25:
385:
Yet the very wealth of trial documentation that tended to confirm that the
Khabarovsk proceedings were no mere show trial also led Harris to question the relatively light punishment meted out there. All of defendants (aside from one who died in prison and another who committed suicide) had been freed
376:
Evidence introduced during the hearings was based on eighteen volumes of interrogations and documentary material gathered in investigations over the previous four years. Some of the volumes included more than four hundred pages of depositions.... Unlike the
406:
The
Soviets and their successors never released the interrogation reports of the Japanese, some 18 volumes. This leads me to believe that the Japanese did arrange a deal, did yield some information, and the Soviets settled for the best goodies they could
839:
G. Cameron Hurst III, "Biological
Weapons: The United States and the Korean War," in "Dark Medicine: Rationalizing Unethical Medical Research" (eds. William R. LaFleur, Susumu Shimazono), Indiana University Press, 2008, pp.
261:
Judges found all twelve accused war criminals guilty, sentencing them to terms ranging from two to twenty-five years in labour camps. In 1956, those still serving their sentences were released and repatriated to Japan.
671:
1072:
193:
1107:
899:
430:
337:
872:
Materials on the Trial of Former
Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950
301:
402:. But Harris also claimed that "the Soviets made a deal with the Japanese similar to the one completed by the Americans: Information for... extremely light sentences":
1067:
608:
415:
to the
Japanese biological warfare program, as well as allegations that Japanese biological warfare experiments had also been conducted on Allied prisoners of war.
1179:
1097:
1174:
197:
42:
1204:
663:
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1184:
871:
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356:. However, the trial, together with the evidence presented to the court and its major findingsāwhich have proved remarkably accurateāwas dismissed as
892:
209:
1194:
418:
One of the experts called upon by Soviet prosecutors during the trial, N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov, later served on the panel of scientists, led by
798:
Sheldon H. Harris, "Factories of Death: Japanese
Biological Warfare, 1932ā1945, and the American Cover-up (rev. ed)", Routledge, 2002, p. 318.
613:
89:
61:
885:
934:
340:
and many obvious shortcomings such as the lack of international participation, the trial established beyond reasonable doubt that the
816:
1189:
866:
108:
68:
1214:
767:
Materials on the Trial of Former
Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons
267:
Materials on the Trial of Former
Servicemen of the Japanese Army Charged with Manufacturing and Employing Bacteriological Weapons
694:"United States Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II: National Security and Wartime Exigency"
854:
353:
75:
1138:
1082:
381:
of the 1930s, the
Japanese confessions made in the Khabarovsk trial were based on fact and not the fantasy of their handlers.
46:
386:
by 1956, a mere seven years after the trial took place. Chief trial translator Georgy
Permyakov alleged that Soviet leader
954:
785:
57:
1102:
1087:
916:
220:
using documentation captured from the Unit in Manchuria. In 1956, those still serving their sentences were released and
1169:
1143:
924:
781:
The West's Dismissal of the Khabarovsk trial as "Communist Propaganda": Ideology, evidence and international bioethics
515:
Lieutenant Colonel Nishi Toshihide (born 1904), former chief of a division of Unit 731 (released from prison in 1956)
980:
908:
859:
Japan's Wartime Medical Atrocities: Comparative Inquiries in Science, History, and Ethics (Asia's Transformations)
1199:
1133:
991:
217:
35:
1148:
1123:
1016:
507:
Major Karasawa Tomio (born 1911), former chief of a section of Unit 731 (killed himself in prison in 1956)
341:
82:
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251:
588:
481:
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949:
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1209:
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996:
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213:
157:. The war crimes trials were held between 25 and 31 December 1949 in the Soviet industrial city of
526:
192:
from two to 25 years, seemingly in exchange for the information they held. Those captured by the
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861:, Jing Bao Nie, Nanyan Guo, Mark Selden, Arthur Kleinman (Editors); Routledge, 2010,
637:
Factories of Death. Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932ā1945, and the American Cover-up
478:
387:
309:
274:
233:
173:
136:
129:
969:
361:
305:
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464:(born 1888), former Chief of Medical Administration (released from prison in 1956)
765:
591:(born 1922), former medical orderly of Branch 643 of Unit 731 (released in 1951)
545:(born 1910), former chief of a branch of Unit 731 (released from prison in 1956)
497:
427:
265:
In 1950, the Soviet Union published official trial materials in English, titled
24:
709:
664:"Unmasking Horror ā A special report. Japan Confronting Gruesome War Atrocity"
571:
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270:
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allegedly gathered data from the Unit after the fall of Japan. While twelve
735:
411:
Harris also noted other controversies unleashed by the trial, which linked
304:, the Soviet publication has long been out of print. But in November 2015,
204:
to the perpetrators. The US was purported to had co-opted the researchers'
1006:
692:
Brody, Howard; Leonard, Sarah E.; Nie, Jing-Bao; Weindling, Paul (2014).
585:
559:(born 1916), former researcher of Unit 100 (released from prison in 1956)
530:
523:
485:
255:
237:
181:
177:
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278:
247:
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236:
Kiyoshi Kawashima, testified that as early as 1941, some 40 members of
201:
139:
1023:
399:
269:. These included documents from the preliminary investigation (the
423:
317:
285:
of the accused, some expert findings, and speeches from the state
282:
881:
328:
Speaking to the overall judicial integrity of the proceedings,
18:
1073:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
16:
1949 Soviet hearings of Japanese bacteriological warfare
1108:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
431:
allegations of US biological warfare in the Korean War
855:
Research on humans at the Khabarovsk War Crimes Trial
1116:
1047:
978:
915:
455:
of the Kwantung Army (released from prison in 1956)
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1063:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
1093:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
1068:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
609:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
372:described the trial in his history of Unit 731:
208:information and experience for use in their own
500:(born 1896), former Chief of Medical Service,
316:of it online, also offering it for sale as an
277:records), testimony from both the accused and
893:
273:, some of the documentary evidence, and some
216:), so did the Soviet Union in building their
8:
577:of Branch 162 of Unit 731 (released in 1952)
348:and that Japanese researchers had conducted
789:, April 2004, Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 32ā42.
760:
758:
390:may have initially feared that Japan would
1078:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
900:
886:
878:
769:, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1950
232:During the trials, the accused, including
1098:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
725:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
752:, HarperCollins, 2004, pp. 220ā221.
698:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
631:
629:
332:expert Jing-Bao Nie said the following:
625:
1180:War crimes trials in the Soviet Union
188:, they were sentenced lightly to the
184:were tried at the December 1949
7:
1175:Military history of the Soviet Union
810:
808:
806:
804:
614:Military history of the Soviet Union
153:, and human experimentation, during
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1205:Japanese biological weapons program
662:Kristof, Nicholas D. (1995-03-17).
639:, revised ed. Routledge, New York.
398:if the Khabarovsk defendants were
302:Foreign Languages Publishing House
14:
218:bioweapons facility in Sverdlovsk
475:Service (died in prison in 1951)
161:(Š„Š°Š±Š°ŃŠ¾Š²ŃŠŗ), the largest in the
149:with the manufacture and use of
23:
815:Working, Russell (2001-06-05).
674:from the original on 2019-07-14
34:needs additional citations for
1195:World War II war crimes trials
1139:International humanitarian law
1083:Special Court for Sierra Leone
533:(released from prison in 1956)
529:(born 1924), former member of
504:(released from prison in 1956)
488:(released from prison in 1956)
200:, while being covered up with
58:"Khabarovsk war crimes trials"
1:
786:Journal of Bioethical Inquiry
484:(born 1893), former Chief of
471:(born 1888), former Chief of
308:determined it was now in the
1185:JapanāSoviet Union relations
1103:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
1088:International Criminal Court
186:Khabarovsk war crimes trials
123:Khabarovsk war crimes trials
1144:International speech crimes
925:Customary international law
437:Accused and their sentences
1231:
965:Convention Against Torture
909:International criminal law
344:had prepared and deployed
1134:Joint criminal enterprise
710:10.1017/S0963180113000753
1190:1949 in the Soviet Union
1054:(in order of foundation)
180:researchers arrested by
1215:War crimes in Manchukuo
992:Crimes against humanity
817:"The trial of Unit 731"
550:10 years imprisonment:
538:12 years imprisonment:
520:15 years imprisonment:
512:18 years imprisonment:
493:20 years imprisonment:
442:25 years imprisonment:
360:and totally ignored in
346:bacteriological weapons
300:Published by state-run
246:-contaminated fleas on
1149:Universal jurisdiction
1124:Command responsibility
1017:Incitement to genocide
955:United Nations Charter
750:A Plague upon Humanity
582:2 years imprisonment:
564:3 years imprisonment:
409:
383:
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1050:International courts
950:Nuremberg principles
652:, 2003, p. 109.
635:Harris, S.H. (2002)
570:(born 1923), former
451:(born 1881), former
358:communist propaganda
196:were secretly given
43:improve this article
997:Crime of aggression
960:Genocide Convention
874:, 535 pp. (No ISBN)
748:Daniel Barenblatt,
604:Japanese war crimes
467:Lieutenant General
354:living human beings
336:Despite its strong
324:Trial controversies
214:Operation Paperclip
190:Siberian labor camp
1170:Biological warfare
1002:Crime of apartheid
940:Geneva Conventions
668:The New York Times
650:Unit 731 Testimony
557:Hirazakura Zensaku
469:Takahashi Takaatsu
459:Lieutenant General
453:Commander-in-Chief
379:Moscow Show Trials
258:plague outbreaks.
151:biological weapons
1157:
1156:
983:international law
945:Nuremberg Charter
935:Hague Conventions
589:Kikuchi Norimitsu
482:Kawashima Kiyoshi
350:cruel experiments
119:
118:
111:
93:
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1200:Trials in Russia
1117:Related concepts
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1012:Genocidal intent
902:
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853:Boris G. Yudin,
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422:, investigating
413:Emperor Hirohito
396:prisoners of war
364:until the 1980s.
338:ideological tone
312:and published a
163:Russian Far East
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144:medical staff
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137:Kwantung Army
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99:November 2010
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60: ā
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
970:Rome Statute
858:
835:
824:. Retrieved
820:
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766:
749:
744:
701:
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687:
676:. Retrieved
667:
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649:
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527:Mitomo Kazuo
449:OtozÅ Yamada
428:North Korean
417:
410:
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384:
375:
367:
335:
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306:Google Books
299:
266:
264:
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231:
212:(resembling
185:
170:Soviet Union
167:
155:World War II
122:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
543:Onoue Masao
498:Sato Shunji
241:air-dropped
222:repatriated
194:US military
1210:Khabarovsk
1164:Categories
1034:Starvation
848:References
826:2022-02-11
678:2019-07-14
648:Hal Gold,
554:Lieutenant
473:Veterinary
368:Historian
287:prosecutor
271:indictment
254:, causing
224:to Japan.
206:bioweapons
159:Khabarovsk
132:of twelve
69:newspapers
1039:War crime
718:0963-1801
330:bioethics
314:facsimile
279:witnesses
125:were the
1007:Genocide
736:24534743
672:Archived
598:See also
586:Corporal
531:Unit 100
502:5th Army
486:Unit 731
362:the West
295:verbatim
281:, final
256:epidemic
238:Unit 731
202:stipends
198:immunity
140:officers
134:Japanese
130:hearings
917:Sources
840:105ā120
727:4487829
575:orderly
446:General
424:Chinese
394:Soviet
392:execute
248:Changde
228:History
147:charged
83:scholar
1024:Piracy
865:
857:, in:
783:," in
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724:
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541:Major
400:hanged
244:plague
127:Soviet
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
620:Notes
318:ebook
283:pleas
252:China
168:Both
90:JSTOR
76:books
863:ISBN
732:PMID
714:ISSN
426:and
407:get.
289:and
172:and
142:and
121:The
62:news
722:PMC
706:doi
572:lab
352:on
165:.
45:by
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