
2749:
2710:
2638:
2592:
2511:
2220:
2100:
1874:
1866:
1475:
1384:
1280:
1032:
961:
902:
556:
159:
672:
The program card was punched with characters that controlled its function as follows:
26:
2975:
2729:
2704:
2674:
2460:
2181:
2120:
2028:
2003:
1918:
1822:
973:
522:
The 029's logic consisted of wire contact relays on later models and reed relays and
429:
171:
71:
1710:
UNITYPER was an input device for the UNIVAC computer... Remington Rand in the 1950s.
2898:
2692:
2680:
2285:
2280:
2259:
1835:
1052:
1022:
1002:
878:
612:
282:
274:
212:
110:
90:
64:
1620:
keypunch it and it would go directly to the computer. It would eliminate the cards
1555:
1542:
490:
239:
46:
1672:
1633:
1604:
1570:
939:
378:
IBM 026 character generator code plate detail showing dot matrix printing pattern
2769:
2739:
2562:
2450:
2174:
2169:
1940:
1659:
406:
366:
350:
51:
1151:
The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census: 1890-1940
2491:
2484:
2418:
2164:
1985:
1975:
1248:
Bashe, Charles J.; Johnson, Lyle R; Palmer, John H.; Pugh, Emerson W. (1986).
945:
944:, now that the actual device called a keypunch has become obsolete, refers to
597:
511:
417:
267:
264:...any ordinary ticket punch, cutting a round hole 3/16 of an inch in diameter
244:
128:
1192:
1099:
Electronic Design, Volume 22, Issues 19-22, Hayden Pub. Co., 1974, pp.79, 195
2249:
2242:
2058:
1980:
1970:
606:
386:
Back of IBM 026 keypunch showing vacuum tubes and other internal components
877:
family of low-end business computers which featured a new, smaller-sized,
2908:
2865:
2613:
2322:
2307:
2290:
2135:
2063:
2033:
1553:"to transfer onto punched cards, paper tape, etc, by using a key punch."
965:
874:
433:
278:
163:
2875:
2317:
2312:
2254:
2085:
2013:
1433:
825:
506:
character set. Contrast at top enhanced to show the printed characters.
449:
1606:
From Tank Town to High Tech: The Clash of Community and Industrial ...
1521:
Data Processing Equipment Encyclopedia Vol.1 Electromechanical Devices
846:
Note: "Field Definition" (12) and "Alphabetic Shift" (1) prints as an
588:
2302:
2275:
2232:
2210:
2130:
977:
928:
The UNIVAC 1710 Verifying Interpreting Punch was introduced in 1969.
906:
515:
503:
422:
175:
1208:
Do Not Fold, Spindle or Mutilate: The 'Hole' Story of Punched Cards
1923:
864:
857:
characters) and "quiet" numbers and letters in rhythmic patterns.
642:
611:
587:
579:
523:
497:
489:
443:
410:
399:
389:
381:
373:
365:
349:
341:
306:
298:
250:
238:
45:
33:
25:
97:
to be processed by those machines. For computers equipped with a
2147:
2090:
403:
342:
1831:
1748:
Reference Manual: IBM 24 Card Punch, IBM 26 Printing Card Punch
798:
Punch in a column to force printing of leading zeros and signs
1858:
330:
323:
119:
1088:
Business automation, Volume 19, Hitchcock Pub. Co., 1972 p.38
572:
keys harder, sometimes actually wearing out keyboard parts.
370:
Metal "code plate" character generator from IBM 026 keypunch
295:
Post-WW II IBM keypunches and verifiers for 80-column cards
151:
with dozens or hundreds of other operators, all performing
718:
Punch in every column of a field, except the first (left)
778:
Punch in a column to shift keyboard to Alphabetic mode
674:
1827:
1776:
IBM Field Engineering Maintenance Manual—29 Card Punch
1726:
Columbia University Computing History: IBM Key Punches
758:
Punch in first (left) column of field(s) to duplicate
262:'s first device for punching cards from the 1890s was
1818:
IBM Archives: Working for the railroad (001 keypunch)
1808:
Columbia University Computing History: IBM Keypunches
1674:
Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age
2778:
2720:
2647:
2606:
2535:
2469:
2365:
2268:
2203:
2194:
2046:
1996:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1865:
1281:
Type 016 Motor-Driven Electric Duplicating Keypunch
78:that, when read by a loom, directed its operation.
1689:... 1950, Remington Rand was ... UNITYPER, the ...
1249:
738:Punch in first (left) column of field(s) to skip
2081:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
1632:Walter A. Sedelow; Sally Yeates Sedelow (1983).
1476:IBM Field Engineering Announcement: IBM System/3
1110:IBM Archive: Keypunch operators, 1934, Stockholm
624:modules on a swing out, wire-wrapped backplane.
416:Characters were printed using a 5 Ă— 7
235:Hollerith and IBM keypunches, 1890 through 1930s
19:For the device used to cut door keys, etc., see
1843:
255:Census worker with Hollerith pantograph punch
8:
1434:"IBM 824-826 Typewriter Card Punch Brochure"
1125:. Iowa State University Press. p. 151.
1043:Computer programming in the punched card era
1823:IBM Punched Card Accounting Machines (1955)
1587:... thus resulting in the now extinct term
2200:
1908:
1901:
1850:
1836:
1828:
889:Beginning around 1906, an employee of the
885:Powers, Remington Rand (UNIVAC) keypunches
861:IBM 5496 Data Recorder for 96 column cards
223:Stamping Jacquard cards, 1801 through 1890
16:Device for punching holes into paper cards
1313:
1311:
1299:
1297:
648:was then rotated back to secure the card.
1064:
818:Punch in a column to suppress printing
191:systems from smaller companies such as
38:Keypunch operators at work at the U.S.
1790:Reference Manual: IBM 056 Card Verifer
1371:Reference Manual—IBM 24, 26 Card Punch
1355:Reference Manual—IBM 24, 26 Card Punch
1304:Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch
1070:
1068:
2216:Center for The Business of Government
1572:How Mechanics Shaped the Modern World
7:
2904:
1506:A History of Sperry Rand Corporation
824:Many programming languages, such as
1318:Type 32 Alphabetical Printing Punch
912:Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation
635:integrated into the punch station.
1813:IBM Archives: IBM 029 — Card Punch
1762:Reference Manual—IBM 29 Card Punch
1706:IThistory.org (IT History Society)
1508:. 4th printing. Sperry Rand. 1967.
1214:. Stewart Publishing. p. 25.
14:
1885:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
901:. That company was taken over by
899:Powers Accounting Machine Company
660:used in some earlier keypunches.
143:). There was a great demand for
2914:
2913:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2583:Sabre airline reservation system
2429:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
2096:Information Management Software
1533:Mecham (ed.) (1961) pp.197, 357
956:Transition to direct data entry
936:Saying that something would be
354:An IBM 026 commercial card code
63:humans to transcribe data onto
2849:International chess tournament
2629:Globally integrated enterprise
2619:Commercial Processing Workload
1635:Computers in Language Research
1495:Aspray (ed.) (1990) pp.124–125
1205:Fierheller, George A. (2006).
1076:Jacquard Weaving and Designing
893:, James Powers, developed the
40:Social Security Administration
1:
2588:Scanning tunneling microscope
1519:Mecham, Alan D., ed. (1961).
869:System/3 with keypunch, right
584:An IBM 129 Card Data Recorder
303:A key punch room in the 1960s
283:80 column punched card format
2997:UNIVAC unit record equipment
997:process. The development of
873:In 1969, IBM introduced the
743:Start Automatic Duplication
281:which punched the hole. The
2456:Canada Head Office Building
2446:Cambridge Scientific Center
2338:Science Research Associates
2106:Mainframe operating systems
1486:Truesdell (1965) pp.119–126
1329:IBM Archives: Type 031, 032
905:in 1927. Remington Rand's
891:United States Census Bureau
3020:
2517:Virtual Universe Community
2238:International subsidiaries
2158:Service Automation Manager
1438:Classic Computer Brochures
1123:Computing before Computers
616:SLT modules in the IBM 129
576:IBM 129 Card Data Recorder
555:that typically used large
394:A group of IBM 026s in use
275:45 columns and round holes
18:
2889:
1410:Know-How Makes Them Great
1373:. p. 27. A24-0520-2.
1358:. p. 26. A24-0520-2.
1078:, Longmans, Green And Co.
1028:Punched card input/output
683:
680:
677:
338:IBM 024, 026 Card Punches
313:(manufactured by British
99:punched card input/output
2543:Automated teller machine
2497:The Great Mind Challenge
1880:Mergers and acquisitions
1163:(Truesdell, 1965, p.144)
1121:Aspray, W., ed. (1990).
559:over 10,000 characters.
2502:Linux Technology Center
1412:. Remington Rand. 1941.
1385:"The IBM 026 Key Punch"
999:video display terminals
477:Typewriter Card Punches
209:video display terminals
2827:Dynamic infrastructure
2792:Big Blue sports teams
2598:Universal Product Code
1671:Kurt W. Beyer (2015).
1466:Fierheller (2006) p.26
1457:Fierheller (2006) p.27
1432:Stefan (8 June 2014).
1422:Fierheller (2006) p.55
1340:IBM 026 Keypunch photo
1291:Fierheller (2006) p.25
879:96 column punched card
870:
649:
617:
593:
585:
507:
495:
453:
395:
387:
379:
371:
355:
347:
319:
311:Hand-operated keypunch
304:
292:
256:
248:
243:Hollerith's Keyboard (
55:
43:
31:
3002:Unit record equipment
2959:Vacuum tube computers
2843:IBM and the Holocaust
2808:Common Public License
2693:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
2476:Academy of Technology
1931:Power microprocessors
1787:IBM (December 1962).
1745:IBM (December 1964).
1603:June C. Nash (1989).
1252:IBM's Early Computers
1172:Truesdell (1965) p.44
1038:Unit record equipment
868:
723:Start Automatic Skip
646:
615:
591:
583:
563:IBM 059 Card Verifier
501:
493:
447:
440:IBM 056 Card Verifier
393:
385:
377:
369:
353:
345:
310:
302:
288:
254:
242:
141:two pass verification
49:
37:
29:
2573:Magnetic stripe card
2522:World Community Grid
2398:Toronto Software Lab
2054:Carbon Design System
2009:Cell microprocessors
1708:. 15 December 2015.
1569:David Allen (2013).
1543:UNIVAC 1710 keypunch
1523:. Gillie Associates.
1182:Truesdell(1965)p.44.
1048:List of IBM products
982:Mohawk Data Sciences
596:Introduced with the
180:Mohawk Data Sciences
149:keypunch departments
87:unit record machines
2982:American inventions
2837:GUIDE International
2699:Samuel J. Palmisano
2558:Electronic keypunch
2382:One Atlantic Center
2352:Weather Underground
2348:The Weather Company
1193:U.S. patent 682,197
398:Logic consisted of
2939:Personal computers
2929:Midrange computers
2919:Navigational boxes
2812:IBM Public License
2787:A Boy and His Atom
2745:Michelle J. Howard
2687:John Fellows Akers
2669:T. Vincent Learson
2376:1250 René-Lévesque
2116:Planning Analytics
1147:Truesdell, Leon E.
1074:Bell, T.F. (1895)
1007:personal computers
1003:timeshared systems
985:companies such as
932:Keypunch as a verb
871:
803:Print Suppression
650:
618:
594:
586:
535:IBM 5924 Key Punch
508:
502:Punched card with
496:
494:IBM 029 Card Punch
486:IBM 029 Card Punch
454:
396:
388:
380:
372:
356:
348:
320:
305:
257:
249:
217:personal computers
213:timeshared systems
205:computer terminals
145:keypunch operators
83:Hollerith machines
56:
44:
32:
2969:
2968:
2934:Operating systems
2796:American football
2765:Joseph R. Swedish
2760:Martha E. Pollack
2663:Thomas Watson Jr.
2624:Customer engineer
2548:Cynefin framework
2434:Hakozaki Facility
2393:Rome Software Lab
2361:
2360:
2190:
2189:
2143:Rational Software
2042:
2041:
2024:Personal Computer
2019:Midrange computer
1759:IBM (June 1970).
1702:"Univac UNITYPER"
1556:"Keypunch (verb)"
1237:IBM Archive: 1923
1011:data entry clerks
822:
821:
763:Alphabetic Shift
703:Field Definition
3009:
2917:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2657:Thomas J. Watson
2578:Relational model
2527:Think conference
2408:330 North Wabash
2328:Microelectronics
2201:
2126:Quantum Platform
2071:Cognos Analytics
1909:
1902:
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1389:www.columbia.edu
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1271:
1256:. MIT. pp.
1255:
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1101:
1096:
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1079:
1072:
968:, which enabled
783:Left Zero Print
675:
553:Korean languages
541:IBM Kanji System
510:Introduced with
260:Herman Hollerith
166:, which enabled
30:IBM 026 Keypunch
3019:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2885:
2871:SHARE computing
2832:GlobalFoundries
2774:
2722:
2716:
2643:
2602:
2593:Financial swaps
2568:Hard disk drive
2531:
2465:
2439:Yamato Facility
2357:
2264:
2196:
2186:
2153:Tivoli Software
2038:
1992:
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1804:
1793:
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1720:Further reading
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1073:
1066:
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1019:
964:introduced the
958:
938:keypunched (to
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895:Powers Keypunch
887:
863:
840:
641:
578:
565:
537:
488:
479:
442:
340:
297:
237:
225:
162:introduced the
137:data processing
24:
21:Key duplication
17:
12:
11:
5:
3017:
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2999:
2994:
2992:IBM keypunches
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2890:
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2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2854:Lucifer cipher
2851:
2846:
2839:
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2829:
2824:
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2814:
2805:
2804:
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2798:
2790:
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2773:
2772:
2770:Peter R. Voser
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:Andrew Liveris
2752:
2750:Arvind Krishna
2747:
2742:
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2732:
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2711:Arvind Krishna
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2512:Smarter Planet
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2404:IBM Buildings
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2389:Software Labs
2387:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2378:, Montreal, QC
2369:
2367:
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2343:Service Bureau
2340:
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2333:Product Center
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2298:Ambra Computer
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2101:Lotus Software
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1803:
1802:External links
1800:
1799:
1798:
1784:
1782:. S225-3357-3.
1770:
1768:. GA24-3332-6.
1756:
1742:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1693:
1684:978-1483550497
1683:
1663:
1651:
1644:
1638:. p. 29.
1624:
1614:
1595:
1582:978-3319017013
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1045:
1040:
1035:
1033:Hollerith code
1030:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1001:, interactive
962:Remington Rand
960:In the 1950s,
957:
954:
933:
930:
903:Remington Rand
886:
883:
862:
859:
838:
832:, and the IBM
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666:Second Program
640:
637:
577:
574:
564:
561:
557:character sets
536:
533:
487:
484:
482:026 Keypunch.
478:
475:
441:
438:
339:
336:
296:
293:
236:
233:
224:
221:
211:, interactive
160:Remington Rand
158:In the 1950s,
89:the resulting
72:Jacquard looms
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2730:Thomas Buberl
2728:
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2709:
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2705:Ginni Rometty
2703:
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2675:Frank T. Cary
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2461:IBM Rochester
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2202:
2199:
2193:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2159:
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2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
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2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Mashup Center
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
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2074:
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2057:
2055:
2052:
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2049:
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2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1984:
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1979:
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1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Power Systems
1934:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
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1824:
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1806:
1805:
1801:
1796:. A24-1018-1.
1792:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1754:. A24-0520-2.
1750:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1724:
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1719:
1711:
1707:
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1390:
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1312:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1267:0-262-02225-7
1263:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1221:1-894183-86-X
1217:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1132:0-8138-0047-1
1128:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1069:
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1058:
1054:
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1044:
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1034:
1031:
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1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
994:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
974:magnetic tape
971:
967:
963:
955:
953:
949:
947:
943:
941:
931:
929:
926:
925:
919:
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908:
904:
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876:
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837:
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831:
827:
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638:
636:
632:
628:
625:
623:
620:Logic was in
614:
610:
608:
602:
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582:
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573:
569:
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560:
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550:
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460:
451:
446:
439:
437:
435:
431:
430:Raymond Loewy
427:
424:
419:
414:
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408:
405:
401:
392:
384:
376:
368:
364:
360:
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177:
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172:magnetic tape
169:
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161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
130:
125:
121:
117:
114:
113:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
91:punched cards
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
68:
66:
61:
53:
48:
41:
36:
28:
22:
2987:Punched card
2858:
2841:
2822:Deep Thought
2785:
2713:(since 2020)
2681:John R. Opel
2639:Think slogan
2557:
2480:Deep Thunder
2286:Kaleida Labs
2281:AIM alliance
1966:Q System Two
1961:Q System One
1789:
1775:
1773:IBM (1969).
1761:
1747:
1733:
1731:IBM (n.d.).
1709:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1673:
1666:
1654:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1605:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1571:
1564:
1549:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1370:
1369:IBM (1964).
1364:
1354:
1352:IBM (1964).
1347:
1335:
1324:
1287:
1276:
1251:
1243:
1231:
1207:
1200:
1187:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1122:
1116:
1105:
1094:
1083:
1075:
1053:Chad (paper)
1023:Punched card
1005:and, later,
995:
972:directly to
959:
950:
937:
935:
927:
922:
920:
916:
894:
888:
872:
855:
852:
847:
845:
841:
823:
671:
665:
662:
657:
654:Program Card
653:
651:
639:Program card
633:
629:
626:
619:
603:
595:
570:
566:
538:
521:
509:
480:
471:
467:
463:
455:
428:
415:
407:vacuum tubes
397:
361:
357:
329:
321:
312:
289:
272:
263:
258:
226:
215:and, later,
201:
188:
184:
170:directly to
157:
148:
144:
134:
127:
123:
115:
111:
103:
80:
69:
65:punched tape
59:
57:
42:in the 1940s
2954:Typewriters
2860:Mathematica
2801:Rugby union
2740:Alex Gorsky
2707:(2012–2020)
2701:(2002–2011)
2695:(1993–2002)
2689:(1985–1993)
2683:(1981–1985)
2677:(1973–1981)
2671:(1971–1973)
2665:(1956–1971)
2659:(1914–1956)
2607:Terminology
2563:Floppy disk
2507:SkillsBuild
2470:Initiatives
2451:IBM Hursley
2425:Facilities
2076:Connections
1946:FlashSystem
1660:Card reader
1658:actually a
189:key-to-disk
185:key-to-tape
52:New Orleans
2976:Categories
2949:System/370
2944:System/360
2735:David Farr
2634:e-business
2536:Inventions
2485:Develothon
2366:Facilities
2226:Promontory
2221:Consulting
1645:9027930090
1615:088706938X
1443:10 January
1342:(archived)
1059:References
970:data entry
946:data entry
942:as a verb)
598:System/370
512:System/360
418:dot matrix
268:pantograph
245:pantograph
168:data entry
153:data input
129:bit bucket
93:contained
85:and other
2817:Deep Blue
2723:directors
2182:WebSphere
2121:PureQuery
2029:Selectric
2004:Blue Gene
1919:Mainframe
1589:keypunch.
1153:. US GPO.
980:systems.
834:Assembler
678:Function
607:Backspace
528:SMS cards
317:) (1960s)
178:systems.
118:, or (at
106:keyboards
2899:Category
2866:IBM Plex
2721:Board of
2614:Big Blue
2414:Honolulu
2323:Merative
2308:EduQuest
2291:Taligent
2260:Research
2197:entities
2195:Business
2136:OpenQASM
2064:Cloudant
2034:ThinkPad
1957:Quantum
1905:Hardware
1897:Products
1394:12 April
1149:(1965).
1017:See also
966:UNITYPER
940:keypunch
875:System/3
681:Program
658:Skip Bar
549:Japanese
434:Art Deco
279:solenoid
228:Jacquard
164:UNITYPER
135:In many
124:chip box
60:keypunch
2909:Commons
2876:ScicomP
2419:Seattle
2372:Towers
2318:Lexmark
2313:Kyndryl
2255:Red Hat
2204:Current
2175:Granite
2170:Watsonx
2086:Fortran
2014:PowerPC
1941:Storage
1912:Current
1875:History
1867:History
987:Inforex
924:Machine
826:FORTRAN
545:Chinese
459:checked
450:IBM 026
436:style.
193:Inforex
76:program
67:media.
2881:Unions
2492:Fellow
2303:Cognos
2276:AdStar
2269:Former
2233:Kenexa
2211:Apptio
2165:Watson
2131:Qiskit
1997:Former
1986:Condor
1976:Osprey
1951:DS8000
1681:
1642:
1612:
1579:
1264:
1218:
1129:
991:Pertec
978:UNIVAC
907:UNIVAC
709:&
698:Char.
692:Char.
684:Usage
524:diodes
516:EBCDIC
504:EBCDIC
423:ribbon
411:relays
400:diodes
197:Pertec
176:UNIVAC
54:, 1938
2779:Other
2250:Press
2243:India
2059:Cloud
2047:Other
1981:Heron
1971:Eagle
1924:IBM Z
1794:(PDF)
1780:(PDF)
1766:(PDF)
1752:(PDF)
1738:(PDF)
1258:11–12
1212:(PDF)
457:then
322:Most
126:, or
2924:FOSS
2649:CEOs
2553:DRAM
2148:SPSS
2091:ILOG
1679:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1445:2015
1396:2024
1262:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1127:ISBN
989:and
976:for
551:and
409:and
404:25L6
195:and
187:and
174:for
112:chad
95:data
81:For
70:For
1859:IBM
830:RPG
726:11
706:12
695:#2
689:#1
622:SLT
526:on
331:IBM
324:IBM
315:ICT
120:IBM
116:box
2978::
1704:.
1687:.
1677:.
1618:.
1585:.
1575:.
1436:.
1387:.
1310:^
1296:^
1260:.
1067:^
1013:.
993:.
948:.
850:.
828:,
815:9
812:9
809:3
806:3
795:8
792:8
789:2
786:2
775:7
772:7
769:1
766:1
755:6
752:6
749:0
746:0
735:5
732:5
729:-
715:4
712:4
547:,
402:,
199:.
155:.
132:.
122:)
58:A
2810:/
2354:)
2350:(
1851:e
1844:t
1837:v
1740:.
1648:.
1558:.
1447:.
1398:.
1270:.
1224:.
1135:.
848:A
23:.
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