180:
554:
in eastern Tibet uncannily prefigured the
Communist policies nearly half a century later. They were aimed at the extermination of the Tibetan clergy, the assimilation of territory and repopulation of the Tibetan plateaus with poor peasants from Sichuan. Like the later Chinese conquerors, Zhao's men looted and destroyed Tibetan monasteries, melted down religious images and tore up sacred texts to use to line the soles of their boots and, as the Communists were also to do later, Zhao Erfeng worked out a comprehensive scheme for the redevelopment of Tibet that covered military training reclamation work, secular education, trade and administration.
784:
609:
1031:(pbk) "Eventually the rivalries of the nobles led to a split in the royal family itself. Lang Darma, the last of Song-tsen Gampo's line to rule over all Tibet, died in 842 after a brief reign during which he persecuted Buddhism almost to extinction. On his death two young children were set up as claimants to the throne, each with support from a different party among the nobility. The Tibetan Kingdom then broke up into a number of disunited princedoms and, for the most part, temporarily deserted the Buddhist faith."
798:
38:
403:
511:
486:, becoming the paramount power in the region. China sent troops in against Namgyal which were defeated in 1849, and additional troops were not dispatched. Chinese military posts were present along the trading route, but "did not have any authority over the native chiefs". By 1862, Namgyal blocked trade routes from China to Central Tibet, and sent troops into China.
622:
451:
701:
300 "Khampa bandits" were enlisted into the
Kuomintang Consolatory Commission military in Sichuan, where they were part of the effort of the central government of China to penetrated and destabilize the local Han warlords such as Liu Wenhui. The Chinese government sought to exercise full control over
553:
He abolished the powers of the
Tibetan local leaders and appointed Chinese magistrates in their places. He introduced new laws that limited the number of lamas and deprived monasteries of their temporal power and inaugurated schemes for having the land cultivated by Chinese immigrants. Zhao's methods
145:
Densely forested with grass plains, its convergence of six valleys and four rivers supported independent Kham polities of
Tibetan warrior kingdoms together with Tibetan Buddhist monastic centers. The early trading route between Central Tibet and China traveled through Kham, and Kham is said to be the
489:
Local chieftains had appealed to both the Lhasa and the Qing Manchu governments for help against
Namgyal. The Tibetan authorities sent an army in 1863, and defeated Namgyal then killed him at his Nyarong fort by 1865. Central Tibet reasserted its authority over the northern parts of Kham and
422:
invaded Tibet and other Asian regions. The Qing
Chinese army likewise invaded and defeated the Dzungars. This led to the redrawing of the Sino-Tibetan boundary of 1677, which had followed the edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The frontier line changed in either 1725 or 1726 to follow the
592:
By late 1913, Kham and Amdo remained largely occupied by China. Tibet proposed re-establishing the border between Tibet and China at the Dri River during the Simla
Conference with Britain and China, while Britain countered with another proposal which was initialed but not ratified.
304:, among pastoral and agricultural-based polities ruled by local chieftains, polities which included merchant as well as Mongol and Chinese populations. Notable Tibetan Buddhist art from this era, dating from 804 or 816, includes carved stone statues of Buddha
633:
government of China within Tibet at this time. In his history of Tibet, Bell wrote that "the
Tibetans were abandoned to Chinese aggression, an aggression for which the British Military Expedition to Lhasa and subsequent retreat were primarily responsible".
1307:, p. 27: "...area and spreading Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principle among the Tibetan and Khampa minorities, Kesang Tsering set up a field headquarters in Batang (Pa'an). There he appointed his own Xikang provincial government staff and issued an..."
1283:, p. 52: "A force of about 300 soldiers was organized and augmented by recruiting local Khampa bandits into the army. The relationship between the Consolatory Commission and Liu Wenhui seriously deteriorated in early 1936, when the Norla Hutuktu..."
1235:, p. xxi: "... (tusi) from the Sichuan-Qinghai border; and Su Yonghe, a Khampa native-chieftain from Nagchuka on the Qinghai- Tibetan border. According to Nationalist intelligence reports, these leaders altogether commanded about 80000 irregulars."
1295:, p. 81: "A new pack-transport firm, operated by Khampa-Tibetan traders but covertly backed by Chongqing, was accordingly set up in Dartsendo to manage the route.35 A new branch of the Bank of China was also opened in Kalimpong in northeast India"
1211:, p. 61: "... and established a military garrison.35 In 1921, when five-year-old Khampa Tibetan Tenpay Gyaltsan (aka Huang Zhengguang) was identified and enthroned as the new fifth Jamyang Hutuktu, Labrang remained under the Ma family's control."
1271:, p. 33: "His reports and telegrams back to Nanking served as perhaps the most reliable sources of information for Nanking before its final collapse 1949. Han Jiaxiang, a native Khampa, was a senior at the Mongolian and Tibetan Academy in... "
1247:, p. 60: "... the reorganization of local militia, the recruitment of Khampa aborigines into the Nationalist armies, and the strengthening of the taxation and judicial systems.34 Xikang, however, was not the sole focus of Nationalist frontier"
641:
and
Tibetan forces formalized the partition of Kham into two regions: Eastern Kham, which was administered by Chinese forces, and Western Kham, which was administered by Tibet. Eastern Kham subsequently became the actual area of control of China's
1259:, p. 121: "Qinghai and Gansu, who threatened to ally with the Japanese at the early stage of the war; and to control Xikang and the local Khampa Tibetans would be to protect the whole of Sichuan, the wartime headquarters of the Nationalists."
501:
Then in 1896, the Qing
Governor of Sichuan attempted to gain control of Nyarong valley during a military attack. After his defeat, the Qing agreed to the withdrawal of Chinese forces and the "territory was returned to the direct rule of Lhasa".
2157:
676:
to overthrow the Tibetan government and establish a Tibetan Republic as part of China. In addition to using the Khampa's against the Tibetan Government in Lhasa, the Chinese Kuomintang also used them against the Communists during the
179:
612:
ROC's control in Kham: Light blue line on the west represents the boundary in 1912–1917, after which the ROC was pushed back to the brown line during 1918–1932. By 1945, it arrived at the dotted red line. The dark blue was the
319:
Kham was not controlled by a single king and remained a patchwork of kingdoms, tribes, and chiefdoms whose bases of authority were constantly shifting. A dual system of secular and Buddhist polities continued. In 1270, the
1223:, p. 117: "A simultaneous proposal suggested that, with the support of the new Panchen Lama and his entourage, at least three army divisions of the anti-Communist Khampa Tibetans could be mustered in southwest China."
697:
The Chinese Kuomintang also sought the Khampas help in defending Sichuan from Japan during World War 2, since the temporary capital was located there. A Khampa member of the Mongolian Tibetan Academy was Han Jiaxiang.
339:, a supporter of the Dalai Lama, invaded with Mongolian troops and defeated the powerful King of Beri in Kham. In 1655, Ngawang Phuntsok, a student of the Dalai Lama, founded Gonsar Monastery, the first of the 13
584:
to the Dalai Lama in the summer of 1912. On 13 February 1913, the Dalai Lama declared Tibet an independent nation, and announced the end of the historic "priest-patron" relationship between Tibet and China. The
252:
As a frontier region, Kham integrated and "Tibetanized" early Mongolian and Chinese populations. After Güshri Khan's invasion of Kham in 1639, Mongolian people and Amdo's tribal people resettled to the region.
277:, where they interacted with local cultures and languages to establish eastern Tibet, or Do Kham ('Do', the convergence of rivers and valleys; 'Kham', frontier). Kham was traditionally referred to as
2122:
2117:
2772:
238:
The people of Kham, the Khampas, are reputed warriors renowned for their marksmanship and horsemanship. References state many Khampas in the Hor States include mention of their Mongolian heritage.
691:
Kuomintang intelligence reported that some Tibetan tusi chiefs and the Khampa Su Yonghe controlled 80,000 troops in Sichuan, Qinghai, and Tibet. They hoped to use them against the Communist army.
702:
frontier areas against the warlords. The Consoltary Commission forces were used to battle the Communist Red Army but were defeated when their religious leader was captured by Communist forces.
2147:
1932:
126:), and were governed locally by chieftains and monasteries. Kham covers a land area distributed in multiple province-level administrative divisions in present-day China, most of it in
2472:
2378:
2872:
2089:
494:
to govern. Tibet also reclaimed Nyarong, Degé and the Hor States north of Nyarong. China recalled their forces. It appears to have been accepted by the Manchu
211:
526:
in 1904. The British invasion alarmed the Qing rulers in China, and they sent Fengquan (鳳全) to Kham to initiate land reforms and reduce the numbers of monks.
2477:
332:
and Sakya monasteries were located in the northern plains, including Gonjo and Lingtsang, which accompanied the earlier Nyingma and Bon monasteries of Kham.
241:
There are significant differences in traditions and beliefs—even physical appearance—between the peoples of Kham and Lhasa. Most of Kham's residents speak
518:
From 1904 to 1911, China decided to reassert its control over the previously re-ceded section of Kham, and to push further into the region soon after the
2926:
2505:
2069:
2353:
1937:
740:, comprising eastern Kham, was merged into Sichuan in 1955. The border between Sichuan and Tibet Autonomous Region has remained at the Yangtze River.
2054:
1795:
1738:
668:
reached out to the Khampas, whose relationship with the Dalai Lama's government in Lhasa were deteriorating badly. The Khampa revolutionary leader
545:, where he earned the nickname of "the Butcher of Kham". In 1905 or 1908 Zhao began executing monks and destroying many monasteries in Kham and
2735:
1846:
1692:
1582:
1375:
1355:
1001:
974:
2417:
1927:
187:
Kham has a rugged terrain characterized by mountain ridges and gorges running from northwest to southeast, and collectively known as the
685:
2032:
1987:
289:
is credited with commissioning Buddhist structures while traveling through Kham in 640–641, from her home in China to Central Tibet.
2059:
1647:
1630:
1614:
1598:
1566:
1546:
1530:
1514:
1489:
1473:
1457:
1440:
1415:
1401:
1332:
1169:
1057:
1049:
1028:
170:
1972:
442:(Kokonor) was established within Do Kham. The eastern Kham Qing domain was later incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces.
1664:
231:
2012:
629:
The official position of the British Government was it would not intervene between China and Tibet and would only recognize the
431:), while the Kham region on the eastern bank became Qing domain. There, hereditary chieftains were bestowed honorific titles of
2849:
2730:
2564:
1705:
862:
321:
572:
invaded Lhasa with the Chinese army in February 1910 in order to gain control of Tibet and establish direct Chinese rule. The
2407:
2373:
2182:
1785:
713:
491:
391:
621:
2931:
2422:
2223:
281:, i.e. 'The Four Rivers and Six Ranges' and 'The Four Great Valleys'. Responsible for introducing Buddhism to Tibet, King
2079:
2823:
2427:
2269:
1908:
1101:
2916:
2230:
2022:
1982:
1728:
729:
2510:
2439:
2432:
2390:
2172:
1957:
1685:
2515:
2449:
2911:
2302:
2293:
2177:
2167:
1967:
1790:
1743:
1070:
705:
The Republic of China government also used Khampa traders to operate secret transports between different places.
519:
1858:
1828:
1800:
2639:
2152:
608:
256:
The Khampas are known for their great height. Khampa males are on average 180 cm (5 ft 11 in).
558:
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao was stripped of his post and executed by the revolutionary commander
2806:
2467:
2365:
2218:
2213:
1733:
907:, Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, No 51, 2020, posted online 09 December 2020
673:
127:
1116:
2137:
2096:
1637:
1621:
1589:
1521:
1505:
1480:
1447:
527:
2047:
2007:
1915:
905:"The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands"
2800:
2656:
2651:
2628:
2395:
2074:
1962:
1895:
1838:
1678:
1537:
1464:
1431:
769:
661:
407:
249:, a family of twelve distinct but interrelated languages that are not closely related to Khams Tibetan.
119:
57:
31:
1605:
1572:
1407:
379:
157:
built temples along its eastern border. In 1939, an eastern area of Kham was officially established as
2400:
2132:
2037:
1810:
600:, west of the Dri River, which were halted after Britain refused to sell Tibet additional armements.
523:
371:
1659:
2611:
2444:
2142:
2084:
1853:
1426:(Kathmandu, Nepal: Centre for Economic Development and Administration, Tribhuvan University, 1981).
483:
471:
797:
657:
Tenpay Gyaltsan, a Khampa who was 5 years old, was selected as the fifth Jamyang Hutuktu in 1921.
589:
and Chinese army were expelled, while other Chinese populations were given three years to depart.
2787:
2752:
2569:
2539:
2385:
2254:
2197:
1997:
1992:
1977:
1506:
Narratives of The Mission of George Bogle To Tibet: and of The Journey of Thomas Manning To Lhasa
1133:
1016:
188:
1044:; translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver, p. 88. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
569:
37:
2762:
2549:
2544:
2127:
2112:
2017:
2002:
1643:
1626:
1610:
1594:
1578:
1562:
1558:
1542:
1526:
1510:
1485:
1469:
1453:
1436:
1411:
1397:
1371:
1351:
1328:
1165:
1053:
1045:
1024:
997:
970:
725:
678:
479:
375:
363:
355:
finalized Kham's Sino-Tibetan border location between China and a Tibet then reunified in the
311:
Following a power struggle in the mid-9th century, Tibet separated into independent kingdoms.
286:
246:
712:, where he formed a local government. He was spread there for the purpose of propagating the
2842:
2742:
2693:
2676:
2559:
2493:
2333:
2162:
2064:
2042:
1713:
1496:
1422:
1392:
1322:
811:
669:
614:
475:
466:
in eastern Kham, began expanding his control regionally and launched offensives against the
367:
348:
210:
Under the modern administrative division of China, Kham includes a total of 50 contemporary
65:
724:
In 1950, following the defeat of the Kuomintang rulers of China by communist forces in the
435:, and obligated to fight alongside the Qing army in other Kham battles between chieftains.
2757:
2747:
2644:
2283:
2278:
2264:
2027:
1890:
1878:
1772:
1759:
1120:
573:
495:
419:
356:
274:
222:(6 counties) as well as the eastern portion of the Tibet Autonomous Region (25 counties).
173:
2936:
2858:
2813:
2793:
2719:
2661:
1777:
1341:
684:
The Kuomintang formulated a plan where three Khampa divisions would be assisted by the
402:
352:
336:
282:
270:
154:
111:
99:
49:
2921:
2905:
2767:
2235:
1553:
764:
749:
577:
559:
531:
411:
387:
325:
242:
204:
1622:
China's Last Imperial Frontier: Late Qing Expansion in Sichuan's Tibetan Borderlands
694:
The Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalists) also enlisted Khampas to join their military.
214:, which have been incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan (16 counties),
2725:
2681:
2671:
2623:
2618:
2601:
2249:
1920:
789:
759:
459:
424:
200:
1554:
Tibetan Rescue. The Extraordinary Quest to Save the Sacred Art Treasures of Tibet
1365:
1345:
991:
966:
Politics of Culture: A Study of Three Kirata Communities in the Eastern Himalayas
964:
2706:
2701:
803:
538:
510:
1134:"L'Inde des britanniques à Nehru : un acteur clé du conflit sino-tibétain"
537:
The Qing then undertook punitive campaigns in Kham under Manchu army commander
285:(reign 629–649) built twelve 'border-taming' temples in Kham, and his 4th wife
2818:
2606:
2412:
2328:
1903:
1767:
1023:. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, p. 32. Shambhala. Boston & London.
904:
779:
754:
665:
638:
467:
344:
147:
91:
2887:
2874:
1432:
Tibet's Forgotten Heroes: The Story of Tibet's Armed Resistance Against China
941:
646:
province. The border between eastern and western Kham is the Upper Yangtze –
2574:
2288:
1868:
1147:
406:
Boundary pillar between Tibet and China at Bum La (Ningching Shan), west of
305:
1367:
Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations
875:
2244:
1823:
928:
736:
Territory, then merged into Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965. Meanwhile,
2712:
2666:
2581:
1873:
463:
439:
428:
301:
293:
219:
196:
169:
135:
131:
94:
in central Tibet. The official name of this Tibetan region/province is
625:
Tibetan government's Kalon Lama Jampa Tendar, Governor General of Kham
2591:
2240:
2123:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
2118:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
1883:
1606:
The Dragon in the Land of Snows. A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947
737:
709:
643:
597:
542:
383:
215:
192:
158:
139:
73:
17:
708:
Kesang Tsering was sent by the Chinese to Batang to take control of
450:
230:
2777:
2596:
2586:
2459:
2148:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
1701:
1590:
One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet
929:"Taming the Khampas: The Republican Construction of Eastern Tibet"
733:
620:
607:
509:
449:
401:
340:
329:
229:
178:
168:
83:
36:
1670:
1396:, 3 vols. (2 published so far), White Lotus Press, Bangkok 2004.
732:
invaded western Kham. Western Kham was then set up as a separate
2318:
1818:
1113:
546:
87:
1674:
1638:
The Rise of Gönpo Namgyel in Kham: The Blind Warrior of Nyarong
2554:
580:, and returned before China surrendered via a letter from the
565:
A year before the collapse of the Qing, the Beijing-appointed
297:
153:
Settled as Tibet's eastern frontier in the 7th century, King
931:
Modern China Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3 (May 2013), pp. 319–344
1481:
Pioneer in Tibet: The Life and Perils of Dr. Albert Shelton
534:
led to Fengquan's death, while Chinese fields were burned.
351:. By 1677, many Gelug monasteries had been built when the
245:
while at least one-third of the residents are speakers of
1465:
Lion of Siddhas: The Life and Teachings of Padampa Sangye
863:"An Overview of Kham (Eastern Tibet) Historical Polities"
359:, resulting in Kham being ascribed to Tibet's authority.
1667:, magazine article about traveling overland across Kham
1393:
The Cultural Monuments of Tibet’s Outer Provinces: Kham
596:
In 1917, the Tibetan army defeated China in battles at
2173:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
2158:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1347:
Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
549:, implementing an early "sinicization" of the region:
637:
In 1932, an agreement signed between Chinese warlord
1574:
The Story of Tibet: Conversation With the Dalai Lama
1192:
1190:
1148:"Tibetan Parliamentary & Policy Research Centre"
2692:
2528:
2492:
2458:
2352:
2311:
2196:
2105:
1948:
1752:
1721:
1712:
1164:. Viking. Reprint: Penguin Books. (2000), p. 115.
273:sent troops east from Lhasa to the reaches of the
1494:Edward A. Parmee, D.T. Campbell and R.A. LeVine,
1435:, 1st ed. (Amberley Publishing Limited, 2010),
551:
1448:Resistance and The State: Nepalese Experiences
86:regions, the others being Domey also known as
2090:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
1686:
1525:(New York: Columbia University Press, 2013),
664:against the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The
328:, established a monastery in Kham while both
106:). The original residents of Kham are called
8:
362:The major independent polities included the
1609:(London: Columbia University Press, 1999),
944:. Heinrich Harrer Limited Edition Portfolio
2532:
2498:
2358:
2206:
2202:
1718:
1693:
1679:
1671:
1102:"The Thirteenth Dalai Lama, Tubten Gyatso"
604:Tibetan independence and Republic of China
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1104:Treasury of Lives, accessed May 11, 2021
876:http://mystictibettours.com/about-tibet/
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
528:An anti-foreigner and anti-Qing uprising
300:monasteries were located, especially in
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
823:
492:Office of the Tibetan High Commissioner
269:The Pugyal Dynasty (or Yarlung) of the
134:, with smaller portions located within
1847:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1928:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
1181:
7:
2055:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
1509:(Cambridge University Press, 2010),
1196:
382:. Other important polities included
324:school's lama Tonstul, a student of
1500:(Human Relations Area Files, 1972).
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
660:The Kham Pandatsang family led the
2033:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1988:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
191:. Numerous rivers, including the
82:) is one of the three traditional
25:
2927:Administrative divisions of Tibet
2070:Protests and uprisings since 1950
2060:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
1503:George Bogle and Thomas Manning,
719:
2178:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
2168:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1665:"Seven Days in Permitless Tibet"
1587:Tsepon Wangchuk Dedon Shakabpa,
1541:(The Bradt Travel Guide, 2012),
1452:New York: Berghah Books, 2007),
1406:Andrew Forbes and David Henley,
796:
782:
234:Khampas, the inhabitants of Kham
2153:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
1423:The Kham Magar Women of Thabang
1162:The Search for the Panchen Lama
1071:"What is Tibet? Fact and Fancy"
993:Mustang: A Lost Tibetan Kingdom
2408:Patron and priest relationship
2374:Central Tibetan Administration
2183:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1408:China's Ancient Tea Horse Road
617:boundary that ROC turned down.
292:During the Imperial era, both
78:
1:
2773:Historical and cultural sites
2138:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
1410:. (Cognoscenti Books, 2011),
1321:Bell, Charles Alfred (1924),
963:Subba, Tanka Bahadur (1999).
454:Kham men with western tourist
2113:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
1522:Sources of Tibetan Tradition
1484:(St. Martin's Press, 2015),
865:, The University of Virginia
438:Earlier in 1724, an area of
2133:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
2023:British expedition to Tibet
2013:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
1983:Battle of the Salween River
1625:, (Lexington Books, 2011),
1327:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
458:In 1837, a minor chieftain
27:Traditional region of Tibet
2953:
2506:Postage and postal history
1958:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
942:"Gallery: Khampa Warriors"
720:People's Republic of China
688:to oppose the Communists.
654:respectively, in Chinese.
522:by the British army under
347:, with the support of the
29:
2888:30.6016694°N 96.8415528°E
2836:
2535:
2501:
2361:
2209:
2205:
1968:Mongol invasions of Tibet
1642:(Lexington Books, 2014),
1577:, Grove Press, New York,
1324:Tibet, Past & Present
150:in James Hilton's novel.
115:
103:
69:
53:
2366:Tibet Autonomous Region
2128:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
2080:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
1160:Hilton, Isabel. (1999).
1132:Fossier, Astrid (2004).
990:Peissel, Michel (1967).
730:People's Liberation Army
714:Three People's Principle
2473:TAR People's Government
2433:Serfs' Emancipation Day
1973:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
674:Tibet Improvement Party
541:, also the Governor of
128:Tibet Autonomous Region
2893:30.6016694; 96.8415528
2143:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
2097:Special Frontier Force
1497:Kham and Amdo of Tibet
1364:Smith, Warren (1996),
626:
618:
556:
515:
455:
415:
394:, and the Hor States.
315:13th to 17th centuries
235:
218:(three counties), and
184:
176:
90:in the northeast, and
42:
41:Kham province in Tibet
2516:Qinghai–Tibet railway
2511:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
2478:TAR People's Congress
2450:India–Tibet relations
2423:Independence movement
2075:1959 Tibetan uprising
1963:Battle of Dafei River
1811:Era of Fragmentation
1429:Birgit van de Wijer,
1370:, Avalon Publishing,
1021:Tibet and its History
770:Khenpo Yeshe Phuntsok
662:1934 Khamba rebellion
624:
611:
513:
453:
427:(Jinsha River, Upper
405:
233:
182:
172:
40:
32:Kham (disambiguation)
2932:Geography of Sichuan
2824:Traditional medicine
2038:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1859:Relations with Ming
1829:Relations with Song
1801:Relations with Tang
1739:European exploration
1519:Kurtis R Schaeffer,
1042:Tibetan Civilization
1040:Stein, R. A. (1972)
996:. Book Faith India.
969:. Orient Blackswan.
524:Francis Younghusband
418:In 1717, the Mongol
265:7th - 10th centuries
30:For other uses, see
2884: /
2468:Regional Government
2445:CIA Tibetan program
2428:Serfdom controversy
2312:Traditional regions
2163:Simla Accord (1914)
2085:2008 Tibetan unrest
1909:List of Qing ambans
1854:Phagmodrupa dynasty
1468:(Shambhala, 2008),
343:monasteries in the
207:flow through Kham.
2917:Historical regions
2782:(ceremonial scarf)
2753:Dzong architecture
2570:Imperial Preceptor
2440:Sovereignty debate
2386:Etymology of Tibet
1998:Lhasa riot of 1750
1993:Jinchuan campaigns
1978:Battle of Dartsedo
1896:Qing dynasty rule
1839:Yuan dynasty rule
1813:(9th–13th century)
1390:Andreas Gruschke:
1119:2013-06-16 at the
1017:Richardson, Hugh E
627:
619:
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506:Early 20th century
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236:
189:Hengduan Mountains
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2391:Foreign relations
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2192:
2191:
2048:Qinghai–Tibet War
2018:Sikkim expedition
2008:Dogra–Tibetan War
2003:Sino-Nepalese War
1938:political leaders
1916:Post-Qing to 1950
1869:Rinpungpa dynasty
1780:(7th–9th century)
1583:978-0-8021-1827-1
1559:Tuttle Publishing
1535:Michael Buckley,
1478:Douglas Wissing,
1377:978-0-8133-3155-3
1357:978-1-136-92393-7
1114:"Ligne MacMahon."
1003:978-81-7303-002-4
976:978-81-250-1693-9
726:Chinese Civil War
679:Chinese Civil War
520:invasion of Tibet
514:Monastery in Kham
247:Qiangic languages
16:(Redirected from
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2912:Regions of Tibet
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2065:Battle of Chamdo
2043:Sino-Tibetan War
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1791:List of emperors
1781:
1763:
1744:Historical money
1719:
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1420:Augusta Molnar,
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615:Simla Convention
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2279:Rongbuk Glacier
2265:Yarlung Tsangpo
2188:
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2028:Batang uprising
1950:
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1891:Khoshut Khanate
1879:Ganden Phodrang
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1773:Yarlung dynasty
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1593:(Brill, 2009),
1387:
1385:Further reading
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967:
959:
956:
943:
937:
934:
930:
927:Yudru Tsomu,
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
903:Irina Garri,
900:
898:
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799:
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780:
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771:
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766:
765:Tsewang Lhamo
763:
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750:Khandro Lhamo
748:
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583:
579:
578:British India
575:
571:
568:
563:
561:
560:Yin Changheng
555:
550:
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544:
540:
535:
533:
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525:
521:
512:
505:
503:
499:
497:
493:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Gompo Namgyal
452:
445:
443:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
421:
413:
409:
404:
397:
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389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
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350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
326:Sakya Pandita
323:
314:
312:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
264:
259:
257:
254:
250:
248:
244:
243:Khams Tibetan
239:
232:
226:Ethnic groups
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
205:Salween River
202:
198:
194:
190:
181:
175:
171:
164:
162:
160:
156:
151:
149:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:
109:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
75:
67:
63:
59:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
2876:30°36′6.01″N
2869:
2799:
2792:
2778:
2726:sand mandala
2718:
2711:
2652:Sinicization
2624:Panchen Lama
2619:Lhamo La-tso
2602:Ganden Tripa
2396:Human rights
2323:
2270:Grand Canyon
2250:Namcha Barwa
2243: /
1921:Tibetan Army
1819:Guge kingdom
1636:
1620:
1619:Xiuyu Wang,
1604:
1588:
1573:
1552:
1536:
1520:
1504:
1495:
1479:
1463:
1462:David Molk,
1446:
1430:
1421:
1391:
1366:
1346:
1323:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1177:
1161:
1156:
1142:
1127:
1109:
1074:. Retrieved
1065:
1041:
1036:
1020:
1012:
992:
985:
965:
958:
946:. Retrieved
936:
870:
861:Jann Ronis,
790:China portal
760:Gombo Namgye
723:
707:
704:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:Panchen Lama
683:
672:founded the
659:
656:
652:Jinsha Jiang
651:
647:
636:
630:
628:
595:
591:
586:
581:
566:
564:
557:
552:
536:
517:
500:
488:
457:
446:19th century
437:
432:
417:
398:18th century
361:
334:
318:
310:
291:
278:
268:
255:
251:
240:
237:
209:
201:Yalong River
186:
152:
144:
123:
107:
95:
77:
61:
45:
44:
2891: /
2736:wall murals
2640:Catholicism
2224:Environment
1898:(1720–1912)
1861:(1368–1644)
1841:(1270–1350)
1762:(Neolithic)
1760:Prehistory
948:10 February
804:Asia portal
576:escaped to
539:Zhao Erfeng
337:Güshri Khan
296:school and
2906:Categories
2819:Tibetology
2788:Literature
2607:Dalai Lama
2460:Government
2418:Tibet Area
2413:Golden Urn
2379:Parliament
1904:Lifan Yuan
1831:(960–1279)
1768:Zhangzhung
1753:Chronology
1182:Smith 1996
1076:2010-03-02
1019:. (1984).
818:References
755:Guru Tashi
666:Kuomintang
639:Liu Wenhui
570:Zhong Ying
468:Hor States
345:Hor States
203:, and the
161:of China.
148:Shangri-La
2801:Chronicle
2763:Festivals
2575:Dpon-chen
2545:Languages
2540:Education
2289:Changtang
2231:Mountains
2198:Geography
2106:Documents
1951:conflicts
1803:(618–907)
1722:Overviews
1197:Bell 1924
1052:(cloth);
425:Dri River
372:Lingtsang
335:In 1639,
306:Vairocana
165:Geography
104:མདོ་སྟོད་
2859:Category
2743:Calendar
2677:Diaspora
2550:Religion
2354:Politics
2255:Tanggula
2245:Changtse
1949:Wars and
1824:Tsongkha
1786:Timeline
1729:Timeline
1706:articles
1344:(2010),
1305:Lin 2010
1293:Lin 2010
1281:Lin 2010
1269:Lin 2010
1257:Lin 2010
1245:Lin 2010
1233:Lin 2010
1221:Lin 2010
1209:Lin 2010
1136:. Paris.
1117:Archived
1060:(paper).
874:"Kham",
776:See also
631:de facto
412:Teichman
378:and the
376:Nangchen
212:counties
124:khams pa
2843:Outline
2807:writers
2748:Cuisine
2713:thangka
2694:Culture
2667:Changpa
2582:Nyingma
2529:Society
2494:Economy
2329:Ü-Tsang
2303:Valleys
2261:Rivers
2236:Kailash
1796:Lönchen
1778:Empire
1714:History
1561:2002),
1315:Sources
648:Dri Chu
464:Nyarong
440:Qinghai
429:Yangtze
414:, 1922)
294:Nyingma
260:History
220:Qinghai
197:Yangtze
136:Qinghai
132:Sichuan
112:Tibetan
108:Khampas
100:Tibetan
92:Ü-Tsang
84:Tibetan
66:Chinese
50:Tibetan
2794:Annals
2758:Emblem
2720:tsakli
2592:Jonang
2241:Lhotse
2185:(2008)
1884:Kashag
1704:
1646:
1629:
1613:
1597:
1581:
1565:
1545:
1529:
1513:
1488:
1472:
1456:
1439:
1414:
1400:
1374:
1354:
1331:
1168:
1056:
1048:
1027:
1000:
973:
738:Xikang
728:, the
710:Xikang
644:Xikang
598:Chamdo
543:Xining
532:Batang
484:Batang
480:Chakla
478:, the
472:Litang
408:Batang
388:Batang
384:Chamdo
380:Lhatok
370:, the
364:Chakla
216:Yunnan
193:Mekong
140:Yunnan
116:ཁམས་པ་
76::
74:pinyin
68::
2937:Tibet
2850:Index
2814:Music
2779:Khata
2682:Names
2672:Yolmo
2645:Islam
2597:Gelug
2587:Kagyu
2565:Sakya
2368:(TAR)
2334:Ngari
2219:Fauna
2214:Flora
1702:Tibet
1538:Tibet
734:Qamdo
587:amban
582:amban
567:amban
462:, of
341:Gelug
330:Kagyu
322:Sakya
120:Wylie
96:Dotoe
62:khams
58:Wylie
18:Khams
2922:Kham
2768:Flag
2707:rugs
2629:list
2612:list
2401:LGBT
2324:Kham
2319:Amdo
1644:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1025:ISBN
998:ISBN
971:ISBN
950:2020
547:Amdo
482:and
476:Degé
433:tusi
392:Mili
368:Degé
138:and
130:and
88:Amdo
79:Kāng
54:ཁམས་
46:Kham
2702:Art
2555:Bon
530:in
298:Bon
2908::
1189:^
1085:^
912:^
882:^
826:^
681:.
562:.
498:.
474:,
470:,
390:,
386:,
374:,
366:,
308:.
199:,
195:,
142:.
122::
118:,
114::
102::
72:;
64:;
60::
56:,
52::
1694:e
1687:t
1680:v
1640:.
1556:(
1450:(
1172:.
1150:.
1079:.
1006:.
979:.
952:.
410:(
110:(
98:(
70:康
48:(
34:.
20:)
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