36:
396:
Yet the very wealth of trial documentation that tended to confirm that the
Khabarovsk proceedings were no mere show trial also led Harris to question the relatively light punishment meted out there. All of defendants (aside from one who died in prison and another who committed suicide) had been freed
387:
Evidence introduced during the hearings was based on eighteen volumes of interrogations and documentary material gathered in investigations over the previous four years. Some of the volumes included more than four hundred pages of depositions.... Unlike the
417:
The
Soviets and their successors never released the interrogation reports of the Japanese, some 18 volumes. This leads me to believe that the Japanese did arrange a deal, did yield some information, and the Soviets settled for the best goodies they could
850:
G. Cameron Hurst III, "Biological
Weapons: The United States and the Korean War," in "Dark Medicine: Rationalizing Unethical Medical Research" (eds. William R. LaFleur, Susumu Shimazono), Indiana University Press, 2008, pp.
272:
Judges found all twelve accused war criminals guilty, sentencing them to terms ranging from two to twenty-five years in labour camps. In 1956, those still serving their sentences were released and repatriated to Japan.
682:
1083:
204:
1118:
910:
441:
348:
883:
Materials on the Trial of Former
Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950
312:
413:. But Harris also claimed that "the Soviets made a deal with the Japanese similar to the one completed by the Americans: Information for... extremely light sentences":
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619:
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to the
Japanese biological warfare program, as well as allegations that Japanese biological warfare experiments had also been conducted on Allied prisoners of war.
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1185:
208:
53:
1215:
674:
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367:. However, the trial, together with the evidence presented to the court and its major findingsāwhich have proved remarkably accurateāwas dismissed as
903:
220:
1205:
429:
One of the experts called upon by Soviet prosecutors during the trial, N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov, later served on the panel of scientists, led by
809:
Sheldon H. Harris, "Factories of Death: Japanese
Biological Warfare, 1932ā1945, and the American Cover-up (rev. ed)", Routledge, 2002, p. 318.
624:
100:
72:
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945:
351:
and many obvious shortcomings such as the lack of international participation, the trial established beyond reasonable doubt that the
827:
1200:
877:
119:
79:
1225:
778:
Materials on the Trial of Former
Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons
278:
Materials on the Trial of Former
Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons
705:"United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency"
865:
364:
86:
1149:
1093:
392:
of the 1930s, the
Japanese confessions made in the Khabarovsk trial were based on fact and not the fantasy of their handlers.
57:
397:
by 1956, a mere seven years after the trial took place. Chief trial translator Georgy
Permyakov alleged that Soviet leader
965:
796:
68:
1113:
1098:
927:
231:
using documentation captured from the Unit in Manchuria. In 1956, those still serving their sentences were released and
1180:
1154:
935:
792:
The West's Dismissal of the Khabarovsk trial as "Communist Propaganda": Ideology, evidence and international bioethics
526:
Lieutenant Colonel Nishi Toshihide (born 1904), former chief of a division of Unit 731 (released from prison in 1956)
991:
919:
870:
Japan's Wartime Medical Atrocities: Comparative Inquiries in Science, History, and Ethics (Asia's Transformations)
1210:
1144:
1002:
228:
46:
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1027:
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Major Karasawa Tomio (born 1911), former chief of a section of Unit 731 (killed himself in prison in 1956)
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262:
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1103:
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168:. The war crimes trials were held between 25 and 31 December 1949 in the Soviet industrial city of
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203:
from two to 25 years, seemingly in exchange for the information they held. Those captured by the
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872:, Jing Bao Nie, Nanyan Guo, Mark Selden, Arthur Kleinman (Editors); Routledge, 2010,
648:
Factories of Death. Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932ā1945, and the American Cover-up
489:
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184:
147:
140:
980:
372:
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475:(born 1888), former Chief of Medical Administration (released from prison in 1956)
776:
602:(born 1922), former medical orderly of Branch 643 of Unit 731 (released in 1951)
556:(born 1910), former chief of a branch of Unit 731 (released from prison in 1956)
508:
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In 1950, the Soviet Union published official trial materials in English, titled
35:
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675:"Unmasking Horror ā A special report. Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity"
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allegedly gathered data from the Unit after the fall of Japan. While twelve
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Harris also noted other controversies unleashed by the trial, which linked
315:, the Soviet publication has long been out of print. But in November 2015,
215:
to the perpetrators. The US was purported to had co-opted the researchers'
1017:
703:
Brody, Howard; Leonard, Sarah E.; Nie, Jing-Bao; Weindling, Paul (2014).
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570:(born 1916), former researcher of Unit 100 (released from prison in 1956)
541:
534:
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Kiyoshi Kawashima, testified that as early as 1941, some 40 members of
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280:. These included documents from the preliminary investigation (the
434:
328:
296:
of the accused, some expert findings, and speeches from the state
293:
892:
339:
Speaking to the overall judicial integrity of the proceedings,
29:
1084:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
27:
1949 Soviet hearings of Japanese bacteriological warfare
1119:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
442:
allegations of US biological warfare in the Korean War
866:
Research on humans at the Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial
1127:
1058:
989:
926:
466:
of the Kwantung Army (released from prison in 1956)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1074:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
1104:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
1079:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
620:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
383:described the trial in his history of Unit 731:
219:information and experience for use in their own
511:(born 1896), former Chief of Medical Service,
327:of it online, also offering it for sale as an
288:records), testimony from both the accused and
904:
284:, some of the documentary evidence, and some
227:), so did the Soviet Union in building their
8:
588:of Branch 162 of Unit 731 (released in 1952)
359:and that Japanese researchers had conducted
800:, April 2004, Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 32ā42.
771:
769:
401:may have initially feared that Japan would
1089:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
911:
897:
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780:, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950
243:During the trials, the accused, including
1109:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
736:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
763:, HarperCollins, 2004, pp. 220ā221.
709:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
642:
640:
343:expert Jing-Bao Nie said the following:
636:
1191:War crimes trials in the Soviet Union
199:, they were sentenced lightly to the
195:were tried at the December 1949
7:
1186:Military history of the Soviet Union
821:
819:
817:
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625:Military history of the Soviet Union
164:, and human experimentation, during
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1216:Japanese biological weapons program
673:Kristof, Nicholas D. (1995-03-17).
650:, revised ed. Routledge, New York.
409:if the Khabarovsk defendants were
313:Foreign Languages Publishing House
25:
229:bioweapons facility in Sverdlovsk
486:Service (died in prison in 1951)
172:(Š„Š°Š±Š°ŃŠ¾Š²ŃŠŗ), the largest in the
160:with the manufacture and use of
34:
826:Working, Russell (2001-06-05).
685:from the original on 2019-07-14
45:needs additional citations for
1206:World War II war crimes trials
1150:International humanitarian law
1094:Special Court for Sierra Leone
544:(released from prison in 1956)
540:(born 1924), former member of
515:(released from prison in 1956)
499:(released from prison in 1956)
211:, while being covered up with
69:"Khabarovsk war crimes trials"
1:
797:Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
495:(born 1893), former Chief of
482:(born 1888), former Chief of
319:determined it was now in the
1196:JapanāSoviet Union relations
1114:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
1099:International Criminal Court
197:Khabarovsk war crimes trials
134:Khabarovsk war crimes trials
18:Khabarovsk War Crimes Trials
1155:International speech crimes
936:Customary international law
448:Accused and their sentences
1242:
976:Convention Against Torture
920:International criminal law
355:had prepared and deployed
1145:Joint criminal enterprise
721:10.1017/S0963180113000753
1201:1949 in the Soviet Union
1065:(in order of foundation)
191:researchers arrested by
1226:War crimes in Manchukuo
1003:Crimes against humanity
828:"The trial of Unit 731"
561:10 years imprisonment:
549:12 years imprisonment:
531:15 years imprisonment:
523:18 years imprisonment:
504:20 years imprisonment:
453:25 years imprisonment:
371:and totally ignored in
357:bacteriological weapons
311:Published by state-run
257:-contaminated fleas on
1160:Universal jurisdiction
1135:Command responsibility
1028:Incitement to genocide
966:United Nations Charter
761:A Plague upon Humanity
593:2 years imprisonment:
575:3 years imprisonment:
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1061:International courts
961:Nuremberg principles
663:, 2003, p. 109.
646:Harris, S.H. (2002)
581:(born 1923), former
462:(born 1881), former
369:communist propaganda
207:were secretly given
54:improve this article
1008:Crime of aggression
971:Genocide Convention
885:, 535 pp. (No ISBN)
759:Daniel Barenblatt,
615:Japanese war crimes
478:Lieutenant General
365:living human beings
347:Despite its strong
335:Trial controversies
225:Operation Paperclip
201:Siberian labor camp
1181:Biological warfare
1013:Crime of apartheid
951:Geneva Conventions
679:The New York Times
661:Unit 731 Testimony
568:Hirazakura Zensaku
480:Takahashi Takaatsu
470:Lieutenant General
464:Commander-in-Chief
390:Moscow Show Trials
269:plague outbreaks.
162:biological weapons
1168:
1167:
994:international law
956:Nuremberg Charter
946:Hague Conventions
600:Kikuchi Norimitsu
493:Kawashima Kiyoshi
361:cruel experiments
130:
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16:(Redirected from
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1211:Trials in Russia
1128:Related concepts
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1023:Genocidal intent
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864:Boris G. Yudin,
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433:, investigating
424:Emperor Hirohito
407:prisoners of war
375:until the 1980s.
349:ideological tone
323:and published a
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155:medical staff
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148:Kwantung Army
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110:November 2010
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71: ā
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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32:
31:
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981:Rome Statute
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846:
835:. Retrieved
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687:. Retrieved
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538:Mitomo Kazuo
460:OtozÅ Yamada
439:North Korean
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317:Google Books
310:
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223:(resembling
196:
181:Soviet Union
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166:World War II
133:
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83:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
554:Onoue Masao
509:Sato Shunji
252:air-dropped
233:repatriated
205:US military
1221:Khabarovsk
1175:Categories
1045:Starvation
859:References
837:2022-02-11
689:2019-07-14
659:Hal Gold,
565:Lieutenant
484:Veterinary
379:Historian
298:prosecutor
282:indictment
265:, causing
235:to Japan.
217:bioweapons
170:Khabarovsk
143:of twelve
80:newspapers
1050:War crime
729:0963-1801
341:bioethics
325:facsimile
290:witnesses
136:were the
1018:Genocide
747:24534743
683:Archived
609:See also
597:Corporal
542:Unit 100
513:5th Army
497:Unit 731
373:the West
306:verbatim
292:, final
267:epidemic
249:Unit 731
213:stipends
209:immunity
151:officers
145:Japanese
141:hearings
928:Sources
851:105ā120
738:4487829
586:orderly
457:General
435:Chinese
405:Soviet
403:execute
259:Changde
239:History
158:charged
94:scholar
1035:Piracy
876:
868:, in:
794:," in
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727:
552:Major
411:hanged
255:plague
138:Soviet
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
631:Notes
329:ebook
294:pleas
263:China
179:Both
101:JSTOR
87:books
874:ISBN
743:PMID
725:ISSN
437:and
418:get.
300:and
183:and
153:and
132:The
73:news
733:PMC
717:doi
583:lab
363:on
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56:by
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